分布式发电及其关键技术

对分布式发电技术的概念、体系结构、作用及关键技术进行了综述。在简单分析了分布式发电技术得以重新兴起的原因后,从新能源技术与分布式发电技术在电力系统中的运用两个角度详细讨论了分布式发电技术的实施关键,并对分布式发电技术为传统电力系统所带来的机遇与挑战进行了概述。     

分布式发电技术及其对电力系统的影响

随着公平竞争的电力市场逐步建立,分布式发电将凭借其投资省、发电方式灵活、与环境兼容等优点拥有越来越大的市场份额.大量分布式发电系统接入电网,将对传统电力系统产生巨大的影响.首先介绍了分布式发电技术的基本概念以及其相对于集中发电方式的显著优点,并对现在比较热门的几种分布式发电技术做了介绍,然后分析了分布式发电对现有电力系统的影响,指出当大量分布式电源接入系统后,它对系统的影响不再局限于配电网,而将对整个电力系统的动态性能产生巨大的影响.     

分布式发电技术及其并网后的问题研究

随着科技的发展,分布式发电与大电网联合运行更为普遍,同时也推动了现代电力系统控制与运行的变革进程。分布式发电的特征是发电方式灵活、投资成本低、与环境兼容性好等,正是得益于分布式发电的特征,其成为了电力系统发展的必然趋势。在本案,笔者简述了分布式发电技术及其优点,并重点阐述了分布式电源并网后的相关问题,以此为分布式发电技术在电力系统中的应用提供参考意见。     

含有分布式发电装置的电力系统研究综述

分布式发电技术在全球范围内引起人们越来越多的关注.分布式发电装置既可用于电力调峰、建造备用电站或热电联供电站,又可实现边远地区独立发电.为了满足我国经济高速发展的需要,在已建中央电站及电网的基础上,大力发展分布式发电技术将是电力系统未来发展的必然趋势.文中列举了分布式发电技术的特点,针对分布式发电装置对电网影响的研究状况进行了综述,并且对未来该技术的研究方向进行了探讨.     

分布式发电技术及其并网问题研究综述

分布式发电因其投资省、发电方式灵活、与环境兼容等特点,日益普遍地与大电网联合运行,给现代电力系统运行与控制带来巨大的变化。大力发展分布式发电技术将是电力系统未来发展的必然趋势。因此,研究分布式发电具有重要的理论意义和重大的应用价值。概述了国内外分布式发电的发展现状及应用前景,简要介绍了分布式发电的概念及几种新型分布式发电技术,分析了分布式发电并网系统及分布式发电并网对电力系统规划、电能质量、继电保护、可靠性等方面的影响,最后对分布式发电的未来研究方向和需要进一步研究的问题作了展望。     

分布式发电及其对电力系统的影响

介绍了分布式发电的概念和几种新兴的分布式发电技术,分析了分布式发电的市场前景及其对现有电力系统可能带来的影响,认为分布式发电潜在优势明显,市场前景广阔,对现有电力系统将带来深远的影响。     

分布式发电技术及其对电力系统的影响

随着公平竞争的电力市场逐步建立,分布式发电将凭借其投资省、发电方式灵活、与环境兼容等优点拥有越来越大的市场份额。大量分布式发电系统接入电网,将对传统电力系统产生巨大的影响。首先介绍了分布式发电技术的基本概念以及其相对于集中发电方式的显著优点,并对现在比较热门的几种分布式发电技术做了介绍,然后分析了分布式发电对现有电力系统的影响,指出当大量分布式电源接入系统后,它对系统的影响不再局限于配电网,而将对整个电力系统的动态性能产生巨大的影响。     

分布式发电及其在电力系统中的应用研究综述

分布式发电以其投资省、发电方式灵活、与环境兼容等特点与大电网日益联合运行，给现代电力系统运行与控制带来巨大的变化。它既可以满足电力系统和用户的特定要求，如削峰；又可以提供传统的电力系统无可比拟的可靠性和和经济性。因此，研究分布式发电具有重要的理论意义和重大的应用价值。文章简要介绍了新型分布式发电技术，综述了分布式发电在电力系统的应用研究现状，并探讨了分布式发电的未来研究方向。     

