采用VSG策略的MMC阻抗建模及并网稳定性分析

随着分布式能源并网的增多,局部电网逐渐呈现出弱电网特性,虚拟同步发电机（VSG）控制由于可以模拟同步发电机的特性,能够为弱电网提供惯性和阻尼支撑。本文采用谐波线性化方法对采用VSG控制策略的模块化多电平换流器(MMC)进行阻抗建模。所得到的阻抗模型在低频段主要呈容性,在高频段主要呈感性,在复杂电力系统中,可能会与电网阻抗存在谐振点。分析了VSG主要控制参数对MMC阻抗的影响,发现有功-频率下垂系数、阻尼系数和虚拟转动惯量主要影响50Hz附近的阻抗。根据阻抗稳定性判据对MMC并网系统进行稳定性分析,发现并网系统在高频段有振荡的风险。     

基于虚拟同步发电机的频率谐振抑制策略

虚拟同步发电机（Virtual Synchronous Generator）技术应用于新能源并网,其惯量和阻尼特性可灵活调节,提高了电力系统可控性、安全性及稳定性。大多数对VSG系统的研究都忽略了电磁磁链的动态过程引发的同步频率谐振现象,该现象在控制参数设计不合理时会导致系统稳定性下降,针对这一问题文中提出了选择VSG最优参数的约束条件。通过分析VSG的同步频率谐振产生机理推导出VSG系统的全频段动态功角,在此基础上推算出维持VSG系统稳定的约束条件,从而引入虚拟惯量与阻尼系数的最佳比值以及虚拟阻抗,消除了同步频率谐振,提高了虚拟同步发电机的稳定性。使用 Matlab/Simulink 软件进行仿真,验证了所提的控制策略具有有效性和可行性。     

考虑储能荷电状态及频率恢复特性的改进型灵活虚拟惯性控制

基于虚拟同步发电机(VSG)控制的光储系统可向电网提供虚拟惯性以增强电网的稳定性,但源端储能的荷电状态和系统频率恢复特性对虚拟惯性的灵活调节具有重要的约束作用。针对此问题,在已有研究的基础上,提出了一种改进型灵活虚拟惯性控制方法,该方法一方面根据储能极限运行状态下的荷电状态自主调节虚拟惯量的大小,避免了储能单元的深度过充及过放;另一方面在储能安全运行时根据频率变化分阶段调节虚拟惯量,在减小系统频率偏差的同时加快其恢复速度。此外,搭建了孤岛四端微电网的小信号模型,分析了关键控制参数对系统稳定性的影响规律,并给出了控制参数的设计原则。最后,通过硬件在环实验验证了所提控制方法的有效性与优越性,提高了光储VSG控制技术的工程实用价值。     

面向频率稳定提升的虚拟同步化微电网惯量阻尼参数优化设计

为了解决电力电子化微电网惯性小、频率稳定性弱的问题,该文采用虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)控制技术来提升微电网的稳定性。VSG能够模拟传统同步发电机的惯量和阻尼等特性,为系统提供惯量和阻尼支撑。首先建立含虚拟同步发电机的微电网模型,然后研究VSG的虚拟惯量和虚拟阻尼对频率稳定的影响,并提出面向频率稳定的虚拟同步化微电网虚拟惯量和虚拟阻尼参数优化设计方法来提升系统的频率稳定性,最后以3机9节点的虚拟同步化微电网系统为例验证该文方法的有效性。     

基于自适应惯量阻尼综合控制算法的虚拟同步发电机控制策略

在逆变控制领域,虚拟同步发电机(VSG)控制策略可解决分布式能源并网系统缺少惯性的问题来有效支撑电网频率,然而现有VSG控制手段往往忽略了阻尼的作用。为进一步提升VSG对频率稳定性的贡献,在传统VSG控制策略的基础上,结合力学原理证实了VSG虚拟惯量可进行实时变化的可行性,分析了同步发电机转子惯量和阻尼系数与系统频率稳定性的关系,并设计了一种自适应惯量阻尼综合控制(SA-RIDC)算法,实现了虚拟转动惯量与虚拟阻尼的交错控制。通过MATLAB/Simulink仿真工具,将所提出的SA-RIDC算法与传统固定惯量阻尼控制和自适应惯量控制进行对比,结果表明SA-RIDC算法在改善系统频率稳定性方面有着显著的效果。     

