Enhancing Knowledge Management and Decision-Making Capability of China’s Emergency Operations Center Using Big Data

Emerging communication and computing technologies such as social media, Internet of Things and big data provide great opportunities to improve information management systems for emergency operations. This paper studies the issues of information management at China’s Emergency Operations Center (EOC), and proposes a data-driven knowledge management system (KMS) to support decisionmaking, coordination, and collaboration within EOCs and with the public. In the proposed KMS, big data analytics is employed to gather and analyze information from different knowledge domains and track how a crisis evolves in physical world and in cyber space. The proposed system aims at improving situation awareness of public opinions and regulating human behaviors in regards to an emergency. A case study is presented to explain how the proposed system is applied to improve decision-making during emergency.     

上海世博会突发事件应急预案系统研究

针对中国2010年上海世博会可能发生的各类突发事件,提出应集成运用数据库、GIS、数学模型、专家系统等多种技术手段,特别是提出采用CBR技术,开发世博会突发事件应急预案系统,以提高世博会运行管理时期对各类突发事件的预防和处理处置能力;指出应急预案的主要研究工作应包括应急预案的种类、内容、支撑技术体系,以及应急预案系统的规划、建设与运行管理等;给出了需要解决的关键技术问题和系统开发方案。     

GIS在政府应急管理中的应用研究

应急信息平台是突发事件管理与应急决策的重要支撑工具,GIS是一种高效地图分析处置技术,构建基于GIS技术的应急信息平台是提高政府应急管理工作水平重要途径。本文通过对政府应急管理工作的分析,给出政府应急信息平台-GIS系统的开发方案。首先,给出了政府应急信息平台-GIS系统的框架结构及其功能,接着给出了该系统数据库的详细设计,最后以天津经济技术开发区应急信息平台-GIS系统为例,介绍了给出该系统的开发方式和主要功能。     

Evolutionary optimization for disaster relief operations: A survey

Effective planning and scheduling of relief operations play a key role in saving lives and reducing damage in disasters. These emergency operations involve a variety of challenging optimization problems, for which evolutionary computation methods are well suited. In this paper we survey the research advances in evolutionary algorithms (EAs) applied to disaster relief operations. The operational problems are classified into five typical categories, and representative works on EAs for solving the problems are summarized, in order to give readers a general overview of the state-of-the-arts and facilitate them to find suitable methods in practical applications. Several state-of-art methods are compared on a set of real-world emergency transportation problem instances, and some lessons are drawn from the experimental analysis. Finally, the strengths, limitations and future directions in the area are discussed.     

基于开源平台构建文献计量地理信息系统

地理信息系统(Geographical Information System,GIS)在文献计量学中的应用是GIS应用拓展的一个新方向,近10年来得到越来越广泛的应用,特别是在空间相关信息展示和查询等方面发展迅速。为了方便非GIS专业人员应用GIS技术进行文献计量信息挖掘、制图和空间分析等操作,利用开源GIS软件DotSpatial开发文献计量GIS工具,可以满足用户数据导入、指标计算、图层和视图操作以及制图输出等需求。研究结果显示:通过研发的文献计量GIS工具可以比较快捷地实现文献指标的空间展示和制图目的。
     

Sharing your view: A distributed user interface approach for reviewing emergency plans

Emergency planning is an ongoing activity in which a multidisciplinary group of experts intermittently collaborate to define the most appropriate response to risks. One of the most important tasks of emergency planning is the review of plans as a way of maintaining, refining, and improving them. This review of plans is based on exchanging knowledge and experiences in order to take into account different perspectives and generate alternative solutions. An exploratory case study carried out within municipal organizations has disclosed how the application of rigid plan reviewing practices hinders team creativity and, consequently, effective decision-making. This paper presents a computer-based collaborative environment aimed at supporting unstructured team discussion during the post-hoc review of emergency plan. This collaborative environment allows emergency planning team members to share their view in a free manner by interacting with user interface components distributed across several input and output dimensions. The usage of the environment has proved how the application of new interactive technologies can create more dynamic work settings, fostering team creativity.     

