AIChE and Its Role in the Early Shaping of Chemical Engineering

In the 20 years from the late 19th century to early 20th century, industry developed rapidly in Europe and the U.S. During this period new branches of engineering science came into being. In order to have deep understanding of engineering science, the author chooses American Institute of Chemical Engineers as her case study target. On the basis of important sources and literatures, the paper made a study on the history of the formulation of chemical engineering as a new discipline from the perspectives of historiography and sociology of science. The paper shows that in the rapid growth of the chemical industry in the U.S, chemical engineers has become a new profession, and chemical engineering as a discipline is gradually shaped by the interaction and intersection of chemistry and mechanical engineering. In 1888, Boston Institute of Technology (the predecessor of MIT) started to design chemical engineering courses and to train engineers needed in chemical industry. Chemical engineers paid more attention to the connection of their work with pure chemistry and mechanical engineering. They tried to find out their own professional and knowledge boundaries in industry. The chemical industry grew along with the formation of chemical engineer groups and institutionalization of chemical engineering education. In such a context, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers was established in 1908. The AIChE was a distinguished mark of the institutionalization of chemical engineering. It played an important role in the shaping and promoting of the new discipline: defining the professional identity of the chemical engineer; constructing a platform of academic communication; clarifying the boundary of chemical engineering and the relationship among chemical engineering, chemistry, mechanical engineering and other disciplines; reforming the education of chemical engineering at American universities, standardizing the curriculum of chemical engineering; promoting the connection among academic institutions, universities and enterprises.     

医学工程化的人文困惑及其消解

The improvement in medical technology and the development of medical engineering is decreasing the humanistic care that medical field deserves. The using of too many medical equipments leads to the materialization of medical science and the puzzlement of the doctors, patients and administrative staffs. The humanistic puzzlement further causes the descending of medical ethics, the difficulty of getting medical treatment and social inequity. This paper clarifies that humanistic puzzlement is caused by overusing of medical engineering, which strengthens biomedical model, stimulates irrational need for health and aggravates the benefit-oriented behaviors in medical treatment. It is proposed that to tackle the problem we must change the medical model, regulate irrational health needs and return to humanistic medical treatment.     

烯烃氢甲酰化反应研究进展

氢甲酰化反应是目前生产醛醇化合物最重要的反应之一,本文综述了烯烃氢甲酰化反应的发展概况,介绍了催化剂的研究进展和现有工艺的特点及运行情况,对烯烃氢甲酰化技术应用的实际情况进行了分析,并针对现存不足指出了均相催化反应多相化的必然趋势,同时还对该工艺的发展前景进行了展望.     

略谈工程演化论

On account of the fact that engineering has been evolving, it should be studied in the view of evolution theory. The study of engineering evolution is not only of theoretical significance but also of practical importance. Engineering evolution is a must for the profound study of engineering philosophy. There is close relationship among the evolution of engineering theory, engineering history, and engineering philosophy. From the point of view of rhetoric, philosophy of language and cognitive science, this paper analyzes the method of metaphor and explains the similar yet different relationship between the theory of life evolution and the theory of engineering evolution. And the paper comes to a conclusion that only when the engineering evolution undergoes a transformation from considering evolution as a metaphor to a theoretical innovation, could it be an independent theory in the academic field.     

The Development and Utilization of Energy Resources and the Issue of Low-Carbon

The development and utilization of fossil energy including coal, oil, natural gas etc is closely related to global environmental change. The key to the solvency of the global environmental pollution and climate change is developing low-carbon and renewable energy. In this paper, we analyze in depth the relationship between the energy development and utilization and of energy resources the issue of low-carbon. This article first summarizes the history of the development of the energy revolution, described the impact of energy development on world civilization and human development; then, the article provides a detailed analysis of the progress in energy development and utilization, and the environmental problems caused by the process of development and utilization, such as air and water pollution; finally, some important measures for the development and utilization of energy resources are listed and the trend in energy development is discussed. This article puts forward 4 suggestions for China's energy development: (a) Improve energy efficiency by insisting on utilizing high-carbon energy with the model of low-carbon utilization; (b) Promote the use of low-carbon energy, and exert great efforts to develop unconventional oil and gas; (c) Strengthen international cooperation to develop overseas oil and gas market. (d) Make great efforts to develop new types of low-carbon energy and renewable energy. The development of low-carbon energy in China has great significance. The adjustment of energy structure and the development of low-carbon economy are the fundamental strategy of sustainable development of China’ s energy economy.     

