Improvement of tracking performance in designing a GPC‐based PID controller using a time‐varying proportional gain

An effective design method of a proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) controller is proposed. The PID parameters of the PID controller are designed on the basis of a generalized predictive control (GPC) law. The PID controller has a time‐varying proportional gain, and the PID parameters are designed using the future reference trajectory of the GPC. Finally, numerical examples are shown for illustrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

智能积分自调整模糊控制在DC/DC变换器中应用

提出了一种用于DC/DC变换器的模糊PID混合控制策略,该方法只需测量DC/DC变换器的输出电压,然后由智能积分环节和自调整模糊控制器并联得到控制量,并且基于8位微控制器PIC16F877实现了这种控制策略。实验结果表明,该控制方法不但能使DC/DC变换器输出电压启动速度加快,超调量小无静态误差,而且易于实现,通用性好,具有实用价值。     

Improved static and dynamic performances of a two‐cell DC–DC buck converter using a digital dynamic time‐delayed control

Multi‐cell converters have been developed to overcome shortcomings in usual switching devices. The control system in these circuits is twofold: first, to balance voltages of the switches and second to regulate the load current to a desired value. However, with a purely proportional controller, the system presents a static error. With a PI controller the static error is annihilated, but at the expense of shortening the stability region and increasing settling time. In this work, a zero static error dynamic controller for a two‐cell DC–DC buck converter is designed. To achieve zero current error, we propose a generalized scheme of a dynamic controller. Then, using nonlinear analysis and Lyapunov stability theory and bifurcation prediction tools, we prove that zero static error is achieved. The proposed controller outperforms the PI controller in terms of settling time in the presence of saturating effect during the start‐up transients. Numerical simulations in the form of time domain waveforms and bifurcation diagrams from switched circuit‐based model are presented to confirm our theoretical results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PID controller for automatic voltage regulator using teaching–learning based optimization technique

The present work presents teaching–learning based optimization (TLBO) algorithm as an optimization technique in the area of tuning of the classical controller installed in automatic voltage regulator (AVR). The proposed TLBO algorithm is applied with an aim to find out the optimum value of proportional integral derivative (PID) controller gains with first order low pass filter installed in the AVR. The voltage response of the AVR system, as obtained by using the proposed TLBO based PID controller with first order low pass filter, is compared to those offered by the other algorithms reported in the recent state-of-the-art literatures. The advantage of using this control strategy may be noted by providing good dynamic responses over a wide range of system parametric variations. For on-line, off-nominal operating conditions, fast acting Sugeno fuzzy logic technique is applied to obtain the on-line dynamic responses of the studied model. Furthermore, robustness analysis is also carried out to check the performance of the designed TLBO based PID controller. An analysis, based on voltage response profile, has been investigated with the variations of the model parameters. The simulation results show that the proposed TLBO based PID controller is a significant optimization tool in the subject area of the AVR system. The essence of the present work signifies that the proposed TLBO technique maybe, successfully, applied for the AVR of power system.     

Digitally Controlled Boost PFC Converter with Improved Output Voltage Controller

A novel digital voltage controller for boost PFC converters is proposed in this paper. If a fast voltage compensator is applied to control the DC output voltage, the DC output voltage ripple, pulsating at twice the grid frequency, causes a third harmonic of considerable magnitude in the line current. The new controller samples the DC-bus voltage at all zeroes of its ripple, resulting in a fast voltage control algorithm that guarantees a low total harmonic distortion in the line current. The performance of the proposed voltage controller is compared to other voltage controllers, by using a prototype of a digitally controlled boost PFC convertor.     

Memory‐based IMC tuning of PID controllers for nonlinear systems

This paper describes a new memory‐based proportional, integral, derivative (PID) controller design. These PID parameters are tuned by the IMC‐PID method, which is derived from the relationship between the internal model control (IMC) and PID control. The IMC‐PID has a user‐specified parameter that greatly influences the control performance. The authors have already proposed a system identification scheme based on the memory‐based approach. In this paper, a new controller design scheme is discussed, whose system parameters and the corresponding suitable user‐specified parameter are simultaneously computed. Finally, the behavior of the newly proposed control scheme is examined in a simulation example. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Control system design for VSC transmission

This paper investigates a suitable control system for a DC transmission system based on voltage source converters (VSC). Each of the two VSC converters has two control inputs and the four control channels on a VSC transmission system offer potential for a versatile control. However, the main challenge is the dynamic interaction among the control loops. It is proposed in this study that the overall system stability and good robustness should be achieved with two high-gain feedback loops, one at each converter. Eigenvalue and robustness analysis with MATLAB software shows that the best fast feedback signals are inverter DC voltage and rectifier AC voltage q component. The slow controller consists of three PI controllers that regulate: rectifier AC voltage, inverter AC voltage and the DC power. The VSC transmission control under fault conditions is achieved with a separate controller that takes over system control for fault-level currents. The fault controller regulates the local DC currents at each converter. The proposed controller is tested using PSCAD/EMTDC for a wide range of small-signal step inputs and the design performance is confirmed. The design is also tested for typical fault scenarios on AC and DC side to verify the fault controller operation.     

