A sensorless brushless dc motor system

This paper describes a brushless dc motor system without position or speed sensor. The brushless motor consists of a permanent magnet synchronous motor and a voltage-source inverter capable of controlling the amplitude and frequency of voltage. The rectangular-shaped stator current with a conducting interval of 120° (electrical) is controlled to be in phase with the trapezoidal back electromotive force. This results in producing maximum torque. Variable speed is achieved by adjusting the average motor voltage similarly to chopper control of dc motors. In this paper, two sensorless position detecting methods, i.e., an “indirect method” suited for the lower-speed range and a “direct method” suited for the higher-speed range are proposed. The combination of the two makes it possible to detect the rotor position over a wide-speed range. Furthermore, a speed-sen-sorless PLL control is proposed in applying the principle of the direct method. Experimental results obtained from a prototype brushless dc motor are shown to confirm the validity of the sensorless drive. The starting procedure of the motor also is discussed because it is impossible to detect the rotor position at a standstill.     

Six-step Voltage Control of PM Brushless AC Motors under High Speed Flux-weakening Operation for EV/HEV Applications

The torque-speed characteristics of brushless motor having an interior permanent magnet rotor and a sinusoidal back-emf waveform are compared experimentally when it is operated in brushless AC(BLAC) mode and brushless DC (BLDC) modes with both 2-phase,120° conduction(BLDC-120) and 3-phase,180° conduction(BLDC-180).Particular emphasis is on high-speed,six-step voltage controlled,flux-weakening operation.It is shown that for EV/HEV applications,even for interior PM brushless motors which have sinusoidal back-emf waveforms,in order to achieve maximum torque per ampere capability over wide operation speed range,it is advantageous to employ a hybrid operation mode-BLAC operation in the constant torque region and six-step voltage control(BLDC-180 operation,together with current phase control) in the flux-weakening region.     

有效平滑无刷直流电机转矩的新方法

在无刷直流电机(Brushless DC Motor,简称BLDCM)数学模型的基础上,分析了传统PWM调制方式对BLDCM非导通相引起续流电流的原因,以及该续流电流导致非换相期间的电磁转矩脉动的现象.通过原理分析及数学推导,提出在三相逆变桥输入端加上前级直流变换器,以控制电机的新策略.该方法在理论上消除了BLDCM在非换相区内的转矩脉动,并且利用试验证明了该方法的有效性.     

基于级联式拓扑的消除无刷直流电机传导区转矩脉动方法

在无刷直流电机的数学模型基础上,详细分析了传统的H_PWM-L_ON调制方式对BLDCM的非导通相引起续流电流的原因,以及由此续流电流导致非换相期间(传导区)的电磁转矩脉动的现象.通过原理分析及数学推导,提出在三相逆变桥入端加上前级直流变换器,利用单一直流母线电流的反馈闭环来控制电机的新策略.该方法在理论上彻底地消除了BLDCM在传导区内的转矩脉动,并且利用试验证明了此方法的有效性和可行性,说明比较适合用高精度要求下的无刷直流电机控制系统.     

一种减小无刷直流电机纹波转矩的新方法

从无刷直流电机纹波转矩产生的机理出发,分析了换相纹波转矩产生的原因,提出了在换向期间通过直接控制非换向相电流来减少电磁转矩脉动的控制策略.仿真验证了控制方案的可行性.     

INVESTIGATIONS ON DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF PERMANENT MAGNET BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR DRIVE

ABSTRACT

Permanent magnet brushless dc (PMBLDC) motors are increasingly being used in a wide range of applications such as machine tools, robotics and high precision servo applications. A comprehensive analysis which includes modeling and simulation of PMBLDC motor drive is presented in this paper. A mathematical model of the drive is developed with a view to studying the transient response of current controlled voltage source inverter (VSI) fed PMBLDC motor. The drive system consists of discrete PID(Proportional, integral plus derivative) speed controller, the reference current generator, the position sensor, an inverter and the motor. Each part of the drive system is modeled separately and then integrated to study the dynamic behavior of the drive system. The study also examines the effectiveness of the drive system during starting, load perturbation, speed reversal and dc link voltage fluctuation.     

Torque prediction using the flux-MMF diagram in AC, DC, andreluctance motors

This paper uses the flux-MMF diagram to compare and contrast the torque production mechanism in seven common types of electric motor. The flux-MMF diagram is a generalized version of the flux-linkage versus current (ψ-i) diagram for switched-reluctance motors. It is illustrated for switched-reluctance, synchronous-reluctance, induction, brushless AC, brushless DC, interior PM and commutator motors. The calculated flux-MMF diagrams for motors with the same electromagnetic volume, airgap, slotfill, and total copper loss are shown and are used to compare the low-speed torque and torque ripple performance. The motor designs used were reasonably optimized using a combination of commercially available motor CAD packages and finite-element analysis     

Electric Drives (Boldea, I and Nasar, S.A.; 2006) [Book Review]