风光互补型微电网规划设计典型方案

可再生能源的利用和分布式发电技术的发展促成了微电网技术的形成,微电网技术的发展又为电力系统接纳更多容量的可再生能源和分布式电源提供了一种新的解决方案。微电网的规划不同于常规电力系统规划设计,它必须考虑分布式发电系统对电力系统的影响,对分布式发电机组进行短时的功率预测和长期的变化性规划。     

含有分布式发电装置的电力系统研究综述

分布式发电技术在全球范围内引起人们越来越多的关注。分布式发电装置既可用于电力调峰、建造备用电站或热电联供电站,又可实现边远地区独立发电。为了满足我国经济高速发展的需要,在已建中央电站及电网的基础上,大力发展分布式发电技术将是电力系统未来发展的必然趋势。文中列举了分布式发电技术的特点,针对分布式发电装置对电网影响的研究状况进行了综述,并且对未来该技术的研究方向进行了探讨。     

基于交替方向乘子法的电力系统分散式经济调度

现代电力系统中分布式电源特性各异,数量越来越多且接入具有分散特点,传统的集中式经济调度方法将面临计算负担大、通信复杂以及灵活性不足等限制。鉴于此,文中综合考虑了风电功率波动特性和分布式电源的动态模型及其综合发电成本,提出了一种基于交替方向乘子法的电力系统分散式经济调度方法。该方法在每次迭代过程中仅需收集系统净负荷及分布式电源平均有功功率,即可实现每台分布式电源有功功率最优值的分散式独立求解。最后,利用MATLAB/Simulink搭建了含有多个分布式电源的配电网系统,在风电功率波动和负荷实时变化的情况下对所提方法进行测试,通过与传统集中式经济调度方法的比较验证了所提分散式经济调度方法的准确性和有效性。     

Distributed generation placement for congestion management considering economic and financial issues

Congestion management is one of the most important functions of independent system operator (ISO) in the restructured power system. This paper presents two new methodologies for optimal sitting and sizing of distributed generations (DGs) in the restructured power systems for congestion management. The proposed methodologies are based upon locational marginal price (LMP) and congestion rent that forms a priority list of candidate buses to reduce the solution space. The proposed priority list facilitates the optimal placement as well as the level of output power of DGs. The proposed methods are implemented on the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 57-bus test systems to illustrate their effectiveness. An economic consideration of DG placement and its operation is also studied. Simulation studies and results analysis show that the proposed methodologies are capable of finding the best location and optimal size for DGs, which can alleviate congestion in transmission systems.     

Optimal Control of Voltage in Distribution Systems by Voltage Reference Management

Recently, renewable energy technologies such as wind turbine generators and photovoltaic (PV) systems have been introduced as distributed generations (DGs). Connections of a large amount of distributed generations may cause voltage deviation beyond the statutory range in distribution systems. A reactive power control of DGs can be a solution of this problem, and it also has a possibility to reduce distribution loss. In this paper, we propose a control methodology of voltage profile in a distribution system using reactive power control of inverters interfaced with DGs and tap changing transformers. In the proposed method, a one-day schedule of voltage references for the control devices are determined by an optimization technique based on predicted values of load demand and PV power generation. Reactive power control of interfaced inverters is implemented within the inverter capacity without reducing active power output. The proposed method accomplishes voltage regulation within the acceptable range and reduction of distribution loss. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by simulations. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Impact Study on Intentional Islanding of Distributed Generation Connected to a Radial Subtransmission System in Thailand's Electric Power System

Traditional interconnection standards avoid the islanding operation of distributed generators (DGs) because of concerns of equipment failure and safety. However, in some cases, allowing the islanding operation of DGs in a radial subtransmission system could improve system reliability and decrease outage cost during power outages or a scheduled maintenance. This paper presents an impact study on a DG connected to a radial subtransmission system. The dynamic study is conducted to show how to manage DGs and electric power systems for the proper intentional islanding in specific cases.     

