基于感应电机启动电磁转矩Hilbert-Huang变换的转子断条故障诊断

该文提出了一种感应电机转子故障诊断新方法。当感应电机转子出现断条故障时，转子绕组的不对称将会使电磁转矩谱中引入2sfs(s为转差率，fs为电网频率)谐波分量。利用砌bert-Huang变换中经验模态分解(EMD)方法对启动电磁转矩信号进行了分解，得到若干本征模态函数(IMF)。通过计算包含故障信息的IMF分量的瞬时频率，可以检测出转子断条故障。同时，根据包含故障信息的IMF的幅值可以进一步判断出转子断条根数。实验结果证明该方法是可行的。     

基于电磁转矩复解析小波变换的感应电机转子故障检测

提出一种运用电磁转矩信号对感应电机转子断条故障进行检测的新方法.当感应电机转子发生断条故障时,转子绕组的不对称将会使电磁转矩中引入2s同步速的脉动转矩(s为转差率).对电机起动电磁转矩信号进行复值小波变换,根据分析小波在特定中心频率条件时信号瞬时频率与其对应小波脊线的关系,提取出故障特征转矩频率变化规律,实现转子故障的可靠检测.同时,对应尺度上小波系数的模值还能够反映该故障特征转矩在电机起动过程中的幅值变化规律,将其作为故障严重程度指标则可以进一步判断转子断条根数.实验结果证明了该方法的有效性.     

双馈风力发电机转子绕组故障的试验研究

在实际生产中,双馈风力发电机(DFIG)转子绕组状态监测能有效提高风电机组的运行可靠性。为研究DFIG转子绕组运行故障试验方案,首先介绍试验平台的基本原理、现场试验装置及搭建过程中主要问题的解决方法;然后以变换器网侧电流作为研究对象,分析故障特征信息流经变流器电力电子器件的传播规律,基于电流频谱提取转子绕组发生不平衡故障的诊断依据;最后基于获取的转子绕组三相不对称负载故障运行前后的转子绕组电流频谱图,可分析转子侧电气量故障特征频率。依据试验结果将转子变换器网侧电流频谱中的100 Hz、200 Hz和几个特征频率边频分量作为转子绕组不平衡故障的诊断依据;将3sf和(2±3s) f(s为转差率,f为基频)作为转子三相负载不对称故障的特征频率,具有一定的试验指导性和工程意义。     

Induction motor rotor fault diagnosis method based on double PQ transformation

This paper presents a new rotor fault diagnosis method for induction motors which is based on the double PQ transformation. We construct the PQ transformation matrix with the positive sequence fundamental voltage components and their Hilbert transformation as elements. The active power P and the reactive power Q are obtained through the PQ transformation of the stator currents. As both P and Q are constant for a healthy motor, they are represented by a dot on the PQ plane. Whereas the P and Q for a rotor broken bar motor are represented by an ellipse because they comprise an additional frequency component 2sf _s (s is the slip and f _s is the supply frequency). Thus, by distinguishing these two different patterns, the rotor broken bar fault is detected. We use the major radius of the ellipse as the fault indicator and the distance between the point of no-load condition and the center of the ellipse on the PQ plane as its normalization value. We thus arrive at the fault severity factor which is fairly independent of the load level and the inertia value of the induction motors. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed method is effective in identifying the rotor-broken-bars fault and at determining the severity of the fault. Translated from Proceedings of the Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering, 2006, 26(13): 135–140 [译自: 中国电机工程学报]     

基于小波包分析的异步电机转子故障检测

针对异步电机转子断条故障信号特征频率易被主频淹没的缺点,利用小波包分析法提取电机电流信号的故障特征频带能量,并以此为依据,基于"频率-能量-故障"模式,对异步电机转子断条故障进行检测信号,实验结果表明该方法能够有效检测转子断条故障。     