BUCK型开关变换器最优PID控制器设计

针对开关电源的复杂性和时变性,传统PID控制器整定方法无法很好满足其控制性能要求的问题,提出一种面向性能指标的最优PID控制器参数整定方法。基于DP算法,计算保证闭环系统稳定的PID控制器参数范围;利用具有全局寻优能力的遗传算法,按照ITAE性能指标在该范围内进行参数寻优。以BUCK变换器为利的仿真研究表明,该方法在指定的性能指标上取得了满意的控制效果,在负载发生摄动时,较传统PID控制器,具有较好的鲁棒性,且计算相对简单、实用性强,可推广到非线性PID控制器的参数整定和相关工程实践中。     

基于2型模糊集小脑模型的DC/DC变换器控制系统

随着新能源行业的不断发展,DC/DC变换器越来越多地被运用于各行各业,而DC/DC变换器在负载的效率直接影响到整个系统的效率。因此针对DC/DC变换器,以BUCK电路为例,设计了一种基于滑模区间的2型模糊小波的小脑模型关节控制器(T2WFCMAC)的控制系统。该系统包括主控制器和鲁棒补偿控制器。主控制器是T2WFCMAC,用于模拟理想控制器,鲁棒补偿控制器用于补偿主控制器和理想控制器之间的逼近误差。为了提高控制系统的鲁棒性,采用滑动模态超平面,利用梯度下降法得到了T2WFCMAC参数调整的自适应律。通过李雅普诺夫函数来验证控制系统的稳定性。最后,通过搭建试验平台,验证该方法在负载电阻变化情况下是否比传统PID控制和普通模糊控制更加有效。     

混合式自调整模糊控制在DC/DC变换器中的应用

提出一种采用自调整因子混合式模糊PID控制方法,通过经典PID和混合式自调整模糊控制的比较,并通过实验结果证明,该方法不仅能够提高直流变换器系统的鲁棒性,还可以提高系统的动静态性能。     

The stability of a chaotic PWM boost converter

A novel chaotic pulse‐width‐modulation (PWM) boost converter has been previously proposed to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) in DC–DC converters, where the circuit design and simulations have been conducted, but the problems such as the mean value estimation of state variables for circuit parameter design, the ripple estimation of the input current and the stability analysis have been remained to be addressed in this paper. Here, a mean value estimation method is first proposed, which is used to estimate the mean values of state variables of chaotic PWM boost converters for facilitating the circuit parameter design and selection of circuit components. Although ripples are slightly increased, caused by adopting chaotic carriers, the DC–DC converter with reduced EMI is still stable under the chaotic PWM control. This work provides a theoretic verification of the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed chaotic PWM DC–DC converters. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal control of a single‐phase H‐bridge DC–AC inverter

The control of switched power converters has been mostly accomplished using pulse width modulation (PWM). Under this type of control, it has been shown in literature that DC–AC current mode single‐phase inverter may exhibit chaotic behavior if the proportional controller of the PWM modulator is badly tuned. In this work, we present a novel method to control the inverter using an optimal control approach. Our method consists in defining the switching instances in order to achieve the reference current with minimum error. To illustrate the efficiency of our proposed method, numerical simulations and comparison with the proportional and integral controller as well as to the proportional and resonant controller are presented. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于模糊PID控制的永磁无刷直流电机调速系统

永磁无刷直流电动机调速系统是一个非线性、多变量、时变系统,采用传统的PID控制方法进行控制,难以达到良好的控制效果。通过设计一种模糊PID控制器,应用模糊算法在线自动整定PID参数的方法,将其应用于无刷直流电动机调速控制系统。仿真实验结果表明,该模糊PID控制方法较常规PID控制和单纯的模糊控制具有更好的控制性能,具有无超调、响应快、鲁棒性强等特点。     

Fractional‐order PID servo control based on decoupled visual model

A decoupled visual model and a fractional PID controller are designed aiming at the problem of the view distortion in the fillet weld welding process. Firstly, the intersection point coordinates of two laser stripes are selected as the image characteristics, and the decoupled visual model is designed to the tracking control of the fillet weld seam so that the control value in two directions is decoupled, reducing the difficulty of control. In addition to this, the image may produce distortion in the dynamic tracking process, causing nonlinearity and coupling in two directions. To solve this problem, the fractional‐order PID controller is designed so that the adjustment range and the control ability are improved better than the traditional PID controller. Some experiments verify that the desired performance can be achieved by using the proposed methods.     

