The Development and Utilization of Energy Resources and the Issue of Low-Carbon

The development and utilization of fossil energy including coal, oil, natural gas etc is closely related to global environmental change. The key to the solvency of the global environmental pollution and climate change is developing low-carbon and renewable energy. In this paper, we analyze in depth the relationship between the energy development and utilization and of energy resources the issue of low-carbon. This article first summarizes the history of the development of the energy revolution, described the impact of energy development on world civilization and human development; then, the article provides a detailed analysis of the progress in energy development and utilization, and the environmental problems caused by the process of development and utilization, such as air and water pollution; finally, some important measures for the development and utilization of energy resources are listed and the trend in energy development is discussed. This article puts forward 4 suggestions for China's energy development: (a) Improve energy efficiency by insisting on utilizing high-carbon energy with the model of low-carbon utilization; (b) Promote the use of low-carbon energy, and exert great efforts to develop unconventional oil and gas; (c) Strengthen international cooperation to develop overseas oil and gas market. (d) Make great efforts to develop new types of low-carbon energy and renewable energy. The development of low-carbon energy in China has great significance. The adjustment of energy structure and the development of low-carbon economy are the fundamental strategy of sustainable development of China’ s energy economy.     

Application and Development of Pyrolysis Technology in Low-Carbon Economy

The efficient, clean and low carbon utilization is the leading direction of research and development of coal utilization technology. In China, the low rank coal, represented by lignite and subbituminous coal, is dominating in coal resources, accounting for more than 55%. Low rank coal is characterized with lower coalification degree, higher volatile matter and moisture content, which lead to low efficiency in direct combustion and gasification process. Therefore, a staged conversion technology based on coal pyrolysis, and the pyrolysis technology with the features of mild conditions, simple process, wider applicability of coal, higher energy efficiency, lower water consumption, especially pyrolysis bridged hybrid power generation technology is proposed as a promising trend in research field. The process takes full advantage of coal composition characteristic to extract gas, liquid fuel, chemicals, and combined hybrid power generation. This technology can realize the improvements in energy efficiency, coal-fired efficiency, power generation efficiency, and the reduction of coal consumption, by upgrading processing, clean coal-fired of industrial boilers, integrating highly efficient steam–gas turbine combined cycle power generation technology. It aims to enhance coal comprehensive utilization efficiency, decrease pollutant and CO₂ emission, and in the end promote the development of science and technology of high efficient low-carbon utilization of low rank coal.     

The Selection and Construction in Aerospace Engineering Innovation: Case Study on Wang Yongzhi’s Innovative Thinking

Wang Yongzhi, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and the recipient of the State Science and Technology Top Awards 2003, has dedicated greatly to Chinese aerospace industry. Utilizing the Engineering Selection and Construction Theory and Engineering Innovation Space Theory, the writers analyze Wang’s innovative practice and thinking. No matter as a freshman or a project leader, Wang has always innovated actively and has extended his innovation space gradually. According to the “national interests first” principle and the favoring to “faster, better, more abstemious and safer” technologies, Wang and his colleagues has realized a great many of aerospace engineering targets. His selection principles and innovation experiences are significant to Engineering Philosophy Study. Wang said, “Innovation originates in human nature; and to conduct innovation, one should possess innovation awareness, innovation motive force, innovation competence, innovation target and sat-isfactory innovation conditions. This innovation thinking, synthesized from practices, will amplify the theoretical research of innovation.     

从"四人小组"看钱学森对航天工程人才的培养

Qian Xuesen has always paid close attention to the cultivation of talents. As the founder of China’s aerospace engineering, he drew up the blueprint for establishing scientific and technological teams in the field of aerospace engineering. In his research works in aerospace engineering he himself trained the talents who can take the leadership and undertake the important tasks. This paper discusses Qian Xuesen’s ways of training talented persons in aerospace engineering by introducing his graduate students team—“the group of four” and also makes further reflections on his approaches. The growing process of “the group of four” indicates that the cultivation of talented persons not only requires the school education but more importantly depends on the practical engineering experiences and the knowledge and teaching from their supervisors.     

“Apollo Paradigm”: Dilemmas and Solutions of U.S. Human Space-flight

During 2010-2011, the USA cancelled the 5 years old Constellation program, terminated the Space Shuttle program which had lasted for 39 years. These led to a “gap” in America’s independent human spaceflight capacities and profound dilemmas in U.S human spaceflight enterprise. These dilemmas rooted in the “Apollo paradigm” are reflected in the development of U.S. human spaceflight since the Apollo era and are characterized by favoring to large scale technological systems and programs and the presumption that large human spaceflight programs are essential to sustain the political support for civil spaceflight programs. The goals, economic and technological characteristic of the technological programs in the “Apollo paradigm” are inflexible, which leads to the current stalemate in the U.S. human spaceflight enterprise. The sustainable and healthy development of human spaceflight requires getting rid of the “Apollo paradigm”, exploring the “flexible path” and basing the flexibility upon the entire aerospace industry. To fulfill these, we should, on the one hand, transform the methods of government acquisition so as to foster the market of space equipment manufacturing and encourage diversified courses of technological development; on the other hand, we should create technological and market niches for the innovative development of space equipment industry.     

