基于演化博弈的无线传感器网络分簇算法

针对无线传感器网络中节点负载过重与能耗不均衡而出现网络能量空洞的问题，基于演化博弈理论建立一种簇头竞选的博弈模型，同时提出一种基于演化博弈的无线传感器网络最优成簇算法。运用节点的剩余能量、数据接收能耗和数据转发能耗设计簇头演化博弈的收益函数，并将最优发射功率控制机制应用于簇成员的选择，从而形成稳定连通的网络分簇结构。仿真实验表明该算法平衡了节点负载，从而均衡网络能量，有效改善网络中过早出现能量空洞的问题，进而延长了网络生存时间。     

无线多跳网络中基于博弈论的协作激励机制研究

无线多跳网络中网络传输性能容易受到自私节点的影响。本文首先对目前的节点协作激励机制进行了总结,然后,针对分簇路由中簇间路由场景,运用博弈论中非合作博弈的思想,建立博弈模型以激励簇内节点通过协作通信的方式帮助簇头进行数据包的转发,最后给出了基于非合作博弈的激励机制中纳什均衡解的求解过程。     

一种抗干扰半静态分簇路由算法

针对无线传感器网络( WSNs)分簇路由算法中的能量洞、热点和抗干扰问题,设计一种抗干扰半静态分簇( AlSSC)路由算法,给无线传感器网络提供能量多、距离短、链路质量好的路径来传输数据.该算法利用节点定位获取节点地理位置,综合考虑传感器节点剩余能量和干扰信噪比,通过节点距离度量、节点聚簇、簇间融合、簇头选举和簇头轮换五个步骤进行无线传感器网络节点的分簇.仿真结果表明:这种路由算法可以提高无线传感器网络通信链路质量,均衡网络能量消耗.     

基于博弈论能耗均衡的WSN非均匀分簇路由协议

在无线传感器网络(WSN)的分簇路由算法中,节点间能耗不均容易引发 “能量空洞”现象,影响整个网络的性能。针对这个问题,提出了一种基于博弈论能耗均衡的非均匀分簇路由(GBUC)算法。该算法在分簇阶段,采用非均匀分簇结构,簇的半径由簇头到汇聚节点的距离和剩余能量共同决定,通过调节簇头在簇内通信的能耗和转发数据的能耗来达到能耗的均衡;在簇间通信阶段,通过建立一个以节点剩余能量和链路可靠度为效益函数的博弈模型,利用其纳什均衡的解来寻找联合能耗均衡、链路可靠性的最优传输路径,从而提高网络性能。仿真结果表明:与能量高效的非均匀分簇(EEUC)算法和非均匀分簇节能路由(UCEER)算法相比,GBUC算法在均衡节点能耗、延长网络生命周期等性能方面有显著的提高。     

基于博弈论的无线传感器网络簇间路由选择算法

针对无线传感器网络(WSN)中,网络覆盖范围大,但传感器节点通信范围有限,长距离传输容易造成数据丢失的问题,提出了一种基于博弈论的无线传感器网络簇间路由算法,通过建立以网络服务质量(QoS)和节点剩余能量为效用函数的博弈模型,并求解其纳什均衡来解决以上问题。仿真结果表明：所提出的博弈模型在优化网络服务质量、降低节点能耗的同时,延长了整个网络的生存时间。     

无线传感器网络分层路由协议的研究

无线传感器网络作为一种新兴的信息获取技术,是当前的研究热点。由于无线传感器网络节点能量有限,因此对其路由协议的研究成为重中之重。对近年来无线传感器网络路由协议进行归纳和分析,并基于分层路由协议提出一种均衡能量消耗的改进方案。首先,使用K-means聚类算法形成分簇,分簇形成后综合考虑节点能量和到簇中心的距离两个因素选出簇头。其次,使用多跳路由的方式进行通信,根据簇头到汇聚节点的距离形成最佳路径。     