基于Hilbert模量频谱分析的异步电机转子断条故障研究

转子绕组断条是异步电机最常见故障之一.在分析当前主要诊断方法的基础上,提出Hilbert 模量频谱分析方法对异步电机转子断条故障进行研究.将Hilbert模量定义为原始信号与其共轭信号的平方和,利用Hilbert模量将原相电流中的基波分量转变为直流分量,原频谱分析的转绕组断条的故障特征分量转变为频率为二倍转差频率的电流分量,决了相电流频谱分析方法中断条故障特征成分容易被基波湮没而难以突出故障特征的问题.文中研究了Hilbert模量频谱分析方法的原理和实现方法,并对偏心故障电机和转子断条电机分别进行仿真和实验研究.仿真分析和实验结果均表明,该方法对异步电机转子断条故障诊断具有较高的诊断精度和很好的频率分辨率,能克服传统的电流频谱法主频泄漏的影响,且工程实现方便.     

On a mathematical model of squirrel-cage induction motors

Contents This paper presents a mathematical model of 3-phase squirrel-cage induction motor accounting for a very high number of space harmonics in which, due to application of a special transformation of voltages and currents, a differential equation system with constant coefficients is obtained. The number of space harmonics is so high that it is possible to perform a direct computation of the alternating component of the electromagnetic torque which decides on the parasitic synchronous torque.An application example of this model for the analysis of steady and dynamic states of a concrete squirrel-cage motor is given.

---

Über ein mathematisches Modell des Käfigläufermotors

Übersicht Im Artikel wird ein mathematisches Modell dreiphasiger Käfigläufermotoren mit Berücksichtigung einer großen Zahl räumlicher Harmonischer vorgestellt. Unter Anwendung einer speziellen Transformation der elektrischen Spannungen und Ströme erhält man ein Gleichungssystem mit konstanten Koeffizienten Die Zahl der räumlichen Harmonischen ist so groß, daß die Berechnung der Wechselkomponenten des elektromagnetischen Moments und damit des parasitären synchronen Moments möglich ist. Die Anwendung des mathematischen Modells wird anhand eines Beispiels für dynamischen und statischen Betrieb vorgestellt.

---

List of symbols and abbreviations N number of bars of the rotor cage - L ₈ total self inductance of stator phase winding - M ₈ mutual inductance of stator windings - R _rg,L _rg resistance and leakage inductance of a rotor end ring segment-respectively - R _b,L _b resistance and leakage inductance of a rotor cage bar-respectively - k=0,1, ... N—1 number of the rotor currents symmetric component and theM _sr matrix column corresponding to it - l equivalent axial length of stator core - equivalent width of air-gap - p pole pair numer - z number of turns per phase - v order of harmonic - k _sv stator winding coefficient for thev-th harmonic - k _rv rotor winding coefficient for thev-th harmonic - k _skv skewness coefficient for thev-th harmonic - U _s stator voltage vector in symmetrical components - U _r rotor voltage vector in symmetrical components - i _s stator current vector in symmetrical components - O zero matrix - R _s stator resistance matrix - R _r rotor resistance matrix - LL _s stator inductance matrix - L _rr rotor inductance matrix - M _sr matrix of stator-rotor mutual inductances - T _e electromagnetic torque - T _m motor load torque - rotor position angle - ₀ initial rotor position angle - rotor angular velocity - (*) conjugation index of a complex number - Re {y} real part of a complex number - Im {y} imaginary part of a complex number - T transposition index - [X] ^x highest integer not greater thanX and of the same sign asX - U r.m.s. value of the phase voltage - _u pulsation of supply voltage     

双馈风力发电机虚拟同步控制策略研究

双馈感应发电机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)可通过虚拟同步控制方法为电网提供电压及频率支撑,优化机组并网特性。传统的虚拟同步控制技术以模拟同步发电机机电动态特性为主要目标,未对电磁暂态的DFIG控制进行深入分析。当电网发生不对称故障时,分析虚拟同步控制DFIG的故障特性,发现传统控制方法无法抑制电磁转矩振荡与DFIG故障电流。因此,基于电网不对称故障,本文提出DFIG电压补偿虚拟同步控制方法,通过对转子电压故障分量进行补偿,提高DFIG转子电压响应速度,减少其反电动势故障分量。通过对传统及电压补偿虚拟同步控制方法控制效果的仿真对比可知,电压补偿虚拟同步控制方法可对电磁转矩的持续振荡及暂态冲击进行有效抑制,明显降低了DFIG转子的故障电流,提高了DFIG不对称故障穿越能力。     