西藏羊八井宇宙线国家科学观测研究站:历程、成就及建议

This paper reviews the establishment of National Cosmic Ray Observatory in Yangbajing Tibet, Asγ experiment (Sino-Japanese Cooperation) with increasing density of detector year by year, and the development history and scientific achievement of ARGO experiment (Sino-Italian Cooperation)which has developed the traditional sampling observation to a full coverage array. This paper introduces the idea of upgrading the present facilities, introducing a veriety of new detectors and building the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO) for interdisciplinary study in the near future. The paper also summarizes the meaning and experience of the observatory from the aspects of the choice of the researching goal, international collaboration, interdisciplinary, professional dedication and the significance of engineering to research. And at last, the paper puts forward some problems and suggestions for the observatory.     

Population Urbanization and Carbon Emission Control: the Construction of an Analysis Framework

Population urbanization is closely related to carbon emission control, but the relationship between them is uncertain. Population urbanization makes carbon emit more greatly, which is the main cause of carbon emission increase. Therefore, population urbanization can also be the “key” to control carbon emission effectively. This article constructs the analysis framework of carbon emission control mechanism in the aspect of population urbanization, and identifies it preliminarily: the development of population urbanization will increase the number and scale of cities; the spatial distribution, the life and the production activities of the urbanized population con-stitute the three city depa rtments-life, traffic and production, which are also the three sources of carbon emission. It is the increase of number and scale of cities, different flow of migration to cities and the changes of the spatial distribution, the life and the production activities of the urbanized population that leads to different carbon emis-sion. This is not only the carbon emission mechanism of population urbanization, but also the clue to the scientific way to promote the low carbon of population urbanization.     

China Economy of Awaiting Urgently Balanced Development: On the Regional Economic Differentiation from the Perspective of Statistical Data

Based on the data of China Statistical Yearbook, this thesis analyzes and compares the economic situation and developmental dynamics of provincial administrative regions. On the basis of the available data, this paper unfolds the national economic situation by the total retail sales of social consuming goods and saving deposits. As the economic situation is largely depends on productivity, the paper further observes the productivity of different regions through local total output value, industrial output value and grain yield. It also observes the production environment from the perspectives of new fixed assets investment on infrastructure, energy consumption, gross import and export commodities, land transportation volume, water transportation volume and passenger cycle. For the convenience of regional comparison, the indicator is acquired by local per capita dividing national per capita. In order to observe the evolution dynamics, all these indicators make use of the data from any available year so as to show the rich information of the systematic regional pattern of the nation’s economy. The above 11 indicators form an eleventh dimensional space, which observes the differences in the degree of development between different regions. It also observes the different structures of different economic entities, which shows the main features of China’s economy in geographical distribution: Southern agriculture region and northern mining region provide the basic resources and cheap labor forces to support the running of coastal industry; while the products of the coastal industrial zone are exported through coastal port cities.     

Capacity Investigation of Local Governments and Policy Suggestions for Capacity Building to Control Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Controlling greenhouse gas emissions is of great significance for speeding up the transformation of economic development pattern, promoting sustainable economic and social development, advancing new industrial revolution. This paper chooses three typical regions at different development stages and with different carbon emission characteristics, namely Dongcheng District in Beijing on behalf of the developed metropolitan central city, Jiyuan City in Henan province on behalf of heavy industry city and Guangyuan City in Sichuan Province on behalf of the less developed cities. The study surveyed the status quo of the three city governments’ capacity building in controlling GHGs emissions. The survey finds that the common point of the three cities is their execu-tive power following “top-level design” to achieve energy-saving targets, while the difference lies in different in-dustrial stage and resource endowments. Based on these survey results, the paper suggests that the governments should enhance capacity building from four aspects including institution and policy, statistical system, performance appraisal and emission reduction measures to control GHGs emission.     

Discussion on GHG Emission Reduction in the Steel Industry

Based on the analysis of carbon emission sources in steel manufacturing process, the status quo and the characteristics of GHG emission in the steel industry are analyzed. It is concluded that CO_{2 is the major greenhouse gas that contributes to greenhouse effect and it is mainly caused by energy consumption. As there are many CO2 emission calculation methods for the steel industry or plants, involving aspects such as direct emission, indirect emission, and credits, it should be noted that it makes little sense to compare CO2 emission indexes from different sources. Based on the estimation of direct CO2 emissions in the steel industry in China from 1991 to 2008, it is indicated that the specific direct CO2 emission per ton steel is de-creased from 3.29t in 1991 to 1.92t in 2008, which shows that energy-saving and emission reduction in the Chinese steel industry has made significant progress. Besides, this paper introduces international develop-ments in low carbon technologies, such as ULCOS, COURSE 50, etc.. Meanwhile, the low-carbon technolo-gies, mainly the secondary energy utilization technologies, and CO2 emission reduction potential during the “Twelfth Five-year Plan” in China are analyzed. This paper predicts that, compared with the specific CO2 emission per ton steel in 2005, the figure in 2015 will be reduced by 104.01kg. Finally, GHG emission re-duction measures and roadmap in Chinese steel industry are put forward, and some policies are suggested.}     