基于位置信息的双簇头路由算法

针对无线传感器网络(WSN)的高能效路由选择问题,在混合式能量均衡分簇(HEED)算法基础上提出一种基于位置信息的低能耗双簇头多跳路由算法(HEED-EELD)。假设网络中所有节点都具有位置感知能力,网络根据最佳单跳距离划分层级,节点根据自身位置确定所在层级。簇内选举产生双簇头,分担单一簇头的工作,均衡簇头能耗。在簇间多跳路由中,簇头根据位置、距离和剩余能量的代价函数选择最优路由。Matlab仿真结果表明,与低功耗自适应分簇(LEACH)算法、HEED算法相比,提出的HEED-EELD在网络寿命、能量效率、能耗均衡等性能方面具有明显的性能增益。     

无线传感器网络中一种节点负载均衡的分簇算法

无线传感器网络节点的能量有限,而分簇算法能有效解决节点能耗受限与不同节点能量开销不平衡问题。在网络路由分簇的基础上,提出了一种节点负载均衡的分簇算法。该算法对经典的分簇协议LEACH的簇头选择机制进行了改进,应用量子粒子群对簇头选取进行优化。为解决算法后期易陷入局部极小的问题,采用了基于群体适应值方差的早熟判断机制,结合模拟退火算法进行局部优化。仿真结果表明:该算法使网络节点负载更均衡,有效提高了无线传感器网络的性能。     

基于竞争机制的无线传感器网络分簇路由协议

均衡网络能量消耗并提高网络生存周期是无线传感器网络路由研究的一大挑战。针对现有分簇路由算法的不足,本文提出了一种新的基于竞争机制的无线传感器网络分簇路由协议(CMCRP)。该路由协议在簇头选择中引入竞争机制,当节点剩余能量高于网络平均能量设定值时,节点竞争为候选簇头,同时引入节点间的拟物力作用对阈值加以调整,以均衡网络中簇的分布;在簇形成过程中,普通节点根据通信代价及与簇头的拟物力依概率成簇。与现有协议比较结果表明,CMCRP算法在均衡网络负载,延长网络寿命等方面具有良好的性能。     

一种带有能量自补给节点的异构传感器网络分簇路由算法

针对现有无线传感器网络分簇路由算法的网络生命周期短、能量消耗不均衡等问题,结合节点的能量采集技术,提出了一种带有能量自补给节点的异构传感器网络分簇路由算法。考虑到实际环境中节点能量补给不稳定,根据节点的剩余能量和当前能量自补给状态,设计了能量均衡的簇头选举机制和簇间多跳机制。仿真结果表明,在延长网络生命周期和均衡全网能量消耗方面,该算法优于采用相同能量补给规律的传统分簇路由算法(LEACH算法和SEP算法)和其他基于能量自补给的分簇路由算法(PHC算法和EBCS算法)。     

基于能量优化的无线传感器网络分簇路由算法研究

无线传感器网络的路由协议设计要同时关注单个节点的能耗及整个网络能量的均衡消耗.分簇算法能有效解决节点能耗受限与不同节点能量开销不平衡问题.在分析了传统分簇路由LEACH(low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy)协议中选择簇头算法不足和当前一些典型基于LEACH思想的路由改进算法...     

面向异构WSNs的基于能量感知的簇路由算法

有效地使用传感节点的能量,进而延长网络寿命成为设计无线传感网路由协议的一项挑战性的工作.为了延长网络,现存的多数簇路由是面向同构网络.为此,提出分布式能量感知的异构WSNs非均匀分簇路由DEAC(Distributed Energy Aware unequal Clustering)算法.DEAC算法是以EADUC(Energy Aware Distributed Unequal Clustering)为基础,并进行优化.与EADUC不同,DEAC算法从簇头竞选机制、簇间多跳通信中的下一跳转发节点的选择策略以及自适应的节点通信半径的设置三方面进行优化.在簇头竞选机制中,采用退避算法,利用节点的剩余能量以及邻居节点的平均能量设置延时时间;在选择下一跳转发节点时,建立节点的关于能量的度量函数,选择具有最大剩余能量的节点作为下一跳;而在设置节点通信半径时,考虑了距离、剩余能量以及邻居节点数信息.仿真结果表明,与EADUC协议相比,提出的DEAC算法能够有效地延缓第1个节点失效的时间,减少了能耗,扩延网络寿命.     

