Multi-granulation rough sets based on tolerance relations

The original rough set model is primarily concerned with the approximations of sets described by a single equivalence relation on the universe. Some further investigations generalize the classical rough set model to rough set model based on a tolerance relation. From the granular computing point of view, the classical rough set theory is based on a single granulation. For some complicated issues, the classical rough set model was extended to multi-granulation rough set model (MGRS). This paper extends the single-granulation tolerance rough set model (SGTRS) to two types of multi-granulation tolerance rough set models (MGTRS). Some important properties of the two types of MGTRS are investigated. From the properties, it can be found that rough set model based on a single tolerance relation is a special instance of MGTRS. Moreover, the relationship and difference among SGTRS, the first type of MGTRS and the second type of MGTRS are discussed. Furthermore, several important measures are presented in two types of MGTRS, such as rough measure and quality of approximation. Several examples are considered to illustrate the two types of multi-granulation tolerance rough set models. The results from this research are both theoretically and practically meaningful for data reduction.     

Soft sets and soft rough sets

In this study, we establish an interesting connection between two mathematical approaches to vagueness: rough sets and soft sets. Soft set theory is utilized, for the first time, to generalize Pawlak’s rough set model. Based on the novel granulation structures called soft approximation spaces, soft rough approximations and soft rough sets are introduced. Basic properties of soft rough approximations are presented and supported by some illustrative examples. We also define new types of soft sets such as full soft sets, intersection complete soft sets and partition soft sets. The notion of soft rough equal relations is proposed and related properties are examined. We also show that Pawlak’s rough set model can be viewed as a special case of the soft rough sets, and these two notions will coincide provided that the underlying soft set in the soft approximation space is a partition soft set. Moreover, an example containing a comparative analysis between rough sets and soft rough sets is given.     

Approximation of sets based on partial covering

In this current paper we reveal a mathematical tool that helps us to comprehend certain natural phenomena. The main idea of this tool is a possible generalization of approximations of sets relying on the partial covering of the universe of discourse.Our starting point will be an arbitrary nonempty family B of subsets of an arbitrary nonempty universe U. On the analogy of the definition of Pawlak’s type σ-algebra σ(U/ε) over a finite universe, let D_B denote the family of subsets of U which contains the empty set and every set in B and it is closed under unions. However, D_Bneither covers the universe nor is closed under intersections in general. Our notions of lower and upper approximations are straightforward point-free generalizations of Pawlak’s same approximations which are imitations of the ε-equivalence class based formulations. Both of them belong to D_B. Our discussion will be within an overall approximation framework along which the common features of rough set theory and our approach can be treated uniformly.To demonstrate the relationship of our approach with natural computing, we will show an example relying on the so-called MÉTA program which is a recognition and evaluation program of the actual state of the natural and semi-natural vegetation heritage of Hungary.     

一种悲观多粒度粗糙集中的粒度约简算法

多粒度粗糙集方法是近年来粗糙集理论的一个发展方向,它是一种基于多个粒空间的粗糙数据建模方法。 文中针对悲观多粒度粗糙集模型,引入分布约简的概念,分析多个粒空间中的粒度选择问题。基于给出的粒度重要度提出悲观多粒度粗糙集中的粒度约简算法,并通过实例验证该方法的有效性。结论表明该方法得到的结果更加符合实际决策。     

New and improved: grey multi-granulation rough sets

Rough set has drawn great attention in recent decades, among which multi-granulation rough set (MGRS) is an arresting direction. It constructs a formal theoretical framework to solve complex problems under the circumstance of multiple binary relations. However, the fusion of multi-granulation rough set and grey system for acquiring knowledge is still a gap. Toward this end, we devise a grey multi-granulation rough set (GMGRS) by taking multiple grey relational relations into consideration under the framework of MGRS. In grey information system, the constructed grey relational relation that measures the relationship among objects can be used to further establish multiple binary relations. Based on two different approximate strategies (seeking common reserving difference and seeking common eliminating difference), two types of GMGRS are presented, respectively. After discussing several important properties of GMGRS, we discover that the properties of the proposed GMGRS are synchronous with the classical MGRS. Meanwhile, to obtain the attribute reduction under GMGRS, we reconstruct significance measure and termination criterion based on the θ-precision pessimistic GMGRS. Last but not least, theoretical studies and practical examples demonstrate that our proposed GMGRS largely enrich the MGRS theory and provide a new technique for knowledge discovery, which is practical in real-world scenarios.     

