Authentication and recovery of images using multiple watermarks

A novel wavelet domain based semi-fragile watermarking scheme is presented for securing digital content and to concisely determine the regions where the integrity fails. In addition, another watermark is embedded to perform self-recovery in case of malicious attack. The security weaknesses of the traditional block-based approaches are circumvented by correlating the watermark bits with wavelet coefficients of the approximation subband of the host image. Semi-fragility exhibits robustness to JPEG compression, while recovery attribute makes the scheme suitable for video surveillance and remote sensing applications. Experimental investigations are performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed multiple semi-fragile watermarks and shows the suitability of the proposed approach for accurate authentication and recovery based applications.     

基于提升方案小波的半脆弱水印图像认证算法

在小波变换域内,将水印嵌入在特定的小波系数中,对图像带来的失真影响很小,同时可以准确地检测和篡改定位,因此目前实现认证的脆弱水印和半脆弱水印大多在小波域内.提出了一种使用提升小波变换的半脆弱水印方法.在原始宿主图像经过提升小波变换之后的低频子带,根据水印和小波系数的特征自适应地修改小波系数,嵌入过程实现了很好的不可见性和鲁棒性,实现了盲提取,并能准确地实现篡改的检测和定位.     

一种基于整数小波变换的医学图像半脆弱水印算法

提出一种应用于医学图像的半脆弱水印算法.首先时RGB图像进行可逆颜色转换,再对亮度分量进行一维整数harr小波变换,然后通过自适应地修改高频系数以嵌入水印.实验表明,该算法具有较高的透明性,对非恶意攻击具有一定鲁棒性,同时能较好地对恶意攻击进行检测与定位,能方便地应用于医学图像管理与保护.     

基于DWT和DCT域的二值图像数字水印算法

提出一种基于DWT和DCT域的有意义二值图像数字水印算法；利用Arnold变换对水印序列进行置乱，消除象素的空间相关性，增加水印的安全性；而结合小波变换和离散余弦变换的特性，将水印信息嵌入到图像变换域的低频和中频系数中，提高水印的鲁棒性和不可见性；实验证明该算法具有较好的抗压缩、抗噪音和抗剪切性。     

小波变换用于基于图像内容的自适应数字水印算法

为了提高在频率域嵌入水印抵抗攻击的能力,该文提出一种基于DWT的CBWM自适应数字水印嵌入算法,该算法依据离散小波变换域的水印嵌入策略:水印应当首先嵌入小波图像的低频系数中,若有剩余,再按小波图像频带重要性的排序,嵌入高频带中,并且水印嵌入到图像的低频系数和高频系数中时,需采用不同的嵌入强度;将水印嵌入到图像三级小波分解变换域的低频空间(LL3)的特征向量中,并且水印与特征向量两者正交。并且,其中水印的嵌入过程是自适应的,即先将小波系数组织成小波块,再依据纹理强弱对小波块分类,然后根据分类结果,将不同强度的水印分量嵌入到特征向量的不同分量中。此外,该算法对静止图像的水印检测是通过Neymann-Pearson决策准则来实现的。实验结果证明,该算法对滤波、噪声、几何变换、图像压缩、以及x-y方向修剪、StirMark攻击等都具有很好的抵抗能力;对裁剪和图像旋转也具有较好的鲁棒性。     

结合Zernike 矩和水印的半脆弱图像认证

水印安全性、抗JPEG 的鲁棒性和篡改检测能力的矛盾、计算复杂度是现有基于数字水印的半脆弱图像认证算法需要克服的主要问题. 本文提出一种结合Zernike 矩和水印的图像认证算法. 利用图像小波变换低频子带的Zernike 矩幅值的半脆弱特性区分恶意攻击和偶然攻击. 结合基于HVS (人类视觉系统) 的水印后，可判断图像是否受到伪认证攻击，提高了水印安全性. 通过采用基于提升格式的整数小波变换，有效降低了算法计算复杂性. 实验结果表明，算法对较低质量因子的JPEG有损压缩鲁棒，对剪切、替换等恶意修改敏感且可准确定位篡改位置.     

Wavelet Based Image Authentication and Recovery

In this paper, we propose a secure semi-fragile watermarking technique based on integer wavelet transform with a choice of two watermarks to be embedded. A self-recovering algorithm is employed, that hides the image digest into some wavelet subbands for detecting possible illicit object manipulation undergone in the image. The semi-fragility makes the scheme tolerant against JPEG lossy compression with the quality factor as low as 70%, and locates the tampered area accurately. In addition, the system ensures more security because the embedded watermarks are protected with private keys. The computational complexity is reduced by using parameterized integer wavelet transform. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme guarantees safety of a watermark, recovery of image and localization of tampered area.     

