超导储能改善并网风电场稳定性的研究

建立了风电机组和超导储能(SMES)装置的数学模型以研究SMES对并网风电场运行稳定性的改善.针对风电系统中经常出现的联络线短路故障和风电场的风速扰动,提出利用SMES安装点的电压偏差作为SMES有功控制器的控制信号的策略.对实例系统进行的仿真计算结果表明,SMES采用该控制策略,不仅可以在网络故障后有效地提高风电场的稳定性,而且能够在快速的风速扰动下平滑风电场的功率输出,降低风电场对电网的冲击.     

Integration of PV system with SMES based on model predictive control for utility grid reliability improvement.

This paper describes the integration of a photovoltaic (PV) renewable energy source with a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system. The integrated system can improve the voltage stability of the utility grid and achieve power leveling. The control schemes employ model predictive control (MPC), which has gained significant attention in recent years because of its advantages such as fast response and simple implementation. The PV system provides maximum power at various irradiation levels using the incremental conductance technique (INC). The interfaced grid side converter of the SMES can control the grid voltage by regulating its injected reactive power to the grid, while the charge and discharge operation of the SMES coil can be managed by the system operator to inject/absorb active power to/from the grid to achieve the power leveling strategy. Simulation results based on MATLAB/Simulink® software prove the fast response of the system control objectives in tracking the setpoints at different loading scenarios and PV irradiance levels, while the SMES injects/absorbs active and reactive power to/from the grid during various events to improve the voltage response and achieve power leveling strategy.     

A fuzzy logic supervisor for active and reactive power control of a variable speed wind energy conversion system associated to a flywheel storage system

In this paper, we propose a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) at variable speed using a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) controlled on the rotor side through converters. A Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) is connected to the studied wind generator at the DC bus in order to evaluate its capacity to participate to the ancillary services. We study the improvement of the active and reactive power quality produced by the wind generator and its effect on the load voltage regulation connected to the wind generator. For that, a fuzzy logic supervisor is established to control the FESS operation and the DC bus voltage in order to smooth the active power fluctuations due to the random wind speed variations. A control law is also described to smooth the reactive power at the connection node to the grid.     

A new control strategy of WFSG-based wind turbine to enhance the LVRT capability

This paper proposes a competent and effective scheme to enhance the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of wound field synchronous generator (WFSG) based wind turbines (WTs) under unbalanced voltage dip conditions. A technique for grid synchronization against voltage excursions, i.e., a PLL using positive grid voltages with a high selectivity filters (HSFs) is utilized to extract a robust grid voltage synchronization signal irrespective of the mains condition to enhance the overall system performance. Besides, a new controller (adaptive fuzzy RST) for both the stator side converter (SSC) and grid side converter (GSC) current regulation are employed to further improve dynamic performance. Also, a reactive power support scheme to manage the WFSG reactive power during contingencies and fulfill the grid codes obligations is presented. Moreover, an additional device such as braking chopper (BC) circuit is used in the DC-link circuit for stable operation of the wind energy conversion system (WECS) under-line fault. Effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified by the numerical simulations.     

基于超导储能系统的风电场功率控制系统设计

风电场输出功率的波动性和间歇性会给电网带来不利的影响。为了降低风电场并网对电能质量的影响,文中阐述了一种基于超导储能系统的抑制风电场功率波动的间接控制方法。利用超导储能系统的四象限功率运行能力来补偿风电场输出的有功和无功功率波动,并抑制由此产生的电网电压波动;通过合理设计超导储能系统功率调节器的带宽来优化储能量。通过对风电场连接于弱电网的仿真,验证了所提出的功率控制策略的有效性。     

超导储能装置应用于风电场平滑功率输出的研究

建立了风电机组和超导储能(superconducting magnetic energy storage,SMES)装置的数学模型以研究SMES对并网风电场运行稳定性的改善。针对风电系统中经常出现的联络线短路故障和风电场的风速扰动,提出利用SMES安装点的电压偏差作为SMES有功控制器的控制信号的策略。并搭建了风电场接入电网后的仿真模型,对实例系统进行的仿真计算结果表明,SMES采用该控制策略,不仅可以在网络故障后有效地提高风电场的稳定性,而且能够在快速的风速扰动下平滑风电场的功率输出,降低风电场对电网的冲击。     

大储能容量超导磁储能系统的拓扑结构及控制策略

随着可再生能源规模化发展,电网对大功率等级储能系统的需求日益增长,因此研究应用于大功率等级场合的超导磁储能(SMES)系统拓扑结构及运行控制策略具有重要的理论意义.提出了一种基于模块化多电平换流器(MMC)的SMES系统拓扑结构,设计了允许多个超导磁体同时接入以成倍数提升系统整体储能容量的新型斩波器.该新型斩波器采用模块化设计,由多个子模块串联构成,可随MMC扩展至多种电压等级和功率等级,且能够均衡各子模块的电容电压和磁体电流.针对新型斩波器的旁路子模块数量难以确定的问题,提出了新型斩波器旁路子模块数量的计算方法.基于线性自抗扰控制设计了MMC双闭环控制器和新型斩波器的直流电压控制器,利用复频域分析法整定了线性自抗扰控制器参数.通过仿真验证了所提拓扑结构和控制策略的正确性和有效性.     