基于局部可调节多粒度粗糙集的属性约简

经典的多粒度粗糙集模型采用多个等价关系(多粒度结构)来逼近目标集。根据乐观和悲观策略,常见的多粒度粗糙集分为两种类型:乐观多粒度粗糙集和悲观多粒度粗糙集。然而,这两个模型缺乏实用性,一个过于严格,另一个过于宽松。此外,多粒度粗糙集模型由于在逼近一个概念时需要遍历所有的对象,因此非常耗时。为了弥补这一缺点,进而扩大多粒度粗糙集模型的使用范围,首先在不完备信息系统中引入了可调节多粒度粗糙集模型,随后定义了局部可调节多粒度粗糙集模型。其次,证明了局部可调节多粒度粗糙集和可调节多粒度粗糙集具有相同的上下近似。通过定义下近似协调集、下近似约简、下近似质量、下近似质量约简、内外重要度等概念,提出了一种基于局部可调节多粒度粗糙集的属性约简方法。在此基础上,构造了基于粒度重要性的属性约简的启发式算法。最后,通过实例说明了该方法的有效性。实验结果表明,局部可调节多粒度粗糙集模型能够准确处理不完备信息系统的数据,降低了算法的复杂度。     

The further investigation of covering-based rough sets: Uncertainty characterization, similarity measure and generalized models

The notion of rough sets was originally proposed by Pawlak. In Pawlak’s rough set theory, the equivalence relation or partition plays an important role. However, the equivalence relation or partition is restrictive for many applications because it can only deal with complete information systems. This limits the theory’s application to a certain extent. Therefore covering-based rough sets are derived by replacing the partitions of a universe with its coverings. This paper focuses on the further investigation of covering-based rough sets. Firstly, we discuss the uncertainty of covering in the covering approximation space, and show that it can be characterized by rough entropy and the granulation of covering. Secondly, since it is necessary to measure the similarity between covering rough sets in practical applications such as pattern recognition, image processing and fuzzy reasoning, we present an approach which measures these similarities using a triangular norm. We show that in a covering approximation space, a triangular norm can induce an inclusion degree, and that the similarity measure between covering rough sets can be given according to this triangular norm and inclusion degree. Thirdly, two generalized covering-based rough set models are proposed, and we employ practical examples to illustrate their applications. Finally, relationships between the proposed covering-based rough set models and the existing rough set models are also made.     

Rule learning for classification based on neighborhood covering reduction

Rough set theory has been extensively discussed in the domain of machine learning and data mining. Pawlak’s rough set theory offers a formal theoretical framework for attribute reduction and rule learning from nominal data. However, this model is not applicable to numerical data, which widely exist in real-world applications. In this work, we extend this framework to numerical feature spaces by replacing partition of universe with neighborhood covering and derive a neighborhood covering reduction based approach to extracting rules from numerical data. We first analyze the definition of covering reduction and point out its advantages and disadvantages. Then we introduce the definition of relative covering reduction and develop an algorithm to compute it. Given a feature space, we compute the neighborhood of each sample and form a neighborhood covering of the universe, and then employ the algorithm of relative covering reduction to the neighborhood covering, thus derive a minimal covering rule set. Some numerical experiments are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed technique.     

