采用纳米技术开发耐火材料

介绍了采用尖端的纳米技术．探索开发出了耐火材料后代——纳米耐火材料，即以纳米颗粒为核心，由耐火材料颗粒、结合剂等构成纳米结构基质。极少量的纳米结构基质的理化性能成为决定整个耐火材料性能的重要因素，不仅能吸收和缓和因热冲击造成的急剧热膨胀和收缩，而且能防止热应力不均匀分布在耐火材料内部。从而提高了耐火材料的耐剥落性、耐蚀性和抗氧化性等性能。     

纳米催化的发展前景和进展情况

介绍了纳米催化技术的发展前景，总结了纳米催化剂的重大进展，并指出了纳米催化亟待解决的问题。     

纳米材料制备方法及应用领域

总结了纳米粉体材料、纳米纤维材料、纳米薄膜材料、纳米块体材料、纳米复合材料和纳米结构的制备方法，综述了纳米材料的性能及其相关的应用领域，展望了纳米科技的未来。     

双酚A甲醛酚醛环氧树脂／纳米SiO2复合材料的形态和性能

采用溶液共混法将纳米SiO2粒子分散到双酚A甲醛酚醛环氧树脂（bis-ANER）与二氧化乙烯基环己烯（VCD）的混合物中，再与固化剂甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐（MHHPA）混合，制备了不同SiO2含量的bis-ANER／VCD／MHHPA／SiO2纳米复合材料。用扫描电镜、透射电镜、材料试验机、冲击试验机、热分析法对其固化产物的断面形态、力学性能和热性能进行了研究。结果表明，纳米SiO2粒子在环氧树脂基体中的分散是均匀的，粒径在30-50nm左右。1．5％（质量分数，下同）的SiO2粒子分散到bis-ANER／VCD/MHHPA中使材料的拉伸、弯曲和冲击强度分别提高了112％、66％和118％，断裂伸长率由1．85％提高到3．37％，玻璃化转变温度提高了5．4℃，热降解温度略有提高，降解起始阶段反应机理与未加SiO2粒子的材料一样，符合一级反应。     

纳米复合涂料到底离我们多远

众所周知，纳米粒子相与有机涂料复合制得的纳米复合涂料常简称为纳米涂料。公认的必要条件是①至少有一相尺寸在100nm以内；②由于纳米相的存在，涂料的性能有显著的改观，或者增添了新的功能。二者缺一不可：     

纳米——纳米技术——纳米塑料

当前，“纳米塑料”已成为塑料高新技术的“热点”。行业内，许多企业对“纳米”产生了浓厚的兴趣，甚至在没有一点“纳米”概念的情况下，盲目地将自己的产品冠以“纳米”的名称，以提高产品的档次和知名度。     

纳米粒子及其在复合材料改性中的应用

介绍了纳米粒子的一些优异特性和表面改性的方法，并详细阐述了纳米粒子充聚合物聚合材料的主要制备方法，研究进展及其良好性能。     

纳米化学品：化学技术的新时代

纳米技术研究的开创可以追溯到40年前，但是近10年已经看到纳米技术在众多学科上留下很大的影响，从化学到生物学，从材料科学到电力工程，科学家正在创造工具，并发挥其专长，使纳米技术走出研究实验室进入商业市场，这仅仅是个时间问题；纳米技术将对我们依赖技术的社会的所有方面产生巨大的影响。     

纳米技术在塑料领域中的应用及研究进展

对纳米技术在塑料领域中的应用作了概述，并列举了国内外的研究进展。     

热喷涂纳米陶瓷涂层研究进展

由于纳米材料独特的表面效应、体积效应及量子尺寸效应，其电学、力学、磁学、光学和等性能产生了惊人的变化，随着纳米材料科学技术的深入发展，倍受关注的将是纳米材料的结构化问题，有可能从纳米材料中获益的是通过热喷涂方法沉积涂层，本文附近来热喷涂纳米陶瓷涂层的研究进展进行了综述，并对其发展和应用前景作了展望。     

微生物燃料电池的研究进展

介绍了微生物燃料电池的工作原理。列举了微生物燃料电池的3个实例模型。概括了微生物燃料电池目前存在的问题和解决方法。展望了微生物燃料电池的应用前景。     

有机/无机杂化光伏电池

介绍了有机/无机杂化光伏电池的工作原理,对无机半导体的种类及杂化方式作了简单介绍,同时叙述了几种用于制备杂化光伏电池的聚合物的设计合成及有机/无机杂化光伏电池的研究现状,最后指出了目前制备有机/无机杂化光伏电池所存在的问题.     

Critical Role for the Protons in FRTL-5 Thyroid Cells: Nuclear Sphingomyelinase Induced-Damage

Proliferating thyroid cells are more sensitive to UV-C radiations than quiescent cells. The effect is mediated by nuclear phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin metabolism. It was demonstrated that proton beams arrest cell growth and stimulate apoptosis but until now there have been no indications in the literature about their possible mechanism of action. Here we studied the effect of protons on FRTL-5 cells in culture. We showed that proton beams stimulate slightly nuclear neutral sphingomyelinase activity and inhibit nuclear sphingomyelin-synthase activity in quiescent cells whereas stimulate strongly nuclear neutral sphingomyelinase activity and do not change nuclear sphingomyelin-synthase activity in proliferating cells. The study of neutral sphingomyelinase/sphingomyelin-synthase ratio, a marker of functional state of the cells, indicated that proton beams induce FRTL-5 cells in a proapoptotic state if the cells are quiescent and in an initial apoptotic state if the cells are proliferating. The changes of cell life are accompanied by a decrease of nuclear sphingomyelin and increase of bax protein.     