Single-stage AC–AC power conversion for WECS

This paper investigates a novel single stage AC–AC power conversion, as an alternative to multistage AC–DC–AC power conversion topology, for interfacing the wind energy conversion system (WECS) to a grid as a distributed load system. A comprehensive dynamic model of proposed AC–AC converter is developed to satisfy all the functions of the converter. A new time switching pattern and a control mechanism are described to convert a variable frequency input power proportion to the wind power to a constant frequency output power for a distributed load system in a single unit. The converter control functions are adapted to control active and reactive powers injected into the distributed load system. Based on time-domain simulations in the MATLAB environment, a comparative study has been made of the dynamic behavior of wind turbine generation system with the proposed AC to AC converter and conventional AC–DC–AC converter. The study concludes that an AC–AC converter is technically a viable option to interface a wind turbine to a distributed load system or utility grid application. A prototype of the proposed converter is developed in the lab taking variable frequency input voltage and then converting it to a constant output frequency voltage. The performance of the converter has been found satisfactory.     

大规模风电经LCC-HVDC送出的送端电网频率协同控制策略

针对大规模风电经电网换相型高压直流(LCC-HVDC)送出的送端电网所面临的严峻高频问题,充分挖掘风电潜在调频能力,提出一种风电与直流频率限制器(FLC)参与送端电网调频的协同控制策略。分析直流FLC参与送端电网调频的响应特性,刻画送端电网频率与风电机组功率的下垂关系,设计风电机组变转速与变桨距角相结合的一次调频控制方法。建立包括常规机组一次调频、风电机组下垂控制和直流FLC的频率响应综合模型,结合电网的频率稳定要求,采用灵敏度方法整定风电机组与直流FLC的调频参数,设计风电与直流FLC共同参与的频率协同控制策略。算例仿真结果表明：所提频率协同控制策略可有效降低高频切机、直流过载运行风险,提高送端电网的频率稳定性。     

Double input Z-source inverter applicable in dual-star PMSG based wind turbine

This paper proposes a new double-input Z-network for application in wind energy conversion system (WECS) which is composed of two same DC voltage sources as input sources, two inductors and one capacitor. As a result, the presented structure requires less capacitor number compared to traditional Z-network and it will be able to deliverer energy of both DC sources to local load or grid. The proposed inverter is applicable in dual-star PMSG based WECS, since it requires two DC voltage sources in same value. Besides, dynamic modeling of dual-star PMSG is presented to analyze proposed WECS connected to grid which employs dual-star PMSG and double-input Z-source inverter. The proposed dual-input Z-source inverter controls maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and delivering power to the grid. Therefore, other DC–DC chopper is not required to control two sets of rectified output voltage of generator in view of MPPT. As a result, the proposed topology requires less power electronic switches and the suggested system is more reliable against short circuit. The ability of proposed WECS with dual-star PMSG and double-input Z-source inverter is validated with simulation results and experimental tests using PCI-1716 data acquisition system.     

基于可控超导储能的波动负载补偿

提出了一种应用可控超导储能(SMES)装置对波动负载进行补偿的方法。它可以使电网输入的有功功率保持恒定,同时对负载的无功功率进行补偿以提高功率因数。为了有效地进行功率控制,SMES装置的变流器采用电流源型的拓扑结构并与负载并联连接,同时采用闭环控制方法以提高系统的动态性能。为减小交流电流谐波成分,采用了优化脉宽调制开关策略。最后给出了一套20kJ／15kW SMES装置的仿真和实验结果。     

基于无源控制理论的准Z源超导磁储能系统

超导磁储能(superconductivity magnetic energy storage,SMES)系统通过变流器来实现电网与超导磁体的功率交换。但传统的储能变流器存在输出电压范围有限以及桥臂上下开关易受干扰造成直通而损坏的问题。为实现超导磁储能系统的安全稳定运行,提出了基于双向准Z源变流器(quasi-Z source converter,QZSC)的超导磁储能系统,并针对QZSC-SMES系统的非线性、强耦合特点,在QZSC-SMES系统的交流侧变流器和直流侧斩波器采用基于欧拉?拉格朗日(Euler-Lagrange,E-L)模型的无源控制策略。仿真结果验证了所提QZSC-SMES拓扑及其控制策略的有效性:系统可以快速准确跟踪有功无功指令,相比传统PI控制,系统具有更低的并网谐波含量、更好的动态性能和更强的鲁棒性。     