Global hybrid modeling and control of a buck converter: A novel concept

Several attempts have been made to design suitable controllers for DC–DC converters. However, these designs suffer from model inaccuracy or their inability to desirably function in both continuous and discontinuous current modes. This paper presents a novel switching scheme based on hybrid modeling to control a buck converter using mixed logical dynamical (MLD) methodologies. The proposed method is capable of globally controlling the converter in both continuous and discontinuous current modes of operation by considering all constraints in the physical plant such as maximum inductor current and capacitor voltage limits. Different loads and input voltage disturbances are simulated in MATLAB and results are presented to demonstrate the suitability of the controller. The transient and steady‐state performance of the closed‐loop control over a wide range of operating points shows satisfactory operation of the proposed controller. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic response analysis and output voltage control of asymmetric half bridge DC–DC converter for low voltage applications

Asymmetric control scheme is an approach to achieve Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) for half bridge isolated DC–DC converters. Due to the switching property included in their structure, DC–DC converters have a nonlinear behavior and their controller design is accompanied with complexities. But by employing the average method it is possible to approximate the system into a linear system and then linear control methods can be used. Dynamic performance of half bridge converters output voltage can be controlled by Pole placement and PID controllers. In this paper, Genetic Algorithm is used to optimize the system to achieve the optimum dynamic response. Matrix coefficients and dominant poles of closed loop transfer function is selected based on Genetic Algorithm. The results show an improvement in voltage control response in a short time.     

新型集成式DRV8301驱动BLDCM的控制器设计

针对无刷直流电机BLDCM(brushless DC motor)的精确控制和快速动态响应的需求,设计了一种新型集成式DRV8301驱动BLDCM的控制器。在分析PID控制算法的基础上,采用增量型PID算法实现速度闭环调节;采用TMS320F28035型DSP为控制器主控芯片,设计了高集成度的驱动保护电路、三相桥式逆变电路以及转子位置检测电路,简化了硬件电路结构,并完成了控制器的软件设计。实验结果验证了所设计的BLDCM控制器具有良好的控制精度和动态响应性能。     

DC/DC变换器自适应模糊逻辑控制器设计

为DC/DC变换器设计了一种自适应模糊逻辑控制器（AFLC）。所提出的AFLC不需要专家系统提供决策参数和控制规则,而是使用模型数据文件来产生参数和规则,该模型数据文件包含输入输出对的整体概况。所提出的控制器使用8位微控制器来实现降压、升压和降压-升压变换器。     

Robust nonlinear controller based on control Lyapunov function and terminal sliding mode for buck converter

This paper studies the sliding mode control (SMC) and terminal SMC (TSMC) techniques of output voltage regulation in dc–dc buck converters. In this paper, the conventional terminal sliding manifold (TSM), fast terminal sliding manifold, and adaptive terminal sliding manifold are investigated by using hysteresis‐modulated control. In addition, proportional‐integral‐derivative‐shaped TSM, PI‐shaped TSM, and proportional‐integral‐derivative‐integral‐shaped TSM are proposed in order to overcome the problems of conventional TSMs. Furthermore, a new continuous controller based on control Lyapunov function (CLF), with pre‐settable‐fixed switching frequency, is suggested. CLF‐based controller (CLF‐bC) is also adapted to the discontinuous digital input of the buck converter. In the proposed CLF‐bC, the switching frequency is completely independent and pre‐settable. Stabilization, reference tracking, high performance dynamic response, robustness against parameter uncertainties, and rejection of disturbances (e.g., input voltage changes and load variations) are some advantages of the proposed controllers. Impact of the controllers' parameters on the performance of the system is also summarized. Finite‐time stability of TSMs and proposed CLF‐bC, and the robustness of CLF‐bC against parameter variations and disturbances are mathematically proved. Performance of the proposed Adaptive TSMC (ATSMC), proportional‐integral‐derivative‐TSMC, and CLF‐bC has been verified through matlab simulations and compared with the conventional SMC and TSMC strategies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.