中国快速城镇化过程中的问题及其消解

以统计数据及文献资料为基础,系统分析新中国城镇化历程,认为目前中国仍处于快速城镇化过程中.深入剖析了快速城镇化使城镇发展面临不完全城镇化、服务业发展滞后、城市病及扭曲的城镇建设等问题.在深入分析的基础上,作者提出科学规划是消解城镇发展当前所面临问题的重要手段,并提出:科学规划要加快体制和机制改革,以"常住人口"为基础规...     

Adjustment of Neighboring Countries’ Marine Strategies and Some Thoughts of China’s Countermeasures

Recently, the strategic status of Marine is increasingly standing out, and a “Blue Revolution” aiming at the utilization of marine resources and the development of marine economy has turned up worldwide. Coastal countries around China are enacting and adjusting their marine strategies according to their status quo and pe-ripheral situation. This paper, based on the analysis of marine strategies of Russia, Japan, India, Korea, Vietnam, and Philippine recommends countermeasures for China.     

Some Historical Reflection on the Construction of Liujiaxia Hydropower Station

Liujiaxia Hydropower Station is one of the important hydropower in the upper stream of the Yellow River. It is the first large hydropower station above 1 million kW, designed, constructed and installed by Chinese. The construction started in the 1950s and finished in the 1970s. After completion, the project became the largest hydropower station in China and even in Asia. The design and construction of the project underwent some ups and downs, but was completed successfully eventually. Later on, it was selected as one of “the a hundred classic projects for the 60th anniversary of the founding of New China”. The paper, based on the specific facts of Liujiaxia Hydropower Station, reviews the contribution of Soviet experts to Liujiaxia Hydropower Station, and then reconsiders the influences of “Double Reverse” Movement, the “Great Leap Forward” Movement, “Technological Innovation” Movement and the “Design Revolution” Movement to the construction of Liujiaxia Hydropower Station. Furthermore, it revisits the construction accidents of Liujiaxia Hydropower Station during the “Cultural Revolution” period, and attempts to draw a few lessons in the last. The paper not only affirms the role of Soviet experts in planning, site-choosing and designing of Liujiaxia Hydropower Project, but also points out that in the context of the “anti-rightist”, the Chinese water conservancy departments could supply a more relaxed environment for engineering debate, and Chinese experts stood their ground on the technical issues when disagreeing with the Soviet experts, which led to the Chinese experts’ effec-tive influence on engineering decisions. Besides, under the influence of a series of political movements including the “Double Reverse” Movement, engineering experts had been forced to stand aside, so the construction was de-layed, and the cost increased correspondingly. However, thanks to the sufficient geological survey, core engineer-ing design conforming to the norms, and the effective correction of errors once being discovered, Liujiaxia Hy-dropower Station basically reached the design target.     

中国城镇化的困局与破局——中镇模式的设想与检视

城镇化本质上是人与土地产生新型关系的进程.因此,以何种方式聚集,怎样协调相互发生关系的人与地,便成为城镇化过程中的关键问题.新中国成立以来,中国人民对建立人、地合理配置方式进行了积极的探索,大城市论和小城镇论是其中最具代表性的两种观点.60多年的实践告诉我们,"大"、"小"两种发展模式都没有处理好城镇化进程中人与地、人...     

An Etymological Research on Chinese Terms“Engineering” and “Engineer”

Historically, both Chinese words of “engineering” and “engineer” have rich connotations. Based on a textual research on traditional literatures, this article tries to explain how the modern Chinese term “engineering” directly originated from ancient Chinese terms and inherited the basic connotation from tradition. Moreover, several traditional titles like “Gongshi” and later title “gongchengsi” were used contemporarily with the title “engineer” during the Self-improvement Movement. Nevertheless, the term “gongchegnshi” (Engineer), gradually replaced the traditional titles along with the institutionalization of modern engineering in China.     

Study on Methods of Urban Spatial Renewal Based on Eco-logical Compensation

Based on the influence of urban development and construction on natural environment, this paper proposes the idea of “ecological compensation” from the perspective of the functions of ecosystem services. It also discusses the impacts of urban spatial construction on ecosystem services from the changes of overall spatial landscape pattern, changes in habitats, and destruction of the ecosystem cycle. This paper believes that “ecological compensation” should be reflected in the course of urban spatial renewal. Besides, “ecological compensation” should be realized from the adjustment of landscape pattern, improvement of urban habitats and ecosystem cycle so as to improve the ecosystem services of different elements of urban spaces.