Characteristics of Parallel Operation of Inverter‐Type Distributed Generators Operated by a Virtual Synchronous Generator

The capacity of distributed generators (DGs) connected to a grid by inverters is growing. The inverters are generally controlled by a phase locked loop (PLL) in order to achieve synchronization with the power system frequency. They cannot have synchronous power. Power systems become unstable if the capacity of the inverter‐type DGs is increased. The concept of controlling inverters to behave like a synchronous generator is studied in this paper. The result is referred to as a “virtual synchronous generator” (VSG). The VSG has synchronous power. Power systems become stable as a result of using the VSG. The VSG is useful in the parallel operation of DGs. The VSG can synchronize with other VSGs, synchronous generators, or the grid. In this paper, a method for the synchronous operation of a VSG is studied, and experimental results on a VSG running in parallel with a synchronous generator and other VSGs are presented.     

基于有向图的含分布式电源配电网孤岛划分模型

含分布式电源配电网的孤岛运行模式可以充分提高分布式电源利用率和配电系统供电可靠性。文中提出一种基于有向图模型的含分布式电源配电网的孤岛划分新模型。首先,提出一种基于有向图的配电网结构模型,该模型通过引入"虚拟节点"和"虚拟需求"建立了支路方向可变的配电网模型,从网络结构模型上保证了配电网孤岛运行区域的连通性和辐射状结构。然后,基于有向图模型,建立了考虑联络开关可操作性、负荷重要等级、负荷可控性以及分布式电源运行特性的孤岛划分模型,并将其转化成一个混合整数线性规划问题以便于求解。最后,采用PGE 69节点配电系统进行测试,验证了所提出的孤岛划分策略的有效性。     

Multi-Objective Approach for Reconfiguration of Distribution Systems with Distributed Generations

This paper presents a fuzzy multi-objective based heuristic algorithm for network reconfiguration of distribution systems considering distributed generations (DGs). The objectives of reduction of real power loss, branch current carrying capacity limit, maximum and minimum voltage constraints, and feeder load balancing are considered for performance enhancement of the distribution system. Since these objectives are non-commensurable and difficult to solve simultaneously using conventional approaches, they are converted into fuzzy domain and a fuzzy multi-objective function is formulated. A sensitivity analysis based on voltage profile improvement and real power loss reduction is used for obtaining optimal locations of DGs and genetic algorithm is used for optimal sizing of DGs. The proposed reconfiguration algorithm is implemented in two stages, initially in the first stage without incorporating DGs and in the second stage incorporating DGs for obtaining an optimal distribution system network reconfiguration. The advantage of the proposed method is demonstrated through a seventy node four feeders and a sixteen node three feeders distribution systems.     

不同类型分布式电源在配电网中的优化布置

分布式电源接入配电网后对电网节点电压、网络潮流、网损等方面带来的影响与分布式电源的种类、接入容量及接入位置密切相关。本文基于静态负荷模型,对小水电、光伏发电两种典型分布式电源与储能设备进行了研究。通过分析不同分布式电源的稳态输出特性,将不同分布式电源的出力特征与电力系统中潮流、电压不越限等约束条件相结合,以网损最小为目标函数提出了小水电、光伏发电与储能设备的优化布置函数。结论表明考虑出力差异性后,不同分布式电源的最优布置计算结果具有明显区别,相比将分布式电源当作常规电源出力将更加精确。     

分布式电源接入城市配电网规则分析

为减轻分布式电源接入对城市配电网产生的负面影响,国内外制定了一些分布式电源并网准则,以保证分布式电源的安全有效接入,但这些并网规则的制定依据并没有明确给出。为此,以天津城区典型的35 kV 高压、10 kV中压和400 V低压配电网为例,计算分析接入分布式电源对城市配电网线路载流量和母线电压的影响,给出分布式电源并网规则中关于接入容量和接入电压等级要求的依据,并讨论分布式电源接入配电网后对电压偏差、频率偏差、谐波及三相不平衡度等方面的电能质量的影响及其要求和依据。