Rotor bar fault diagnosis in three phase induction motors by monitoring fluctuations of motor current zero crossing instants

This study describes broken bar detection in induction motors without using additional sensor. It is based on observation of the fluctuations of stator current zero crossing times (ZCT). Instead of sampling motor current with a high resolution A/D converter, zero crossing instants are recorded as waveforms cross zero. Fluctuations in the intervals between successive zero crossings of the three phase current waveforms are analysed using Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT). Diagnostic information is found in the spectrum of the ZCT signal through the presence of specific fault related frequencies. A rotor bar fault is manifested as an increase in the amplitude of the 2sf and other spectral components. This paper analyses the effect of an electrically unbalanced rotor on the ZCT spectrum of stator current, and discusses the various frequency components associated with rotor bar faults seen in the ZCT spectrum. It is important to eliminate the dependence of the index on the parameters of the induction motor. Particularly, the effect of motor inertia, supply harmonics, and variable load are discussed to increase the reliability of the rotor fault index, and simulation results are presented. It is found that the 2sf frequency component is independent of inertia, load, and harmonics, and thus it is suitable as an index for broken rotor bar.     

基于电磁转矩小波变换的感应电机转子断条故障诊断

该文提出了一种基于感应电机启动电磁转矩信号的转子断条故障诊断新方法。利用复值小波变换中的小波脊线提取出启动电磁转矩中故障特征在电机启动过程中的频率变化规律，检测出转子断条故障。同时，小波系数的模反映了信号在对应尺度上的能量大小，所以对应故障特征脊线上的小波系数模反映了该故障特征转矩的幅值变化规律。基于此，定义了脊线一小波能量谱的概念。将故障特征转矩对应的脊线一小波能量谱作为故障严重程度因子，即可根据其与转子连续断条根数的关系给出感应电机转子故障严重程度的表示方法。实验结果证明该方法是可行的。     

An Automatic Diagnosis of an Inverter IGBT Open-Circuit Fault Based on HHT-ANN

Abstract

The main objective of this paper is to propose a method that contributes to the automatic diagnosis of the IGBT open-circuit fault of an inverter for detecting and localizing the fault using the stator current spectral analysis technique. The proposal focusses on the use of the combination of signal processing and artificial intelligence techniques for the detection and localization of the fault. The proposed diagnosis method begins first by using the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) to detect the harmonic characterizing the fault based on the complete empirical ensemble mode decomposition (CEEMD) of the three-stator currents (i_as, i_bs, i_cs ). The CEEMD provides the intrinsic mode function (IMF) which contains information of the IGBT open-circuit fault. For the exact choice of the IMF, a statistical study based on the calculation of the root mean square values (RMS) is carried out for each IMF. The IMF choice depends on the condition that the RMS values of the inverter upper IGBTs are always lower than the RMS values of the complementary ones. The results obtained can be seen to respond well to the RMS condition and the spectral envelope of the IMF₁ makes it possible to detect the harmonic characterizing the inverter IGBT open-circuit fault. The proposed diagnosis method then moves to the use of the artificial neural network (ANN) to localize the faulty IGBT. The results obtained using the proposed method are validated experimentally and demonstrate well their effectiveness with a very high classification rate.     