The new enlarged second edition of this excellent textbook presents the latest concepts and basic electrical drive technology including vector and direct torque control of ac motors and generators. Some of the topics covered in the book's 15 chapters include: energy conversion in electric drives; electric motors for drives; power electronic converters for drives; dc brush motor drives; controlled rectifier dc brush motor drives; synchronous motor for drives; PM and reluctance synchronous motor drives; switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives; practical issues with PWM converter motor drives, large power drives, and an entirely new chapter on control of electric generators. Each chapter is supplemented with adequate, well-selected examples, summary, problems, and selected references at the end. An important advantage is an attached CD that includes test browsing, PowerPoint slides, and Matlab-Simulink programs with eight selected dc and ac closed-loop drives. The book is recommended as a basic text to a wide audience of engineering educators, students, and engineers in industry.     

Sensorless flux-weakening control of permanent-magnet brushless machines using third harmonic back EMF

The sensorless control of brushless machines by detecting the third harmonic back electromotive force is a relatively simple and potentially low-cost technique. However, its application has been reported only for brushless dc motors operating under normal commutation. In this paper, the utility of the method for the sensorless control of both brushless dc and ac motors, including operation in the flux-weakening mode, is demonstrated.     

A novel technique for a DC brushless motor without position sensors

A dc brushless motor is a kind of synchronous motor driven by an inverter and requires sensors to detect the rotor position. As one of the methods, the induced voltages of a brushless motor have been utilized in practice. However, there are some problems in this method, e.g., the motor can obtain insufficient torque due to the low induced voltages in a low-speed range. This paper proposes a new method which controls the inverter angular frequency ω₁ by using inherent characteristics wherein the torque current i_r is almost proportional to the internal phase angle φ where the primary flux of a synchronous motor is controlled to be constant. If the parameters of a motor are given exactly, the speed regulation is quite small and the transient characteristics with high response and high starting torque are obtained. Furthermore, it is possible to operate a synchronous motor in the field-weakening range. Here, the principle of the control method and the performance characteristics of a dc brushless motor having no position sensors are discussed. The simulation and the experimental results of the tested machine show that the proposed method is very useful for practical applications.     

Instantaneous Torque Estimation in Sensorless Direct-Torque-Controlled Brushless DC Motors

A key issue in the direct torque control of permanent-magnet brushless dc motors is the estimation of the instantaneous electromagnetic torque, while sensorless control is often advantageous. A sliding-mode observer is employed to estimate the nonsinusoidal back-electromotive-force waveform, and a simplified extended Kalman filter is used to estimate the rotor speed. Both are combined to calculate the instantaneous electromagnetic torque. The effectiveness of this approach is validated by simulations and measurements.     

基于非对称SVPWM的电动汽车五相永磁无刷电机容错控制

针对电动汽车用五相永磁无刷电机单相开路故障,提出了一种基于非对称空间矢量脉宽调制策略的故障容错控制方案。新型故障容错控制的设计分为两个部分,对五相永磁无刷电机驱动系统开路故障下的电压矢量关系进行了分析,然后对空间矢量调制算法进行改进,即在一个扇区中选择构成不对称波形的开关状态作为输出。该非对称空间矢量调制可以降低非故障相的电流谐波和降低转矩脉动。基于试验平台开展了试验研究,试验结果验证了新型容错控制可实现系统故障期间的低转矩脉动,且保持较好的动态性能。     

Five-phase permanent-magnet motor drives

A five-phase brushless permanent-magnet (PM) motor is introduced. The proposed motor has concentrated windings such that the produced back electromotive force is almost trapezoidal. The motor is supplied with the combined sinusoidal plus third harmonic of currents. This motor, while generating the same average torque as an equivalent PM brushless dc motor (BLDC), overcomes its disadvantages. The motor equations are obtained in the d/sub 1/q/sub 1/d/sub 3/q/sub 3/0 rotating reference frame. Therefore, the so-called vector control is easily applicable to this kind of motors and the motor has the same controllability as a PM synchronous motor (PMSM). For presenting the superior performance of the proposed five-phase motor, its three and five-phase PMSM and BLDC counterparts are also analyzed. Finite element method is used for studying the flux density and calculating the developed static torque. Also, the developed torque is obtained using the mathematical model in the d-q reference frame. The average torque and the torque ripple for all cases are calculated and compared. Experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results.     

