基于多目标进化算法的PMU的优化配置

研究了配置相量测量单元(PMU)后电力系统可观测性的判断方法,以保证电力系统完全可观测为约束条件,以配置PMU数目最小和保证测量量具有最大量测冗余度为目标,建立了PMU最优配置问题的数学模型。这是一个多目标优化问题,需要寻求一组Pareto最优解,应用多目标进化算法求解该问题可以得到多种满足条件的PMU配置可行方案。最后,以IEEE39节点系统为例验证了该方法的合理性。     

基于图论的电力系统PMU布点优化算法

基于最小支配集理论和电力系统线性量测模型,提出了可观测节点集合、WAMS可观测矩阵两个概念以及一种新的节点可观测性计算规则。以保证系统的完全可观测性和以系统图的最小支配集为搜索范围构成约束条件, 以电力系统状态完全可观测和相量测量装置（PMU）配置数目最小为目标,形成了PMU配置优化问题。并应用禁忌搜索(TS)方法求解该问题,保证了全局寻优。最后采用 IEEE 14、30、57 、118节点系统和新英格兰 39 节点系统对该方法进行了验证,仿真结果表明该方法的有效性和可行性。     

考虑SCADA量测的PMU优化配置研究

针对目前PMU与SCADA系统并存、且互为补充的状况,提出了一种PMU优化配置方法。该方法充分利用PMU和SCADA的量测信息来降低PMU的配置数目,通过合理布置、优化配置PMU,保证了系统的可观测性。算例表明,该方法与现有方法相比可减少PMU的配置数量而达到同样的观测性能。     

用免疫BPSO算法和N-1原则多目标优化配置PMU

为了在满足全网的完全可观测的前提下实现PMU安装投入的性价比最高,通过理论分析得出判断电网节点拓扑可观测的依据,并提出以N-1可靠性检验原则对PMU配置方案进行冗余性检验,由此以全网完全可观测、PMU数目最少和N-1量测冗余度最高为目标建立了PMU多目标优化配置数学模型,并设计了一种结合免疫系统信息处理机制的二进制粒子群优化算法对模型进行求解。该算法综合了粒子群优化算法简单快速和免疫系统种群多样性的优点,明显改善了进化后期算法的收敛性能和全局寻优能力。对新英格兰39母线系统进行PMU多目标优化配置仿真及量测冗余性分析的结果表明,该法对PMU配置方案的量测可靠性及其所需PMU数量进行综合评价可方便快捷地得到性价比最优的方案,较之普通的PMU单目标优化配置方法更为合理和灵活。     

电力系统PMU优化配置方法综述

同步相量测量单元（PMU）以全球定位系统（GPS）提供的精确时间为基准，可对电力系统进行实时数据采集，实现各个节点的同步测量。由于经济和技术等方面的原因，每个节点都配置PMU还不能成为现实。介绍了PMU的结构及应用现状，分别从系统可观测性、状态估计、系统同调性和潮流方程直接可解的角度综述了PMU的优化配置方法，并对四种优化配置方法的优缺点进行了总结，从实用的角度对比和分析了四种方法的优劣。     

基于免疫BPSO算法与拓扑可观性的PMU最优配置

以电力系统状态完全可观测和相量测量单元PMU配置数目最小为优化目标,基于PMU的功能特点和电力网络的拓扑结构信息,形成快速且通用的电网拓扑可观测性判别方法,并设计了一种结合免疫系统信息处理机制的二进制粒子群优化算法对目标函数进行求解,该算法综合了粒子群优化算法简单快速和免疫系统种群多样性的优点,明显改善了进化后期算法的收敛性能和全局寻优能力.最后通过对IEEE14和新英格兰39母线系统进行PMU优化配置仿真及量测冗余性分析,验证了本文方法的有效性和优越性.     