基于剩余能量预测的WSN模糊分簇算法

为了进一步降低无线传感器网络的能量消耗,延长网络寿命,提出一种基于剩余能量预测的无线传感器网络模糊分簇算法。新算法根据节点到基站的距离和邻居节点的数目,对候选节点转发数据的能耗进行预估,得到节点的预测剩余能量。然后采用模糊算法在综合考虑候选节点的原始能量和预测剩余能量的基础上计算竞争半径,选出多个簇首,构建大小不均的簇。仿真实验表明,与其他路由算法相比,该算法可以更好地优化簇的结构,均衡网络能耗,延长网络的生命周期。     

Incremental Linear Discriminant Analysis Dimensionality Reduction and 3D Dynamic Hierarchical Clustering WSNs

Optimizing the sensor energy is one of the most important concern in Three-Dimensional (3D) Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). An improved dynamic hierarchical clustering has been used in previous works that computes optimum clusters count and thus, the total consumption of energy is optimal. However, the computational complexity will be increased due to data dimension, and this leads to increase in delay in network data transmission and reception. For solving the above-mentioned issues, an efficient dimensionality reduction model based on Incremental Linear Discriminant Analysis (ILDA) is proposed for 3D hierarchical clustering WSNs. The major objective of the proposed work is to design an efficient dimensionality reduction and energy efficient clustering algorithm in 3D hierarchical clustering WSNs. This ILDA approach consists of four major steps such as data dimension reduction, distance similarity index introduction, double cluster head technique and node dormancy approach. This protocol differs from normal hierarchical routing protocols in formulating the Cluster Head (CH) selection technique. According to node’s position and residual energy, optimal cluster-head function is generated, and every CH is elected by this formulation. For a 3D spherical structure, under the same network condition, the performance of the proposed ILDA with Improved Dynamic Hierarchical Clustering (IDHC) is compared with Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC), Hybrid Energy Efficient Distributed (HEED) and Stable Election Protocol (SEP) techniques. It is observed that the proposed ILDA based IDHC approach provides better results with respect to Throughput, network residual energy, network lifetime and first node death round.     

无线传感器网络中基于关联度的多查询优化

无线传感器网络是一种以数据为中心的网络,用户通过基站向网络提出查询请求获取所需数据。如何通过多查询的优化来减少传感器节点的能耗以延长网络生命期是无线传感器网络中需要解决的关键问题之一。提出了基于关联度的多查询优化算法,其基本思想是节点通过节点与候选父亲节点之间的关联度来选择父节点,从而被相同查询覆盖的节点聚集成一个组,多个查询间共享组中节点的数据,在网络中对查询数据进行有效的融合,充分减少了网络的数据传输量,延长了网络的生命期。理论分析和模拟实验表明该算法可以充分减少数据传输量,从而达到节能的目的。     

Incentive mechanism for selfish nodes in wireless sensor networks based on evolutionary game

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is made up of a mass of nodes with the character of self-organizing, multi-hop and limited resources. The normal operation of the network calls for cooperation among the nodes. However, there are some nodes that may choose selfish behavior when considering their limited resources such as energy, storage space and so on. The whole network will be paralyzed and unable to provide the normal service if most of the nodes do not forward data packages and take selfish actions in the network. In this paper, we adopt a dynamic incentive mechanism which suits wireless sensor networks based on the evolutionary game. The mechanism emphasizes the nodes adjust strategies forwardly and passively to maximize the fitness, making the population in the wireless sensor network converge to a cooperative state ultimately and promoting the selfish nodes cooperating with each other such that the network could offer normal service. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed model has better feasibility and effectiveness.     