局部广义多粒度粗糙集

多粒度粗糙集的目标概念是一种由多个二元关系诱导的粒结构近似,是粗糙集领域的一个有价值的研究方向,在实际中得到了广泛的应用。然而,当数据集的规模很大时,会出现大量的未标记数据,计算目标概念的近似时需要计算所有对象的等价类,而且需要花费大量的时间来描述目标概念的近似以及复杂的计算过程,因此提出了局部广义多粒度粗糙集模型。首先通过引入特征函数来定义下近似和上近似;其次提出了一种用矩阵求解局部广义多粒度粗糙集下近似和上近似的方法,进一步研究了它们的性质;最后通过实例来验证所提模型的有效性,并给出了求局部广义多粒度粗糙集下近似的算法。此模型可以充分利用目标概念中的数据信息来处理数据,同时可以节省大量的计算时间。     

可变直觉模糊多粒度粗糙集模型及其近似分布约简算法

为了在多粒度粗糙集模型中对目标概念达到更好的近似逼近效果,首先将直觉模糊粗糙集与多粒度粗糙集结合,提出直觉模糊多粒度粗糙集模型。由于该模型的目标近似存在过于宽松的缺陷,因此通过引入参数的方式对所提模型进行改进,提出一种可变直觉模糊多粒度粗糙集模型,并证明了该模型的有效性,同时基于该模型提出了相应的近似分布约简算法。在仿真实验结果中,所提出的下近似分布约简结果比已提出的模糊多粒度决策理论粗糙集约简和多粒度双量化决策理论粗糙集多了2~4个属性,所提出的上近似分布约简算法比这些算法少了1~5个属性,同时约简结果的近似精度拥有了更为合理且优越的表现。因此,理论和实验结果均验证了所提的可变直觉模糊多粒度粗糙集模型在近似逼近和数据降维方面均具有更高的优越性。     

双论域的一般多粒度粗糙集

多粒度粗糙集是近几年来研究的热门课题之一。将多粒度粗糙集和双论域结合起来,首先定义了不同论域上的支撑函数;其次通过支撑函数建立了不同论域上的一般多粒度粗糙近似算子,研究了各个近似算子的性质。讨论了双论域的一般多粒度粗糙集的粗糙度和精确度;通过大学生选课这一实例验证了该模型的实用性和有效性。     

集对优势关系下多粒度决策粗糙集的可变三支决策模型

多粒度决策粗糙集是从多角度来处理不确定数据和风险决策问题的重要模型。针对不完备信息系统下的决策分析问题,在多粒度决策粗糙集中引入集对优势关系,对优势度进行了改进,使结果更加合理。然后对多粒度近似空间进行了拓展,提出了集对优势关系下的乐观、悲观、均值、乐观-悲观和悲观-乐观5种多粒度决策粗糙集模型,并讨论了其相关性质以及模型之间的相互关系。结合三支决策理论,在不完备信息系统中用区间值表示损失函数,获得不同的阈值,建立了5个相应的可变三支决策模型,推导出决策规则。最后,通过公司员工评估的案例证明,所提模型在实际应用中灵活性更高,不会过于宽松或过于严格,使最终决策更为合理,从而为不完备信息系统下不确定性问题的决策分析提供了新方法。     

Probabilistic model criteria with decision-theoretic rough sets

In dealing with risk in real decision problems, decision-theoretic rough sets with loss functions aim to obtain optimization decisions by minimizing the overall risk with Bayesian decision procedures. Two parameters generated by loss functions divide the universe into three regions as the decision of acceptance, deferment and rejection. In this paper, we discuss the semantics of loss functions, and utilize the differences of losses replace actual losses to construct a new “four-level” approach of probabilistic rules choosing criteria. Ten types of probabilistic rough set models can be generated by the “four-level” approach and form two groups of models: two-way probabilistic decision models and three-way probabilistic decision models. A reasonable decision with these criteria is demonstrated by an illustration of oil investment.     

基于容差关系的不完备可变精度多粒度粗糙集

在不完备信息系统中, 为了融合可变精度粗糙集和多粒度粗糙集的各自优点, 提出一种基于容差关系的不完备可变精度多粒度粗糙集模型。研究了基于容差关系的可变精度乐观多粒度粗糙集和悲观多粒度粗糙集的相关性质。通过对可变精度多粒度粗糙集和经典多粒度粗糙集的对比分析, 结果表明, 基于容差关系的不完备可变精度多粒度粗糙集拥有更高的近似精度, 实例分析的结果也验证了该理论的可行性。     