一种改进的相量测量装置最优配置方法

以电力系统状态完全可观测和相量测量装置(PMU)配置数目最小为目标,提出了一种改进的PMU最优配置方法.将启发式方法和模拟退火方法有效结合以确保得到最优解,提高了基于启发式方法的初始PMU配置方案的质量,通过改进配置模型缩小了模拟退火方法的寻优范围,从而提高了求解速度.还提出了一种基于节点邻接矩阵的快速可观测性分析方法.最后采用IEEE 14、IEEE 30、IEEE 118节点系统和新英格兰39节点系统对该方法进行了验证.     

混合量测用于电力系统状态估计

根据目前PMU的配置状况和PMU与SCADA的数据特点,提出了一种基于PMU与SCADA混合量测的状态估计方法。该方法将非线性估计结果作为伪量测量加入线性估计中,并根据平均距离动态地调整伪量测量的权值,然后通过插值对非线性可观测区域进行实时的近似估计。最后通过IEEE14、IEEE57系统进行了仿真。仿真表明即使在PMU配置较少的情况下,该方法亦能够有效改进非线性可观测区域状态估计的精度和刷新速度。该方法兼顾了PMU和SCADA的特点,有较好的应用价值。     

混合量测系统中利用潮流信息的电网故障诊断

为了充分利用广域量测系统(WAMS)的量测信息,提出了一种在混合量测系统中利用潮流信息的故障诊断方法。首先指出了根据WAMS量测量实现故障唯一辨识的数学条件,为PMU配置提供了依据。该方法在运行中准实时地生成预想故障,根据WAMS系统的实时量测获取可观测区域的潮流信息,将其与预想故障进行匹配,进而识别故障。该方法充分利用了PMU与SCADA的量测信息,兼顾了两种量测的特点,可实现对电网故障的在线诊断。仿真表明,该方法准确性高,在PMU配置较少的情况下,也能实现对电网故障的在线诊断。     

基于广域测量系统的状态估计和PMU配置

同步相量测量单元(PMU)能够根据全球定位系统(GPS)提供的精确时钟,实现对电力系统实时数据的量测。该文分析了PMU与传统监控和数据采集(SCADA)系统相结合构成的混合量测系统对状态估计精度的影响。在混合量测模型的基础上,提出了一种以提高状态估计精度为目标的PMU配置方案。通过IEEE-39节点系统仿真证明了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

ILP-based multistage placement of PMUs with dynamic monitoring constraints

This paper addresses two aspects of the optimal Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) placement problem. Firstly, an ILP (Integer Linear Programing) model for the optimal multistage placement of PMUs is proposed. The approach finds the number of PMUs and its placement in separate stages, while maximizing the system observability at each period of time. The model takes into account: the available budget per stage, the power system expansion along with the multistage PMU placement, redundancy in the PMU placement against the failure of a PMU or its communication links, user defined time constraints for PMU allocation, and the zero-injection effect. Secondly, it is proposed a methodology to identify buses to be observed for dynamic stability monitoring. Two criteria, which are inter-area observability and intra-area observability, have been considered. The methodology identifies coherent groups in large power systems by using a new technique based on graph theory. The technique requires neither full stability studies nor a predefined number of groups. Also, a centrality criterion is used to select a bus for monitoring each coherent area and supervise inter-area oscillations. Then, PMUs are located to ensure complete observability inside each area (intra-area monitoring). Methodology is applied on the 14-bus test system, the 57-bus test system with expansion plans, and the 16-machine 68 bus test system. Results indicate that the optimization model finds the optimal number of PMUs when the PMU placement by stages is required, while the observability at each stage is maximized. Additionally, it is shown that expansion plans and particular requirements of observability can be considered in the model without increasing the number of required PMUs, and the zero-injection effect, which reduces the number of PMUs, can be considered in the model.     