从胶济铁路的修建看近代对华技术转移中的冲突与适应

1897年德国以武力占领胶州湾,1899年德国辛迪加成立山东铁路公司,负责胶济铁路的修筑和运营。筑路初期,德国人野蛮粗暴的行为方式导致与当地民众的多次暴力冲突。1900年袁世凯与山东铁路公司签订的《胶济铁路章程》有利于规范铁路公司的行为。义和团运动期间,筑路冲突达到顶峰。分析可知,引起筑路冲突的原因主要可归为文化因素（风水和坟墓文化）和利益因素（土地产权和农田排水）。山东铁路公司通过与山东官府和士绅合作,解决上述问题,并在一些重要城镇修建了通往火车站的公路。胶济铁路建设中的冲突与适应是殖民地与境下技术转移双方相互作用的表现和结果。     

工程与工程主体性

工程是人类有意识、有目的地利用科学技术知识、自然资源、社会资源,能动地创造社会存在物以满足人类需要的活动及其结果。本文主要阐述工程主体的本质及其作用。本文认为,工程主体是人本身,具体表现为工程决策主体、工程规划设计主体、工程实施主体、工程利用主体和工程终结主体等五种形态。工程主体性是人的本质力量在工程层面的具体显现,它表现为真理主体性,目的主体性,选择主体性,价值主体性和综合主体性等形态。工程主体性与工程构成辩证统一的关系,对工程活动成败以及结果的存废具有重要影响。     

工程创新的“壁垒-陷阱”分析

工程创新是指那些发生在工程活动中的创新。在提出“壁垒－陷阱”创新模型的基础上，从“要素－集成”视角，剖析了工程创新的壁垒和陷阱。要素壁垒和陷阱主要来自于信息、技术、资本和市场，集成壁垒和陷阱主要来自于沟通、耦合、制度和文化。本文对这些形形色色的壁垒和陷阱进行分析，尝试描绘出工程创新的“壁垒－陷阱”图景。     

工程规律的存在域及其特点

本文从规律与规则的区别入手,提出了存在性规律和建构性规律的理论视域.认为工程规律是在工程实践活动中,在理解当前工程活动所涉及的各种要素之间相关性的基础上、协调各种规律综合作用的建构性规律.它直面的是在集众多技术的某种特定工程建构中“如何做”的问题,与揭示事物本质的“是什么”的规律不同.工程活动不仅涉及“是什么”,更重要...     

地震预警工程的若干问题探讨

地震预警是国内外地学研究的热点,是复杂的社会工程.地震预警工程是跨学科的工程,特别是涉及自然科学和社会科学的结合.本文就地震预警的一些基本概念和由地震预警原理带来的工程上的若干问题,进行了比较详细的讨论.介绍了地震预警的概念和种类、地震预警的模式、地震预警的能力,强调了地震预警盲区、受益区、无效区的不同能力,提出了地震预警第一报的重要性.指出了地震预警技术不仅带来减灾效果,还催生了密集地震观测网,突破了传统地震观测网的观测方式和处理方法,将为传统的地震观测学和实时地震学带来创新和变革.论述了当前地震预警技术的局限和存在的问题.结合国内外地震预警的现状,提出了地震预警工程需要注意的问题及需要研究的方向,指出地震预警是复杂的社会工程,首次提出了地震预警的社会容忍度及社会对地震预警容忍度的差异,同时探讨了地震预警效益和风险.     