永磁无刷直流电机直接转矩控制

永磁无刷直流电机以其效率高、噪音低、易维护等优点在工业控制的各个领域得到了越来越广泛的应用。但是,永磁无刷直流电机存在较大的转矩波动,这就限制了它在高精度系统中的应用。直接转矩控制具有瞬时转矩控制的特点。它直接在定子坐标系下观测电机的磁链、转矩,并将此观测值和给定值进行比较,差值经滞环控制器得到相应的控制信号,再综合当前的磁链状态来选择相应的电压空间矢量,实现对电机转矩的直接控制。该文尝试将直接转矩控制方法用于永磁无刷直流电机的控制,以期达到抑制转矩波动的目的。仿真及实验结果表明,该文提出的方法能够较好地抑制永磁无刷直流电机的转矩波动,并且具有很高的动态响应速度。     

方波驱动无刷直流电动机的模型及仿真

本文建立了方波驱动无刷直流电动机的数学模型,根据所建立的模型,用龙格-库塔方法和编制FORTRAN语言程序,采用计算机对电机运行时的电枢电流、电磁力矩及转速进行数值计算。并通过计算,分析了电枢绕组电感的大小对电枢电流、电磁力矩的影响。     

A brushless three-phase synchronous motor using the armature winding as both load and DC excitation winding

This paper presents a new brushless three-phase synchronous motor which has no exciter. The technique applied to the motor provides an effective way for conventional brushless synchronous motors to simplify the system configuration. The stator of the motor is equipped with a double-star connected armature winding which has two neutral points. The rotor is a cylindrical one, which is equipped with a two-phase field winding. The field winding is connected with shaft-mounted rectifiers. A dc voltage is applied to the two neutral points of the armature winding to obtain the rotor excitation when the motor is operated at synchronous speed. At that time. the armature winding acts as a stator dc exciting winding while also acting as a load winding. In this paper the principle and characteristics of the motor are described. and the experimental results are shown. It is confirmed that with a 2-kW experimental machine, the proposed motor has good performance. For example, by adjusting the stator dc current, this motor power factor can easily be controlled within a wide range.     

Operating Limits of Inverter-Driven Permanent Magnet Motor Drives

Recent developments of high-energy permanent magnet (PM) materials such as neodymium-iron-boron have focused attention on the use of PM synchronous motors supplied from inverters for a wide variety of speed control applications. PM motor drives are readily applicable where full torque is required up to full or base speed. They are, however, limited in their ability to operate in the power-limited regime where the available torque is reduced as the speed is increased above its base value. In contrast with the field weakening approach used in dc drives, the magnet is permanent. The torque-speed operating limits of PM motor drives, of conventional design are explored, and then design measures which can substantially extend operation into the power-limited regime are proposed. A trade-off between the low speed-torque limit and the extent of the speed range above base speed is achieved by variations in magnet dimensions and the depth of inset of the magnets in the rotor iron. Experimental results are presented for two motors of different design, each using neodymium magnets and each supplied from a current-controlled inverter with hysteresis control of current waveshape.     

一种永磁无刷直流电动舵机四象限控制

分析了无刷直流电机(BLDCM)相电流和转矩的关系,得到了控制相电流就可以控制转矩的结论。在此基础上,提出了一种新型的无刷直流电动舵机四象限控制方法,该方法根据不同的转子位置计算反馈电流,并将反馈电流与给定电流滞环比较得到正/反转信号,通过该信号调节相电流以达到控制转矩的目的。本文还分析了BLDCM的换相转矩脉动,得到电机低速运行时,令2α=αt就可以保持非换相电流不变、消除换相转矩脉动的结论;在此基础上,指出了该四象限控制方法通过对相电流的控制能够减小电机低速换相转矩脉动。仿真和实验验证了该四象限方法能够实时、有效地控制相电流,减小电机低速运行时非换相电流的脉动,同时也能够满足系统的动态性能指标。     

Optimal current control methods of a non‐salient pole hybrid field‐synchronous motor for energy‐efficient and wide speed‐range operation

This paper proposes new practical optimal current control methods for a newly emerging class of non‐salient pole synchronous motors with hybrid rotor fields by both permanent magnet and winding. In practical situations with limited voltage, the extensively used permanent magnet synchronous motor hardly achieves an ideal performance that allows simultaneously both low‐speed high‐torque and wide speed‐range operations, due to its constant magnet field. Hybrid field synchronous motors (HFSM) have recently emerged to achieve ideal performance as practical motors with controllable hybrid rotor field. For HFSM, the same torque can be produced by a variety of currents due to nonlinearity between torque and currents. Consequently, appropriate determination of a set of stator and rotor current commands plays a key role in achieving possible energy‐efficient and wide speed‐range operation. Proposed methods determine the current commands corresponding to a given torque command such that total winding copper loss due to stator and rotor currents can be minimized if the exact solution exists; the best approximate torque can be produced if no exact solution exists. The determined current commands are optimal in the sense of energy efficiency or degree of approximation in wide speed‐range operation under voltage limit. New real‐time recursive algorithms searching the optimal current solution are also given. The proposed methods are analytical but practical, and their usefulness is verified through experiments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(1): 70–83, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience. wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20156     

基于ST72141的直流变频空调压缩机控制系统

介绍了无刷直流电机的工作原理和无位置传感器技术,以及在控制中存在的问题.并利用ST72141和IPM模块实现了对无刷直流电机的120°方波控制.