Fuzzy preference based rough sets

Preference analysis is an important task in multi-criteria decision making. The rough set theory has been successfully extended to deal with preference analysis by replacing equivalence relations with dominance relations. The existing studies involving preference relations cannot capture the uncertainty presented in numerical and fuzzy criteria. In this paper, we introduce a method to extract fuzzy preference relations from samples characterized by numerical criteria. Fuzzy preference relations are incorporated into a fuzzy rough set model, which leads to a fuzzy preference based rough set model. The measure of attribute dependency of the Pawlak’s rough set model is generalized to compute the relevance between criteria and decisions. The definitions of upward dependency, downward dependency and global dependency are introduced. Algorithms for computing attribute dependency and reducts are proposed and experimentally evaluated by using two publicly available data sets.     

Probabilistic approaches to rough sets

Abstract: Probabilistic approaches to rough sets in granulation, approximation and rule induction are reviewed. The Shannon entropy function is used to quantitatively characterize partitions of a universe. Both algebraic and probabilistic rough set approximations are studied. The probabilistic approximations are defined in a decision‐theoretic framework. The problem of rule induction, a major application of rough set theory, is studied in probabilistic and information‐theoretic terms. Two types of rules are analyzed: the local, low order rules, and the global, high order rules.     

一种改进的邻域多粒度粗糙集模型

目前,邻域多粒度粗糙集模型广泛采用的距离函数闵可夫斯基距离存在着一定的局限性,通过引入兰氏距离作为距离函数,重构了邻域半径的选取方法,基于此提出一种改进的邻域多粒度粗糙集模型,并证明了相关的性质。采用UCI标准库数据集进行实验分析,对比两种模型的实验结果,验证了改进邻域多粒度粗糙集模型在近似逼近方面的优越性。     

广义多粒度粗糙集属性约简和matlab计算

定义了基于广义多粒度粗糙集的属性约简,研究了约简的一些基本性质,给出matlab计算的过程,并给出计算实例。定义了信息系统的严格协调、软不协调性、粒度协调、粒度不协调,定义了广义多粒度下约简、粒度约简、（下/上近似）分布协调约简、（下/上近似）质量协调约简,并给出部分结论。广义多粒度粗糙集的约简适用于乐观多粒度粗糙集和悲观多粒度粗糙集。研究结果可完善多粒度粗糙集理论,为理论研究和应用奠定基础。     

量化容差关系的程度多粒度粗糙集模型

多粒度粗糙集是一种重要的多粒度数据挖掘模型。为了对不完备信息系统中等价类重叠部分的定量信息进行挖掘,提出一种多阈值的量化容差关系程度多粒度粗糙集模型。首先将描述等价类重叠信息的程度多粒度粗糙集模型与处理不完备信息系统的量化容差关系进行结合,提出量化容差关系的程度多粒度粗糙集模型,然后在该模型的基础上,为每个粒度设定与数据相适应的阈值,提高了量化容差关系程度多粒度粗糙集模型的灵活性,增加多粒度数据挖掘的性能。UCI数据集的实验结果表明,本文所提出的粗糙集模型具有较好的分类效果和理论的可行性。     

On generalized intuitionistic fuzzy rough approximation operators

In rough set theory, the lower and upper approximation operators defined by binary relations satisfy many interesting properties. Various generalizations of Pawlak’s rough approximations have been made in the literature over the years. This paper proposes a general framework for the study of relation-based intuitionistic fuzzy rough approximation operators within which both constructive and axiomatic approaches are used. In the constructive approach, a pair of lower and upper intuitionistic fuzzy rough approximation operators induced from an arbitrary intuitionistic fuzzy relation are defined. Basic properties of the intuitionistic fuzzy rough approximation operators are then examined. By introducing cut sets of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, classical representations of intuitionistic fuzzy rough approximation operators are presented. The connections between special intuitionistic fuzzy relations and intuitionistic fuzzy rough approximation operators are further established. Finally, an operator-oriented characterization of intuitionistic fuzzy rough sets is proposed, that is, intuitionistic fuzzy rough approximation operators are defined by axioms. Different axiom sets of lower and upper intuitionistic fuzzy set-theoretic operators guarantee the existence of different types of intuitionistic fuzzy relations which produce the same operators.