基于改进多信号分类法的异步电机转子故障特征分量的提取

在基于定子电流信号进行异步电机故障诊断时，转子断条故障特征频率分量常常被电流的基频分量淹没。针对这一情况，该文提出一种新的改进的MUSIC方法来提取这一故障特征频率。MUSIC方法通过特征值分解把自相关矩阵中包含的信息空间分成信号子空间和噪声子空间两个正交的子空间，该文提出的改进方法是将信号子空间中对应最大主分量的特征向量移到噪声子空间，这样构成两个新的正交子空间I和II。子空间I由信号中的最大主分量和噪声所对应的特征向量张成，子空间II由其他分量的特征向量张成。把不同频率的信号投影到子空间I，基频信号在该空间的投影将远大于其他的频率分量，因此在投影的倒数谱中，基频分量被抑制，凸显出了故障频率分量。仿真和实验表明，该方法用于提取转子断条故障特征是可行并且是有效的。     

Analysis of currents and an electromagnetic torque in steady states of induction squirrel-cage motors with asymmetric stator windings

Contents The paper presents a mathematical model of an asynchronous squirrel-cage motor with arbitrarily asymmetrical stator windings. The structure of the mathematical model equations is analysed in detail using the assumption about the symmetry of the rotor cage. A particular arrangement of the mutual inductance matrix of stator windings and rotor cage meshes is shown. As a result of applying of a special analysis method, the frequency spectrum of currents and electromagnetic torque in steady state of a squirrel-cage motor with asymmetrical stator windings is determined. Relationships are given which allow to calculate the currents and the electromagnetic torque quantitatively.—An analysis of a short-circuit of an elementary coil in one of the phases of an otherwise fully symmetrical motor is given as an application example.

---

Analyse der Ströme und des Moments einer stationär betriebenen Käfigläfer-Asynchronmaschine mit unsymmetrischen Ständerspulen

Übersicht In dem Aufsatz wird das mathematische Modell einer Käfigläufer-Asynchronmaschine mit beliebig unsymmetrischen Ständerspulen vorgestellt. Die Struktur der Gleichungen des mathematischen Modells wird unter Ausnutzung der Symmetrie des Rotorkäfigs eingehend untersucht. Der besondere Aufbau der Matrix der Gegeninduktivitäten zwischen den Ständerspulen und den Maschen des Rotorkäfigs wird dargestellt. Als Ergebnis der Anwendung einer speziellen Methode der Analyse wurden die spektralen Zusammensetzungen der Ströme und des Moments einer stationär betriebenen Maschine mit den unsymmetrischen Ständerspulen bestimmt. Die Zusammenhänge, die eine quantitative Berechnung der Ströme und des Moments ermöglichen, wurden angegeben.—Eine Analyse der Maschine, die eine kurzgeschlossene Spule in einem Ständerstrang besitzt und die sonst symmetrisch ist, wurde als Anwendungsbeispiel dargestellt.

---

List of symbols A transformation matrix - C matrix of constraints - I unit matrix - i _r vector of the meshes currents in the rotor cage - i _s vector of currents of the elementary stator coils - i _sc vector of currents of the stator after used the matrix of constraints - L _s ,L _r matrices of leakage inductances of the elementary stator coils and of the rotor cage meshes - L _s ^m ,L _r ^m matrices of self and mutual inductances of elementary stator coils and of rotor cage meshes following from main flux - L _ss ,L _se matrices of slot and of end-connections leakage inductances of the elementary stator coils - M _sr () matrix of mutual inductances of elementary stator coils and rotor cage meshes - R _r matrix of resistances of rotor cage meshes - R _s matrix of elementary stator coils resistances - S, T transformation matrices - U _s vector of voltages of the elementary stator coils - b _r ,b _s effective width of rotor and of stator slot mouth - c _rv coefficient of rotor slot pitch - c _sv coefficient of stator slot pitch accounting for the trapezoidal form of a m.m.f. - g _v coefficient of rotor slot skew - J moment of inertia - k _rv span factor of cage mesh - k _svi span factor of elementary stator coil - k _cs ,k _cr Carter coefficients of stator and rotor - l equivalent length of the motor iron - M number of elementary stator coils - N number of rotor slots - r mean radius of the air-gap - R _b resistance of a cage bar - R _e resistance of end-ring segment of the cage - T _e electromagnetic torque - T _m mechanical load torque - x _s rotor slot skewness angle - y _i pitch of a coil - z _i ,z _j numbers of turns in a coil - _i position angle of the center of a coil - , value and equivalent value of the air-gap - magnetic conductance - ₀ initial rotor position angle - angular velocity - ₀ pulsation of the voltage - () ^T transposition of vector or matrix - (*) conjugate value     