Review of Study on Atmospheric Ducts and Its Applications over the Sea

Atmospheric duct plays a major role in propagation of radio waves and function of surveillance equipment system and so on. Research of atmospheric duct and its application system development are of great scientific and practical importance. To take engineering application as the target, this paper reviews briefly the main research methods and application systems of atmospheric duct including evaporation duct, surface duct and elevated duct. Evaporation duct is usually indirectly investigated from meteorological profiles near sea surface and atmospheric refractivity is calculated based on some similarity theory and the methods have been integrated into many radio propagation prediction systems. The surface and elevated duct are similarly observed by sounding balloons or micro-rockets. The atmospheric duct environments are studied from quantitative analysis based on synoptic maps, satellite images and so on to accurate quantification with mesoscale weather numerical models. Numerical models are often used in engineering prediction systems such as COAMPS. There are three major radio propagation models in atmospheric duct environments at present: geometrical optics model, guided mode and parabolic equation model. Parabolic equation models are mostly used in application systems. Engineering systems of atmospheric ducts are further developed in the field of image visualization system based on coupled ocean/atmosphere mesoscale prediction system and electromagnetic propagation models, which can offer more re-liable and accurate electromagnetic environments and propagation estimations, and serve economic construction and national defense better.     

工程创新：创新空间中的选择与建构

工程创新的实质和基本内容是创新空间中的选择与建构。一方面，就工程创新活动本身而言，工程创新活动是以创新者为主体而在“创新空间”中进行选择和建构活动，另一方面，在社会水平和层面上，创新者及研发成果又成为了社会和市场进行选择和建构的对象，成为了被选择者和被建构者。对现实空间的认知和对创新空间的认知是性质迥然不同的两种认知能力和认知方式。文中最后分析和评论了所谓“科技成果转化率”问题。     

工程创新群体中的沟通问题分析

工程创新的成功在很大程度上依赖于工程创新群体中的有效沟通。本文基于知识整合的视角分析工程创新群体中的沟通问题，表明沟通的有效性主要受知识形态、沟通的结构和群体心理等因素的影响。在工程创新过程中，它们可能产生沟通的壁垒和陷阱，使创新陷于困境。     

Reflections on the Construction of China’s “New Material Industry System”

The development of new material industry, including structural materials and functional materials is the pilot force of industry development. There are some problems in China’s new material industry development. For example, no supply of some important material, fail to meet the quality requirement of existing material, under-developed researching equipment of new material and the high environmental cost of material producing process. The construction of new material industry system is the solution to these problems. The new material industry system refers to the production of middle and long term need new materials. It is a comprehensive system formed on certain orders and internal connection with different new material producing subsystems. There are ways to realize this system: sort out the existing new materials; set up several demonstration enterprises and testing bases; tackle several recognition problems; adhere to institutional innovation; research new materials that could industrialize; implement concrete measures, including engineering and industrial measures.     

工程师短缺抑或缺少其他——一个行动者网络视角的透视

我国工程教育发展史映射了工业化进程。在我国工程教育中，存在着培养目标不清、政府政策导向不明、工科院校培养模式失衡和企业角色缺位等问题。在借用行动者网络理论分析框架对这些问题进行检讨的基础上，指出了重构我国工程教育行动者网络的必要性。我国工程教育的培养目标应定位于培养工业化发展过程中需要的工程师，政府在这一网络重构过程中发挥主导作用，引导工科院校建立多层次、多规格的人才培养体系。政府应加大投入，改善_T-科院校办学条件。利用减免税等政策工具，吸引企业积极参与网络构建；通过实施认证制度和激励手段，规范工科院校和企业的行为。     

从"四人小组"看钱学森对航天工程人才的培养

Qian Xuesen has always paid close attention to the cultivation of talents. As the founder of China’s aerospace engineering, he drew up the blueprint for establishing scientific and technological teams in the field of aerospace engineering. In his research works in aerospace engineering he himself trained the talents who can take the leadership and undertake the important tasks. This paper discusses Qian Xuesen’s ways of training talented persons in aerospace engineering by introducing his graduate students team—“the group of four” and also makes further reflections on his approaches. The growing process of “the group of four” indicates that the cultivation of talented persons not only requires the school education but more importantly depends on the practical engineering experiences and the knowledge and teaching from their supervisors.     