基于分段迭代法的PMU的优化配置研究

对电力系统中有限个数目PMU的优化配置进行研究。采用分段迭代法对PMU的优化配置进行研究。该法假设最初每个节点均安装有PMU。第一阶段和第二阶段的迭代算法用来去除那些不太重要的节点的PMU配置,并保留节点位置重要的PMU的配置。第三阶段的迭代算法则对前两阶段的PMU数目进行进一步的最小化,并且充分考虑电力系统全网的可观性,使得该法达到PMU的最优配置。通过在IEEE 14和IEEE 30节点上进行仿真验证,并与现有的优先算法在计算时间上进行对比,证明该法在计算时间上的优越性,及该法的有效性。     

Optimal PMU placement method for complete topological and numerical observability of power system

This paper presents a new method of optimal PMU placement (OPP) for complete power system observability. A two-stage PMU placement method is proposed, where stage-1 finds out the minimum number of PMUs required to make the power system topologically observable and stage-2 is proposed to check if the resulted PMU placement (from stage-1) leads to a full ranked measurement Jacobian. In case the PMUs placed, ensuring topological observability in stage-1, do not lead to the Jacobian of full rank, a sequential elimination algorithm (SEA) is proposed in stage-2 to find the optimal locations of additional PMUs, required to be placed to make the system numerically observable as well. The proposed method is tested on three systems and the results are compared with three other topological observability based PMU placement methods. The simulation results ensure the complete system observability and also demonstrate the need of using stage-2 analysis along with the topological observability based PMU placement methods.     

电力系统PMU最优配置数字规划算法

随着相量量测装置(PMU)硬件技术的逐渐成熟和高速通信网络的发展,PMU在电力系统中的状态估计、动态监测和稳定控制等方面得到了广泛应用.为达到系统完全可观,在所有的节点上均装设PMU既不可能也没有必要.文中提出一种基于系统拓扑可观性理论的数字规划算法,利用PMU和系统提供的状态信息,最大限度地对网络拓扑约束方程式进行了简化,以配置PMU数目最小为目标,形成了PMU最优配置问题,并采用禁忌搜索算法求解该问题.其突出优点是利用了系统混合测量集数据,即不仅考虑了PMU实测数据,同时计及了可用的潮流数据.在IEEE14节点和IEEE 118节点系统的仿真结果表明,与常规的PMU最优配置算法相比,所提出的数字规划算法可以实现安装较少数量的PMU而整个系统可观的目标.     

Minimizing the number of PMUs and their optimal placement in power systems

This paper presents a new method for minimizing the number of PMUs and their optimal placement in power systems. The proposed method provides suitable constraints for power systems with two adjacent injection measurements (IMs). In addition, suitable constraints for considering the connection of two buses to each other and to an injection bus are proposed. The proposed constraints result in a reduction in the number of PMUs even though the system topological observability is complete. Existing conventional measurements are also considered. First, the number of PMUs is minimized in such a way that the system topological observability is complete. Then the optimal placement is done to maximize the measurements redundancy. The resulting phased to be installed in multiple stages. The optimal number of PMUs that ensure system topological observability under failure of a PMU or a line is also simulated. Simulations are performed on IEEE 30, 57 and 118 bus test systems by binary integer programming. The results show that the number of PMUs is equal to or less than the corresponding results of recently published papers, while the system topological observability is complete, and measurement redundancy is increased.     

Optimal allocation of phasor measurement unit for full observability of the connected power network

This paper presents binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) technique for the optimal allocation of phasor measurement units (PMUs) for the entire observability of connected power network. Phasor measurement units are considered as one of the most important measuring devices in the prospect of connected power network. PMUs function may be incorporated to the wide-area connected power networks for monitoring and controlling purposes. The optimal PMU placement (OPP) problem provides reference to the assurance of the minimal number of PMUs and their analogous locations for observability of the entire connected power networks. Binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) algorithm is developed for the solution of OPP problem. The efficacy and robustness of the proposed method has been tested on the IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 30-bus, New England 39-bus, IEEE 57-bus, IEEE 118-bus and Northern Regional Power Grid (NRPG) 246-bus test system. The results obtained by proposed approach are compared with other standard methods and it is observed that this BPSO based placement of phasor measurement units is found to be the best among all other techniques discussed.