Spectral properties of the second-order neurons in the dace retina

Spectral properties of the horizontal cells and the bipolar cells in the dace retina were studied under mesopic and/or photopic conditions. Four types of horizontal cells were identified: two L types (L1 and L2) and two C types (RB and RGB). The L1 cell has its spectral peak at about 590 nm, and the L2 cell peaks at about 630 nm. The wavelength at which a maximum hyperpolarization of the RB cell is produced is around 460 nm, and a subpeak is seen around the green-yellow spectral region. The maximum hyperpolarizing response of the RGB cell appears at 400 nm, and it depolarizes over a wide spectral range (460–660 nm). The high sensitivity to blue light of C-type horizontal cells is most characteristic in the dace. The bipolar cells are classified into two groups, non-color-coded cells and color-coded cells, by the spectral properties of the center response. The non-color-coded cells have broad spectral sensitivities, although the spectral maxima are different in the center and the surround in some cells. It is clear from the spectral response curves that there are no large impingements of blue cones in the non-color-coded bipolar cells as compared with the horizontal cells. Spectral properties of the color-coded cells are not yet fully analyzed.     

Architecture of the Pancreatic Islets and Endocrine Cell Arrangement in the Embryonic Pancreas of the Grass Snake (Natrix natrix L.). Immunocytochemical Studies and 3D Reconstructions

During the early developmental stages of grass snakes, within the differentiating pancreas, cords of endocrine cells are formed. They differentiate into agglomerates of large islets flanked throughout subsequent developmental stages by small groups of endocrine cells forming islets. The islets are located within the cephalic part of the dorsal pancreas. At the end of the embryonic period, the pancreatic islet agglomerates branch off, and as a result of their remodeling, surround the splenic “bulb”. The stage of pancreatic endocrine ring formation is the first step in formation of intrasplenic islets characteristics for the adult specimens of the grass snake. The arrangement of endocrine cells within islets changes during pancreas differentiation. Initially, the core of islets formed from B and D cells is surrounded by a cluster of A cells. Subsequently, A, B, and D endocrine cells are mixed throughout the islets. Before grass snake hatching, A and B endocrine cells are intermingled within the islets, but D cells are arranged centrally. Moreover, the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells are not found within the embryonic pancreas of the grass snake. Variation in the proportions of different cell types, depending on the part of the pancreas, may affect the islet function—a higher proportion of glucagon cells is beneficial for insulin secretion.     

Elektrochemische Energieumwandlung in Brennstoffzellen

Electrochemical energy conversion in fuel cells. With the exception of high temperature fuel cells, fuel cells burn hydrogen fuel exclusively at low temperature giving energy conversion efficiencies of 40 to 60%. Alkaline cells, phosphoric acid cells, and membrane cells operate at low temperatures, whereas molten carbonate cells and zirconium dioxide membrane cells are designed as high temperature cells. The alcaline fuel cell has so far been used only for special purposes, such as space missions and miltary applications. The phosphoric acid cell is suitable for modular heating plant between 0.5 and 5 MW which are fueled with natural gas. It has demonstrated its technical reliability in a large-scale field test in the USA and an economical breakthrough is expected in the next few years. The two high temperature cells face a longer development phase, yet hold promise of better econmic performance thanks to their greater efficiency.     

有机无机杂化太阳能电池研究进展

简要介绍了有机无机杂化太阳能电池的结构及原理,以及激子的产生、分离及电荷的传输过程,综述了基于Cd基化合物纳米晶的杂化电池、Pb基化合物纳米晶的杂化电池以及其它半导体纳米晶的杂化电池的研究进展,并指出它们的优缺点和改进有机无机杂化电池性能的研究方向.     

燃料电池内部温度接触式测试技术进展

温度分布是评估燃料电池性能的一个重要参数,获得燃料电池内部的温度分布对提高电池的性能、改进电池的结构以及电池的模拟有重要的指导意义.介绍了燃料电池温度分布的各种实验测试技术,对接触式温度测试技术在燃料电池内的应用进行了综述,分析并评述了各种测试方法的优缺点以及适用范围.     

Use of polyelectrolyte complex for immobilization of microorganisms

Cells from Escherichia coli (IAM 12119) were immobilized with the polyion complex of trimethylammonium glycol chitosan iodide (TGCI) and potassium poly(vinyl alcohol) sulfate (KPVS). The immobilization was carried out at pH 8 by mixing TGCI with the cell suspension, followed by addition of KPVS. The immobilized cells were characterized by investigating the glucose oxidizing activity. The results obtained indicated that the glucose consumption with immobilized cells is due not only to the cells released from the complex support but also to the entrapped cells which are grown in the complex; therefore, the cells entrapped in the complex have the glucose oxidizing activity. The physicochemical studies on the immobilization mechanism showed that cells are immobilized via two stages: the aggregation of cells with TGCI and the entrapment of the aggregates in the TGCI–KPVS complex. In the aggregation process, a part of TGCI which is added to cell suspension adsorbs on the cells and the other remains in the suspension. In the entrapment process, the remainder forms the polyion complex with KPVS added and the aggregated cells are coprecipitated with the complex.     

Animal cell technology: An overview

The review focuses attention on the different kinds of equipment which are used to grow large quantities of the two types of animal cells; the monolayer or surface-dependent cell and the suspension or surface-independent cell. The methodologies used to obtain reliable performance are described as are some examples of the application of microprocessors to monitor and control operational parameters. The kinds of products which are currently obtained from animal cells are listed and the future potential of genetically engineered animal and prokaryotic cells is discussed.