工程史的学科定位和学科结构初探

工程史在中国已经出现分立发展的良好势头,正在成为学科之林破土而出的一株“新苗”.技术史和包含着技术史的科学技术史,以及由工程史和技术史综合而成的工程技术史,都是与工程史有着极密切关系的亲缘学科.同样以工程活动作为研究对象的工程学、工程哲学,是工程史的并立同源学科,三者在基本内容、核心课题方面有相对明晰的区分,不能相互替代.构想中的工程史学科结构,将正在萌生和有待创建的分支学科归并为基础工程史、综合工程史、部门类别工程史、工程社会活动史、专项工程制度史、专项工程成就史等几个学科群组.     

Breakthroughs in Key Technologies and Prospects of the Biomass Industry

The development of biomass industry demands that biomass become general industrial raw materials in biochemical engineering and that raw material structure, process conversion and product characteristics be organically combined. Refining techniques for selectively separating the components of the raw materials and multilevel directional conversation of biomass are important, for they not only produce product but also help to achieve clean conversion with minimum power consumption, optimum efficiency and maximum value. This paper analyzes the resource situation, industry prospects and the current predicament of biomass industry, and concludes that the fundamental approach to achieve industrialization of biomass is to break through key technical restriction and thus solve the technical-economical problems. The breakthrough of biomass industry key technology and process integration are the basis for bio-based product diversification from different raw material, which under the bio-refining ideas of multi-layered and multi-level integrated utilization. The spring of biomass industry develop-ment has arrived.     

A Review of Researches on the Self-organization Issue Concerning Complex Engineering Systems

With the development of science and technology, engineering practices have become more and more complex, which have resulted in a great deal of complex engineering systems. The elements of such systems are so numerous and jumbled, and the nonlinear interaction between the elements is so strong that traditional engineering methodology is no longer suitable to cope with such kind of engineering practices. Under such circumstances, some thoughts from complexity science, especially those of self-organization theory, have been drawn to solve the complex engineering problems. And some new ideas and methods have thus sprung out. Based on the literature review, the authors of this thesis clarify the concept of complex engineering system and its features. Besides, they also discuss the latest progress of the research on self-organization issue concerning complex engineering system from three aspects: on the self-property of complex engineering system, on the self-organizing mechanism of complex engineering system and on the relationship between self-organization and hetero-organization in complex engineering system. The effectiveness of the research from simulation still needs to be tested through the real engineering practice. The general principles and laws of constructing complex engineering system still need to be explored. The research on self-property of complex engineering system could not satisfy the need of engineering practice. And the problem of how to balance the relationship between self-organization and hetero-organization in constructive process of complex engineering system needs to be further studied. Dealing with all these problems requires not only the advancement in engineering science, but also the contribution of engineering philosophy, which is especially useful to the development of engineering methodology.     

Elementary Investigation of Some Political Philosophy Problems in Information Age

Power and capital have promoted the emergence and development of the network monitoring function. There are many theories or opinions about monitoring which Andrew Chadwick classifies into four categories: totalitarian, All-seeing, monitoring set theory and legalism. Lawrence Lessig points out that the computer worms for searching some files still interfere with the human rights and freedom. Andrew Chadwick argues that it must be authorized before they can "spy" and "search" within the framework of legalism. In China, some scientists and engineers of technology and engineering for network monitoring lack the concept of freedom, democracy and freedom of expression without interference. The foundation of this problem involves the relationship between state and society, which is the fundamental problem of political philosophy. Based on liberalism, we should improve legalism supervision, so as to form moderate liberalism of internet development in political philosophy.