灵活虚拟同步机主要控制参数对系统频率稳定性的影响分析

基于虚拟同步机(VSG)控制的换流器可以模拟出同步发电机的惯性,虚拟惯量可在一定范围内灵活调整是其区别于传统同步发电机的重要优势。然而,灵活虚拟同步机(FVSG)控制参数的变化会对系统频率稳定性造成严重影响,探究主要控制参数对系统频率稳定性的影响规律对其大小选择具有重要意义。首先给出了固定惯性时间常数下的虚拟同步机控制策略,构建了VSG的控制框架;其次,研究了3种典型的FVSG控制方法,并对其进行了对比分析;最后,针对基于指数惯量的灵活虚拟同步发电机控制技术,通过构建小信号模型、灵敏度计算及根轨迹分析的方法,揭示了主要控制参数对系统频率稳定性的影响规律,为控制参数的选择提供了依据。     

基于协同自适应控制的光储VSG运行控制研究

针对传统虚拟同步发电机(VSG)控制策略缺乏虚拟转动惯量和阻尼系数动态调节特性的缺点,提出一种指数型转动惯量和阻尼系数协同自适应控制策略。该策略可在VSG角速度变化率和偏离量较大时对虚拟惯量和阻尼系数进行在线调整,优化VSG转动惯量和系统阻尼动态调节特性,减少系统的超调量σ%,且缩短调节时间。首先给出VSG的并网结构、工作原理。然后建立光储VSG模型,在控制环节引入所提自适应控制策略,并分析负载突变情况下转动惯量和阻尼系数对功率、频率稳定性的影响。最后,通过仿真验证了所提策略的有效性。     

基于模糊控制的自适应虚拟同步发电机控制策略

为了解决分布式能源与电力系统兼容的问题,采用虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)技术,将同步发电机的虚拟惯量和阻尼系数引入逆变器控制,以提高系统的频率响应特性和电网应对扰动能力。在此基础上,提出一种基于模糊算法的自适应VSG虚拟惯量和阻尼系数控制策略。根据同步发电机角频率变化率和角频率偏差的变化规律,重新设计模糊规则调节虚拟惯量和阻尼系数,以提高VSG的控制效果。仿真结果表明,该策略能够合理地抑制瞬态过程中VSG频率和功率的波动,维持电网的稳定运行。     

基于惯量支撑和一次调频需求的VSG储能单元配置方法

分布式电源大量接入电网会引发电网惯量、阻尼缺失和系统稳定性下降问题,虚拟同步发电机(VSG)在分布式电源友好接入和提高电力系统稳定性等方面极具应用前景。作为虚拟惯量的物理基础,储能单元的配置直接影响着VSG的性能和成本。文中基于VSG的惯量支撑、一次调频两大基本功能,建立了响应电网频率波动的储能单元出力模型,提出了一种以元件参数和控制参数为基础的储能单元配置方法。然后,计及下垂系数、阻尼系数和惯性常数,研究了储能单元出力的暂态特性及其调节机制,并分析了储能单元功率、容量需求受控制参数影响的机理,明确了影响程度最大的控制参数。最后,借助仿真和实验证明了所提方法的正确性。     

基于VSG的改进型虚拟阻尼控制策略与特性分析

传统虚拟同步发电机（VSG）控制策略可模拟同步发电机的惯量和阻尼特性,但会使并网逆变器产生功率振荡和功率偏差。针对虚拟同步发电机动态过程中存在的功率振荡问题,提出一种基于VSG的改进型虚拟阻尼控制策略来抑制功率振荡。首先介绍了传统阻尼绕组与常系数虚拟阻尼绕组抑制功率振荡的原理及特性,其次利用根轨迹法分析设计了改进型虚拟阻尼控制策略的参数,最后搭建仿真模型验证了该控制的有效性及准确性。     

On a wing and a prayer

The article talks about recent Defense Research Projects Agency (DARPA) presolicitation notice in the area of hybrid insect micro-electromechanical systems (MEMs). DARPA's goal is to fund promising interdisciplinary research that will permit the creation of "insect-cyborgs"     

利用光伏电池给蓄电池充电

磷酸锂铁（LiFePO4）电池对比钻基德Li离子/聚合物电池,具有安全性性高、浮充电压小、自放电率低、使用寿命长等一系列优点。本文所述LT36521C为可实现太阳能跟踪、单块式补偿蓄电池充电的集成电路。当LT3652由单块太阳能电池板供电时,其输入调节回路能确保在最大输出功率下工作,充分体现出这一新型太阳能充电器的优越特性。     

Chaos in a series circuit with a nonlinear capacitor and a nonlinear inductor

This paper proposes a nonlinear circuit that generates chaotic oscillations. The proposed nonlinear circuit includes a nonlinear capacitor and a nonlinear inductor by using Generalized Impedance Converters. Both computational experiments and experiments on real circuits show that the region for chaotic oscillation is very wide, demonstrating that the proposed circuit is effective as a chaos generator. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(2): 35–42, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10361     

Making a Case for a New Connector

The emergence of quick lock connectors, particularly quick lock versions of the SMA and N connectors (QMA and QN, respectively), was an inevitable development in the RF connector industry and is of significant importance in that nearly 50% of all practical applications for RF connectors are currently supported by either SMA or N. Once QMA and QN can achieve similarity in cost and performance to the present SMA and N connectors, they will take the place of their predecessors in most applications, creating a huge new market. Our RF team has long been dedicated to research and development of these two connector types in the hopes of creating an optimal design. In this article, we will show some of the results of our research.     