电压型超导储能系统的统一直接功率控制方法

将PWM整流器的直接功率控制方法用于电压型超导储能系统的电压源型换流器，给出了新的开关矢量表，并提出了斩波器的直接功率控制方法。文中的电压源型换流器和斩波器的直接功率控制方法以有功功率为纽带，可对超导储能系统进行一体化的功率控制。仿真结果表明，该控制方法具有良好的控制性能，十分适用于电压型超导储能系统。     

基于共直流电压母线级联型超导储能系统的动态电压恢复器最小能量控制

构造了基于共直流电压母线级联型超导储能系统的动态电压恢复器,根据该装置直流母线电压可控的特点,提出了基于直流母线电压控制的最小能量控制方案。该方案通过控制直流母线电压的幅值,实现了有功功率从电网经十二脉波二极管整流器到直流电压母线的可控传输,减少了对斩波器输出有功功率的需求,降低了超导磁体的储能量,延长了电压暂降的补偿时间。同时,文中还对控制系统进行了整体设计,实现了动态电压的补偿和最小能量控制。仿真结果证明了所提控制策略的可行性。     

风力发电机无速度传感器网侧功率直接控制

采用不可控整流和可控逆变的交直交结构作为直驱式永磁同步风力发电机的并网电路。从发电机转速、功率和直流母线电压之间的相互关系出发，提出利用直流母线电压进行转速观测实现无速度传感器。根据风力机特性和并网电路的功率模型，提出网侧功率直接控制实现最大风能跟踪。实现了有功／无功功率的解耦控制，并给出有功／无功的参考值选取范围。最后采用电流滞环方法进行逆变器控制。仿真结果验证了所提出的控制策略简单有效、具有良好的稳态精度和动态性能。     

电网电压深度不对称跌落时的双馈风电变流器控制技术

针对电网电压不对称跌落故障,提出一种用于双馈风机的变流器控制策略,以满足低电压穿越标准的要求。策略使用转子侧变流器控制转子正序电流以保证风机的有功和无功输出,网侧变流器保持额定电流输出能量,同时使用斩波器稳定直流母线电压。针对1.5MW双馈风电机组进行了仿真模型和实际测试验证,结果表明该策略有效保证了双馈风机系统低电压穿越的实现。     

基于SMES的综合电能质量调节器及其设计

本文介绍一种基于超导储能(SMES)的综合电能质量调节装置,阐明了装置的电路结构和工作原理,通过实验验证了该装置结构和控制的有效性,分析了主电路参数的设计方法.     

用可再生能源充电的SMES装置在系统调频中的应用

受自然条件限制,可再生能源发电具有很大的随机性,直接并入电网会对系统造成一定的冲击,增加系统不稳定的因素。文中以风能为例,提出将风能等可再生能源作为超导磁储能（SMES）装置的充电电源,为可再生能源的使用提出一个新的思路。SMES装置具有转换效率高且动作快速的特点,能够与系统独立进行有功、无功的交换。因此,SMES装置可以根据系统负荷变化快速调整出力来稳定系统频率及减少不必要的联络线功率流动。仿真结果证明,SMES装置的投入可以有效改善系统频率,解决旋转备用不足的问题。     

超导储能在并网直驱风电系统中的应用研究

针对直驱风电系统并网运行过程中存在的输出有功功率波动和低电压穿越问题,在变换器的直流环节并联超导储能系统。对超导储能系统的斩波器提出双闭环加脉冲判断的控制策略,确保超导磁体线圈电流水平,使超导储能系统可以快速、准确地充放电,从而稳定直流环节功率。同时,通过引入谐振控制器的方法,对网侧变换器的控制策略进行改进,实现电网电压不对称跌落情况下,负序分量引起波动的有效控制。仿真结果表明,采用上述方案后直驱风电系统向电网输送较为平滑的有功功率、低电压穿越能力得到了提升。     

变速恒频双馈风电机组分段分层控制策略的研究

针对并网后变速恒频双馈风电机组的优化运行及其与电网的协调问题,依据分段分层控制思想,提出了变速恒频风电机组的并网控制策略:按照风速将风电机组的控制分为两个阶段,即低风速的最大风能追踪控制阶段和高风速的恒功率控制阶段,同时依据分层思想将风电机组电气部分的控制分为参考值的整定和对参考值的跟踪两层控制.利用该分段分层控制策略,对北方某风电场及其接入系统中风电机组的运行特性和接入系统中关键性节点的电压特性进行了仿真分析,结果表明该控制策略不但可以实现风电机组的优化运行,而且能较充分地发挥风电机组中双馈发电机的无功调节能力,提高风电机组并网后的电压稳定性,保证全网无功优化运行.