Energy-Efficient Routing Using Novel Optimization with Tabu Techniques for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a group of limited energy source sensors that are installed in a particular region to collect data from the environment. Designing the energy-efficient data collection methods in large-scale wireless sensor networks is considered to be a difficult area in the research. Sensor node clustering is a popular approach for WSN. Moreover, the sensor nodes are grouped to form clusters in a cluster-based WSN environment. The battery performance of the sensor nodes is likewise constrained. As a result, the energy efficiency of WSNs is critical. In specific, the energy usage is influenced by the loads on the sensor node as well as it ranges from the Base Station (BS). Therefore, energy efficiency and load balancing are very essential in WSN. In the proposed method, a novel Grey Wolf Improved Particle Swarm Optimization with Tabu Search Techniques (GW-IPSO-TS) was used. The selection of Cluster Heads (CHs) and routing path of every CH from the base station is enhanced by the proposed method. It provides the best routing path and increases the lifetime and energy efficiency of the network. End-to-end delay and packet loss rate have also been improved. The proposed GW-IPSO-TS method enhances the evaluation of alive nodes, dead nodes, network survival index, convergence rate, and standard deviation of sensor nodes. Compared to the existing algorithms, the proposed method outperforms better and improves the lifetime of the network.     

无线传感网中一种能量均衡的分簇路由算法

无线传感器网络的一个极富挑战性、极其关键的课题就是降低能源消耗以延长网络寿命。文中提出了一种能量均衡的分簇路由算法（CRA—EB）。算法分为三个阶段,即：簇头选择、聚的生成及数据传输。首先基于节点的剩余能量和邻居节点数目来选择簇头。然后每一个非簇头节点根据簇头代价值加入自身通信范围内的簇头。在数据传输阶段,CRA-EB首先在簇内使用单跳通信,然后在簇间使用多跳通信。对簇间通信,簇头以自身为起点对通往基站的各路径代价进行衡量,同时选择其他簇头作为中继节点在这些路径上转发数据。仿真实验结果表明,与LEACH和DEBR算法进行比较,CRA-EB算法在能耗和活跃节点数量方面的性能表现更加高效。     

A fault tolerant optimal relay node selection algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks using modified PSO

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have energy-constraints that restricts to achieve prolonged network lifetime. To optimize energy consumption of sensor nodes, clustering is one of the efficient techniques for minimization of energy conservation in WSNs. This technique sends the collected data towards the SINK based on cluster head (CH) nodes that leads to the saving of energy. WSNs have been faced a crucial issue of fault tolerance and the overall data communication is collapsed due to the failure of cluster head. Various fault-tolerance clustering methods are available for WSNs, but they are not selected the backup nodes properly. The backup nodes’ closeness or location to the other remaining nodes is not considered in these methods. They may increase network overhead with the backup nodes accessibility. A fault-tolerance cluster-based routing method is presented in this paper that aims on providing fault tolerance for relay selection in addition to the data aggregation method for clustered WSNs. The proposed method utilizes backup mechanism & the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to achieve this. Based on the distance from sink, residual energy, and link delay parameters, the CHs are chosen and the network is categorized into the clusters. The Backup CHs are selected by estimating the centrality among the nodes. As a part of intra-cluster communication for reducing the aggregation overhead among CHs, the Aggregator (AG) nodes are deployed in every cluster. So that they act as the bridge between the member nodes and CHs. These AG nodes aggregates the information from member nodes and deliver it to the CHs. The PSO with modified fitness function is used to identify the best relays between AG and member nodes. The proposed mechanism is compared with existing techniques such as EM-LEACH AI-Sodairi and Ouni (2018), QEBSR Rathee et al. (2019), QOS-IHC Singh and Singh (2019), and ML-SEEP Robinson et al. (2019). The simulation results proved that the proposed mechanism reduces overhead by 55% and improve the energy consumption & throughput by 40% & 60% respectively.