Optimization of a door seal structure of a microwave oven using a FDTD method

The optimum door seal configuration to prevent radiation leakage from a microwave oven is still a manufacturing concern. Here, we propose a numerical algorithm to simulate the radiation propagation along a door seal structure using the finite‐difference time domain method, which is used for a priori shielding efficiency tests. The results agree with experimental data. The critical dimensions of the choke structure were found and high shielding is anticipated for a simpler choke structure. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Power losses in a conducting ring enclosing a conductor with a transient current

Contents In the paper Joule power losses are calculated in a conducting ring enclosing a conductor with a transient current having an alternating component.—Theoretical calculation and numerical computation are worked out basing on a link Bubnov-Galerkin method in its numerical version using the finite elements for the conductor with the Time-Stepping algorithm for the time discretization.—On the basis of numerical computation, graphs of the relative power losses are plotted as a time function.

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Leistungsverluste in einem leitenden Ring, der einen Leiter mit einem instationären Strom umschließt

Übersicht In diesem Beitrag werden die Joulschen Leistungsverluste in einem leitenden Ring berechnet, der einen Leiter umschließt, in dem ein instationärer Strom mit Wechselanteil fließt. Die theoretischen Betrachtungen und numerischen Berechnungen hat man in Anlehnung an die Bubnov-Galerkin-Methode (in ihrer numerischen Variante, die von einen Leiter unter Verwendung der Methode der finiten Elemente realisiert wird) in Verbindung mit einem Schritt-Algorithmus mit der diskretisierten Zeit ausgeführt. Auf der Grundlage numerischer Berechnungen sind Diagramme für die relative Leistung in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit dargestellt.

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List of symbols Symbol Unit Physical parameter - B Wb/m² magnetic induction vector - H A/m magnetic field intensity vector - H, H A/m -component of the magnetic field vector - E V/m electrical field vector - E _r ,E _z V/m components of the electric field - f s^–1 frequency - I A current intensity (r.m.s. value) - L H inductance - P W power losses - P ₀ W power losses for d.c. - R resistance - t sec time - ^–1 m_–1 electric conductivity of the conductor - Hm^–1 magnetic permeability - _ijk m² finite element area - basis function - rad s^–1 pulsation - N _i ,N _j ,N _k function of finite element shape - 3.141593... - region - ² Laplace's operator - r, ,z cylindrical coordinates - ^h region approximating the region - ^e finite element region - M number of discretization points of the region - V number of finite elements - (N–1) number of steps - i, j, k indices of vertices of triangular finite element     

Electric potential near a tip of a local discharge on a conductive film

To develop a propagation model of a local discharge on a wet polluted insulator, the authors have examined characteristics of the local discharge on an electrolytic solution simulating the wet polluted insulator surface. The local discharge was propagated on the solution under the impulse voltage. A shape of a contacting surface between the local discharge and the solution has been already obtained by the authors. By using the contacting surface, an electric potential near a tip of the local discharge on a conductive film of 1 mm in thickness was calculated. Furthermore, the potential was measured with a probe. The calculated values and the measured values of the electric potential agreed well regardless of the propagation length of the local discharge, the width of the conductive film, the resistivity of the conductive film, the peak value of the applied voltage and the applied voltage waveform.     

燃料电池-燃气轮机混合发电系统性能研究

文章对由燃料电池和燃气轮机组成的混合发电系统的性能进行了分析。该混合系统采用的是底层循环方式,并于常压下工作。分析表明,在设计点工况,混合系统的发电效率为58.7％;在非设计点工况,其发电效率也能达到56%以上。在设计点工况下,混合系统的功率约有80％来自燃料电池电堆,20%由燃气轮机提供。在非设计点工况时,燃料电池发电功率占混合系统总输出功率的比例随着混合系统输出功率的减少而增大;混合系统可以在其输出功率不低于设计点功率80%的工况下运行。     

Development of a deceleration control system for a winding machine based on a microcontroller

The development of an automatic deceleration system for a winding machine in a siderurgy factory is presented in this paper. The proposed system controls the speed of a winding machine in order to obtain the optimum stop point in terms of security and fast production. The system is based on a microcontroller and an extremely simple hardware. The system has been tested for two years and results evince a very good mean time between failures.