Zoom-Prony方法及其在转子断条故障严重程度定量估算中的应用

在基于定子电流信号分析的感应电动机故障诊断中,通过求基波两侧由转子断条故障引起的边频分量的幅值、相位和频率,可以进行故障严重程度的定量估算.由于Prony方法对噪声非常敏感,而实际电动机电流信号包含丰富的谐波和噪声,且故障特征分量的幅值很小,直接应用Prony方法很难估算出故障特征分量的参数.本文提出Zoom-Prony方法,将Prony方法与选带细化技术(Zoom技术)相结合,对转子断条故障特征频率附近的小频段进行局部放大分析,估算这两个边频分量的参数,提高了计算的准确性,缩短了计算时间.此外,由于故障特征频率与基频过于靠近且幅值相差太大,边频分量常常被基频分量所掩盖而无法得到正确的结果,因此本文通过两次应用该方法来消除基频分量的影响.仿真与实验验证了这一方法的有效性.     

基于傅里叶分析的高压直流输电次同步振荡控制研究

当高压直流输电遭受短时扰动时,电气量变化产生的电磁转矩变化量所包含的电气负阻尼转矩,加剧了汽轮发电机的转速变化,使得输电线路中产生次同步振荡现象。文中通过傅里叶分析方法计算得出电网次同步振荡频率,在汽轮发电机的转子转速控制系统中通过调节励磁系统锁相环的频率合成,减小励磁电流波动,生成一个新的附加电磁转矩量,使最终的电气阻尼转矩分量为正,实现对转子转矩控制。仿真结果表明,在电网出现短时扰动时,汽轮发电机的转速没有出现大波动,实现了对次同步振荡的有效抑制。     

基于电磁转矩特征频率提取的感应电机转子断条故障诊断

分析了信号复值小波变换的瞬时频率提取原理,根据复解析小波系数的相位信息给出了信号瞬时频率提取算法,将其应用到电机启动电磁转矩信号中转子故障特征的提取上,实现转子断条故障的可靠诊断,并给出了电磁转矩计算及实验结果,实验证明了该方法的有效性。     

An induction motor model with deep-bar effect and leakage inductance saturation

Contents A two-phase dynamic induction motor model is derived which includes the effects of rotor bar eddy currents and leakage inductance saturation. The model is based on approximate analysis of the air-gap and slot electromagnetic fields which leads directly to lumped circuit equations. New expressions are given for the variation of the zig-zag and slot leakage inductance with saturation. — The model is applied to the calculation of both steady state and dynamic characteristics for a large induction motor.

---

Ein Modell des Asynchronmotors mit Hochstabläufer-Effekt und Sättigung der Streuinduktivität

Übersicht Es wird ein zweisträngiges Modell eines Asynchronmotors abgeleitet, das Wirbelströme in den Läuferstäben und die Sättigung der Streuinduktivität berücksichtigt. Grundlage des Modells ist eine angenäherte Analyse der Felder im Luftspalt und in den Nuten, die direkt auf Gleichungen mit konzentrierten Elementen führt. Es werden neue Ausdrücke für die Abhängigkeit der doppeltverketteten und der Nutstreuung von der Sättigung angegeben. Das Modell wird für die Berechnung stationärer und dynamischer Vorgänge bei einem großen Asynchronmotor angewendet.