基于DD-DT CWT 和SIFT 的体数据数字水印算法

为了确保三维体数据数字模型信息在网络传输过程中的安全性、完整性,对体数 据数字水印算法进行研究。提出基于双密度双树复小波变换的体数据数字水印嵌入算法,算法 提高了水印的嵌入容量,在兼顾水印不可见性的同时提高了水印抵抗压缩、噪声等攻击的能力; 提出基于尺度不变特征变换的体数据数字水印提取算法,实现了水印嵌入和提取时的同步性, 提高了水印抵抗旋转、缩放等几何攻击的能力。实验证明：算法不可见性好,实现速度快,在 盲检测下能够抵抗压缩、滤波、噪声、平移、旋转、缩放、剪切等攻击,具有较好的鲁棒性。     

一种自适应灰度级数字水印改进算法

灰度级水印图像,因信息量大而影响嵌入质量与稳定性.提出一种基于多级小波变换新的嵌入策略,使得嵌入灰度级水印图像的数据量更少,水印稳定性更强,并且具有良好的抗剪切、擦除、噪音、滤波与JPEG压缩失真的能力.在嵌入过程中,采用公钥密码体制加密,使得水印安全性得到进一步提高.     

一种基于LPM和小波提升的零水印算法

大多数数字水印方法在水印嵌入的时候都是对原始图像信息作了一定的修改,这样使鲁棒性和安全性受到限制。零水印不需要修改原始图像的任何信息,有更好的透明性。本文提出了一种基于整数小波提升方案和对数极坐标映射(LPM)的零水印算法。首先将水印图像进行置乱,对载体图像进行缩放归一化,然后进行对数极坐标映射(LPM),再进行一级整数小波提升,利用分解后的低频子图和置乱后水印图像构造密图,提取时利用密图来提取水印,增强了水印的透明性和安全性。     

基于多尺度分解与预测误差扩展的可逆图像水印算法

针对现有可逆图像水印算法中嵌入量与图像视觉质量之间的矛盾,提出了一种基于多尺度分解与预测误差扩展的可逆图像水印算法。首先,对原始图像进行多尺度分解,将其分解为同质块和非同质块;其次,通过对同质块进行预测误差扩展来嵌入水印信息;最后,通过计算非同质块信息熵,根据嵌入水印信息量选择合适的非同质块,通过对选取的非同质块进行整数小波变换,在中高频中嵌入剩余水印信息。实验结果表明,该算法易于实现且完全可逆,能有效提高水印嵌入量,具有较高的视觉质量。     

一种结合SPIHT编码的自嵌入水印算法

针对当前基于DCT(离散余弦变换）的自嵌入水印算法对恢复图像细节能力不足的问题,提出了一种基于小波域内嵌编码的自嵌入水印算法。小波变换克服了DCT在图像压缩中的局限性,SPIHT编码则利用了小波变换系数的特性,提高了压缩性能,在同等的嵌入容量时,使水印含有更多图像信息,从而在保证水印透明性的前提下,较传统方法提高了图像恢复质量。同时,鉴于SPIHT算法为内嵌编码,可根据需要调节水印大小从而改变嵌入强度,这也是传统方法所不具备的。Logistic和Cat双重混沌映射的应用,提高了水印安全性和水印检测的能力。最后,进行了算法性能测试实验,验证了本文算法的有效性。     

基于信息熵与动态区域分割的半脆弱数字水印算法

已有的半脆弱水印算法大多数采取了双步长的固定量化方法,对载体图像没有针对攻击特性给予考虑,只将载体图像分为平滑和纹理两个区域,使得水印的鲁棒性进入了一个瓶颈状态。为了进一步提高水印的鲁棒性,提出了一种基于图像动态分割技术和信息熵的半脆弱水印算法。图像动态分割技术将图像分为若干个嵌入区域,并且确定各个嵌入区域的嵌入强度;基于信息熵的步长量化算法将信息熵引入到步长量化的计算方法中,能够有效衡量不同嵌入区域所携带的敏感信息量。实验结果表明,提出的算法与已有半脆弱水印算法相比,视觉掩蔽性好,鲁棒性也有了较明显的提高。     

An adaptive color image watermarking using RDWT-SVD and artificial bee colony based quality metric strength factor optimization