An emergency response decision support system framework for application in e-government

An emergency response decision support system (ERDSS) needs to assist decision makers to evaluate emergency plans and select an appropriate one during an emergency by supporting heterogeneous emergency response data sources and providing decision makers the access to appropriate emergency rescue knowledge. It also needs to provide differentiated services to meet requirements. Whether the system is effective or not depends on the framework it is based on. This study proposes an ERDSS framework that consists of ten functional modules: Emergency Service Helpdesk, Command and Coordination Center, Emergency Plan Management, Emergency Relief Supplies Management, Emergency Finance Budget Management, Emergency Organization and Activity Management, Emergency Knowledge Warehouse, Emergency Alarm Management, and Problem Analysis and Management. A case study is conducted on Shanghai emergency management decision support system, an EMDSS based on this framework and applied currently in Shanghai, China. The study demonstrates that the proposed ERDSS system framework can provide theoretical and practical guidance for designing and developing effective emergency response systems.     

网络安全事件应急响应策略体系研究

随着计算机网络技术的发展,资源共享的程度进一步加强,随之而来的网络安全问题也日益突出.结合实际工作经验和研究成果,在研究计算机网络安全应急响应的基本理论、技术和应用情况的基础上,针对指导建立有效的计算机网络安全应急响应机制的相关策略进行重点研究,分析该体系框架的策略组成、策略作用对象、策略间关系及策略的作用过程,并设计了计算机网络安全应急响应策略体系框架.     

A survey of models and algorithms for emergency response logistics in electric distribution systems. Part I: Reliability planning with fault considerations

Emergency response operations in electric distribution systems involve a host of decision-making problems at the reliability and contingency planning levels. Those operations include fault diagnosis, fault location, fault isolation, restoration, and repair. As the first of a two-part survey, this paper reviews optimization models and solution methodologies for reliability planning problems with fault considerations related to electric distribution operations. Contingency planning problems of emergency distribution response are discussed in the second part. The present paper surveys research on determining a distribution substation single-fault capacity, reallocating excess load, configuring distribution systems, partitioning a geographical area into service territories, and locating material stores and depots.     

应急预案体系本体模型（EPSOnto）及应用

应急预案是处置突发事件的重要依据,应急预案体系提供应急预案编制及修订指南。目前我国的应急预案体系建设存在描述不一致和异构性等问题。针对上述问题,采用语义网的本体技术,构建了应急预案体系本体模型,该模型以SUMO为上位本体,从预案体系主体、预案体系客体和体系组成等方面构建应急预案体系的概念、关系、函数、公理和实例五元组本体模型,并以天津市应急预案体系为应用实例对EPSOnto模型进行验证。     

New Yorkers Respond to the World Trade Center Attack: An Anatomy of an Emergent Volunteer Organization

In the aftermath of the New York World Trade Center attack, an emergent group of citizen volunteers organized to provide needed supplies to the workers at Ground Zero. The emergent‐group phenomenon has been documented after many disasters. This paper examines the organization of this emergent group through the organizational characteristics of structure, legitimacy, communications, leadership and organizational change. Finally, it argues that through a better understanding of the organizational characteristics, emergency‐management personnel will be better prepared to manage and coordinate the activities of disaster‐related emergent groups.     

Cognitive Correlates of Improvised Behaviour in Disaster Response: the Cases of the Murrah Building and the World Trade Center

While emergency response actions are known to range from conventional to improvised, less is known about the thinking processes that underlie these actions. This paper presents a statistical analysis of cognition and behaviour reported by police personnel who responded to two significant US disasters: the 1995 bombing of the Murrah Building in Oklahoma City and the 2001 attack on the World Trade Center in New York City. The results suggest the prominence of conventional behaviour coupled with cognitive processes closely tied to recognition, and of improvised behaviours that are linked to more explicit reasoning processes. The results underscore the value of exploring cognitive foundations of both conventional and improvised behaviours to enrich understanding of human response to disaster.     

基于GIS的环境污染事故预警与应急指挥系统

环境污染预警和应急系统是一个集空间数据库、数据通信、地理信息系统(GIS)技术于一体的综合性管理系统.采用组件式GIS技术,运用Maplnfo公司的MapX组件,以及短消息服务(SMS)通信技术,实现了对环境污染的数据采集、车载实时监测和紧急事故的应急处理.文章对该系统的应急处理流程,系统功能以及采用的关键技术进行了详细的介绍.     