---

List of Symbols A magnetic vector potential - B flux density - G describing function - g air-gap length - H magnetic field intensity - I _Om rotor saturation current - I _r rotor current matrix - l _r ^j current in thejth rotor slot - l _rm amplitude of the fundamental ofI _bir ^j distribution - I _rr rotor harmonic conceptual current matrix - I _s stator current matrix - I _ss stator harmonic conceptual current matrix - i _mne m, nth modal eddy current in thejth rotor slot - i _nb nth harmonic conceptual current at the interface betweenjth rotor slot and slot neck regions - i _n ^rj nth harmonic conceptual current at the opening of thejth rotor slot - i _n ^sj nth harmonic conceptual current at the opening of thejth stator slot - i _Ob rotor zero order conceptual current matrix - i _Oi ^j conceptual current at thejth rotor slot due to daturation of the tooth tips - K _nw nth harmonic winding distribution factor effective length of the motor - L _nc self inductance of the eddy current modei _One ^j - L _r rotor inductance matrix - L _s stator inductance matrix - P _p pole pitch - M _ne mutual inductance betweeni _One ^j andI _r ^j and rotor modal eddy currents - M _ri mutual inductance matrix between rotor winding and rotor conceptual winding due to saturation of the tooth tips - M _rr mutual inductance matrix between rotor winding and rotor conceptual winding - M _rss mutual inductance matrix between rotor winding and stator conceptual winding - M _si mutual inductance matrix between stator winding and rotor conceptual winding due to saturation of the rotor tooth tips - M _sr mutual inductance matrix between stator and rotor windings - M _srr mutual inductance matrix between stator winding and rotor conceptual winding - M _ss mutual inductance matrix between stator winding and stator conceptual winding - N ₁,N ₂ number of stator and rotor slots - R _ne resistance of eddy current modei _One ^j - R _r rotor resistance matrix - R _s stator resistance matrix - s ₁,d ₁ dimensions of a stator slot - s ₂,d ₂ rotor slot opening and rotor slot neck height - s _b ,d _b dimensions of a rotor bar - s _p slot pitch - N _c number of turns per slot - U _s applied voltage matrix - q number of slots per pole phase group - rotor flux linkage matrix - y_s stator flux linkage matrix - , inductance coefficients - O angular position - conductivity of rotor bars - eigenvalues - resistivity of rotor bars     

一种基于经验模式分解与支持向量机的转子故障诊断方法

转子系统故障诊断的关键是故障特征提取和状态识别,在故障特征提取中,采用自回归(AR)模型参数作为特征向量来分析系统的状态变化是十分有效的,但AR模型只适用于平稳信号的分析,而转子系统的振动信号表现出非平稳特征;同时在状态识别中,支持向量机(SVM)有效地改善了传统分类方法的缺陷。针对这些问题,提出一种基于经验模态分解(empiricalmodedecomposition,EMD)和支持向量机的转子系统故障诊断方法。该方法对转子系统的振动信号进行经验模态分解,将其分解为若干个固有模态函数(intrinsicmodefunction,IMF);对每一个IMF分量建立AR模型,取模型的自回归参数和残差的方差作为故障特征向量,并以此作为输入来建立支持向量机分类器,判断转子系统的工作状态和故障类型。实验结果分析表明,文中提出的方法能有效地应用于转子系统的故障诊断。     

基于有限元分析的动车组牵引电机转子断条故障特性分析

以CRH2型动车组的牵引电机为例,定义了电机转子非对称运行时的电磁场计算模型。基于数值分析的基本原理,利用有限元分析软件Jmag,对牵引电机故障前后的磁场、导条电流进行了计算,并分析了转子断条对电机磁场、气隙磁密、导条电流的影响。同时根据动车组的运行特点,对故障电机在牵引特性曲线上不同工作点下的运行状态进行了仿真,分析了断条故障特征分量随着电机工作点的变化情况,为后续动车组牵引电机断条故障检测技术的研究奠定了基础。     

应用磁场摆角诊断异步电机转子断条故障

为及时发现电机故障,保证设备安全运行,介绍了一种新的基于异步电机转子合成磁场方向摇摆振动的断条故障诊断方法,并验证了在电机不同负载水平时该方法的有效性。异步电机转子发生断条故障时,断条会影响转子磁动势(MMF)波形,使转子合成磁场方向发生摇摆振动。通过检测磁场方向的摆角,即使是1根断条的轻微故障,也可以很容易诊断出来。与定子相电流的快速傅立叶变换频谱分析法相比,该方法几乎不受电机负载水平的影响,且不需要速度传感器。实验证明,该方法简单易行,能够准确地检测出转子断条故障,且能够根据摆角的大小来判断断条故障的严重程度,适宜做成在线状态监测系统。