Image watermarking has emerged as a useful method for solving security issues like authenticity, copyright protection and rightful ownership of digital data. Existing watermarking schemes use either a binary or grayscale image as a watermark. This paper proposes a new robust and adaptive watermarking scheme in which both the host and watermark are the color images of the same size and dimension. The security of the proposed watermarking scheme is enhanced by scrambling both color host and watermark images using Arnold chaotic map. The host image is decomposed by redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) into four sub-bands of the same dimension, and then approximate sub-band undergoes singular value decomposition (SVD) to obtain the principal component (PC). The scrambled watermark is then directly inserted into a principal component of scrambled host image, using an artificial bee colony optimized adaptive multi-scaling factor, obtained by considering both the host and watermark image perceptual quality to overcome the tradeoff between imperceptibility and robustness of the watermarked image. The hybridization of RDWT-SVD provides an advantage of no shift-invariant to achieve higher embedding capacity in the host image and preserving the imperceptibility and robustness by exploiting SVD properties. To measure the imperceptibility and robustness of the proposed scheme, both qualitative and quantitative evaluation parameters like peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index metric (SSIM) and normalized cross-correlation (NC) are used. Experiments are performed against several image processing attacks and the results are analyzed and compared with other related existing watermarking schemes which clearly depict the usefulness of the proposed scheme. At the same time, the proposed scheme overcomes the major security problem of false positive error (FPE) that mostly occurs in existing SVD based watermarking schemes.     

基于混沌序列的整数小波域鲁棒水印算法

首先对图像的蓝色通道进行整数小波分解,然后将二值化后的混沌序列经扩频处理作为水印信息,将此水印信息叠加在中频系数上,最后进行整数小波逆变换重构蓝色通道,合并三通道得到水印图像。由于混沌序列对初值具有极强的敏感性,攻击者很难从一段有限长的序列推断出混沌系统的相关参数,确保水印信息的安全性。整数小波变换的优良特性使图像在嵌入适量水印信息后拥有较低的细节损失率,实现了对彩色图像的高保真水印嵌入。实验结果表明,水印信息具有很好的透明性,对有损压缩、噪声干扰等常见的水印攻击具有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于IWT和广义差值扩展的可逆水印算法

针对传统差值扩展可逆水印算法的缺陷,提出了一种基于整数小波变换（IWT）和广义差值扩展的可逆水印算法。它将原始图像划分成4×4大小的互不重叠的像素块;计算各分块的近似平滑度值,该值在水印嵌入前后保持不变;将所有分块按平滑度值进行排序;根据水印信息量,依序选取适当数目的分块;对所选取分块进行整数小波变换,在变换后的低频部分利用广义差值扩展法嵌入水印信息,在高频部分通过数据压缩嵌入水印辅助信息。实验结果表明,该算法在减小图像失真的同时,提高了信息嵌入量,另外在同等水印嵌入量下,该算法的[PNSR]高于常见的一些算法。     

Dual-purpose semi-fragile watermark: Authentication and recovery of digital images

This paper presents a framework based on a single dual-purpose semi-fragile watermark to verify the integrity of digital image along with the recovery of distorted image. The watermark is correlated to the host image for detecting the collage attack and then embedded in their respective wavelet subbands. Unlike the conventional block-based approaches, this work has the ability to determine the unverified regions concisely. Huffman and BCH coding are utilized while generating the watermark. Integer DCT has been exploited as it can be highly compressed by Huffman coding as compared to the conventional DCT contents. The proposed technique exhibits the flexibility between imperceptibility, robustness, and capacity. In addition, integer wavelet transform has been used to reduce the computational complexity of the algorithm. Evaluation of experimental investigation shows the performance of dual-purpose semi-fragile watermark.     

奇异值分解视频水印嵌入与检测及安全性测试

文章针对目前现有的基于小波变换和奇异值分解相结合的数字水印算法存在的缺陷,提出了一种新的视频水印算法:以二值图像为水印的混合整数小波变换和奇异值分解的视频水印盲提取算法,重点论述了奇异值分解的视频水印嵌入与检测以及安全性的测试.实验表明,提出的新算法具有较好的高透明性和鲁棒性.     

A new robust and secure digital image watermarking scheme based on the integer wavelet transform and singular value decomposition

In this paper, a new robust and secure digital image watermarking scheme that can be used for copyright protection is proposed. The scheme uses the integer wavelet transform (IWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). The grey image watermark pixels values are embedded directly into the singular values of the 1-level IWT decomposed sub-bands. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of robustness, imperceptibility and capacity due to the IWT and SVD properties. A challenge due to the false positive problem which may be faced by most of SVD-based watermarking schemes has been solved in this work by adopting a digital signature into the watermarked image. The proposed digital signature mechanism is applied to generate and embed a digital signature after embedding the watermarks; the ownership is then authenticated before extracting watermarks. Thus, the proposed scheme achieved the security issue where the false positive problem is solved, in addition to that, the scheme is considered as a blind scheme. A computer simulation is used to verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme and its robustness against various types of attacks and to compare it with some previous schemes. Furthermore, the statistical Wilcoxon signed rank test is employed to certify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

基于小波能量的自适应半脆弱认证水印算法

该文利用小波变换,将图像从空域变换到小波域,结合树型结构性质选取相应的嵌入位置,并定义小波树的能量,根据小波系数的横向能量和纵向能量确定各层树上的嵌入强度,构造了一个非常实用的半脆弱水印认证算法。