基于网络模型的应急资源优化调配

针对应急管理系统中应急资源及时有效调配的难题,介绍网络扩展模型和Arc Engine技术,根据应急资源调配的特点,以应急开始时间最早、出救点个数最少为目标,结合Arc Engine网络模型,给出多个出救点应急资源调配方法,设计和实现基于GIS的应急资源优化调配可视化系统。     

计算机网络安全应急响应技术的分析与研究

结合实际工作经验和研究成果，在分析安全应急响应技术发展动态的基础上，对网络入侵检测、事件隔离与应急恢复、取证、网络陷阱及诱骗等应急响应关键技术进行了分析和研究。构建了一个网络安全应急响应系统，并对系统的工作机制进行了分析。     

基于虚拟现实技术的应急推演沙盘系统的设计和实现

应急模拟演习是为了测试对突发性事件的应急能力和素质。在应急模拟推演中运用先进的虚拟现实技术,可以更好地满足推演的数字化、三维立体化、交互等功能要求,使人产生身临其境的感觉。本文采用Torque 3D为虚拟现实工具,设计并研发了一款应急推演沙盘系统。该系统充分发挥虚拟现实技术的3D、互动等特性,可以实现应急推演过程的场景编辑、事件接报、分析研判、决策标绘、演练执行和总结等功能。本文为虚拟现实技术应用到应急模拟演习方面的研究提供了一新途径。     

基于非支配排序差异演化的应急资源多目标分配算法

应急资源分配（Emergency resource allocation,ERA）是灾害应急管理中的核心环节,主要研究如何高效合理地把各储备点的应急救援物资分配给各发放点.然而,在大规模突发灾害发生后,每个发放点极可能会同时向多个储备点请求多种救援物资,从而带来潜在的应急资源冲突.为此,本文首先构建了考虑应急资源冲突消解的多储备点、多发放点、多种救援物资的应急资源多目标优化模型,并提出了一种基于非支配排序差异演化和编码修正机制的应急资源多目标分配算法.对比实验结果表明,该算法在大规模样本下能够从全局角度同时给出多个发放点的应急资源分配方案,有效实现多个储备点同时为多个发放点协同配备应急资源,而且不会产生任何应急资源冲突,为解决应急资源受限情况下的大规模应急资源分配问题提供了一个有益的尝试.     

Using SDI and web-based system to facilitate disaster management

Spatial data and related technologies have proven to be crucial for effective collaborative decision-making in disaster management. However, there are currently substantial problems with availability, access and usage of reliable, up-to-date and accurate data for disaster management. This is a very important aspect to disaster response as timely, up-to-date and accurate spatial data describing the current situation is paramount to successfully responding to an emergency. This includes information about available resources, access to roads and damaged areas, required resources and required disaster response operations that should be available and accessible for use in a short period of time. Any problem or delay in data collection, access, usage and dissemination has negative impacts on the quality of decision-making and hence the quality of disaster response. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize appropriate frameworks and technologies to resolve current spatial data problems for disaster management.This paper aims to address the role of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) as a framework for the development of a web-based system as a tool for facilitating disaster management by resolving current problems with spatial data. It is argued that the design and implementation of an SDI model and consideration of SDI development factors and issues, together with development of a web-based GIS, can assist disaster management agencies to improve the quality of their decision-making and increase efficiency and effectiveness in all levels of disaster management activities.The paper is based on an ongoing research project on the development of an SDI conceptual model and a prototype web-based system which can facilitate sharing, access and usage of spatial data in disaster management, particularly disaster response.     

MATLAB辅助GIS空间分析建模实验设计与应用

根据地理信息系统GIS的特点和空间分析实验的特点,提出利用MATLAB软件进行GIS空间分析实验设计,并结合一个实例,给出了MATLAB空间分析建模实验应用的主要内容和方法。此实验设计应用有助于学生较快地理解GIS空间分析实验原理,学会利用MATLAB软件分析解决GIS地学实际问题。     

GIS在城市灾害应急管理系统中的应用

城市灾害应急管理系统是一项复杂的系统工程。该文根据应急管理工作四个阶段的一般特点、处置内容与功能需求,探讨了GIS技术应用于城市灾害应急管理系统中所能发挥的重要作用及其功能。认为,借助功能强大、操作简便和显示直观的GIS平台,城市灾害应急管理系统将进一步走向多维性、实时性,更好地为城市灾害应急管理提供更高层次的决策支持服务。