有机/无机杂化光伏电池

介绍了有机/无机杂化光伏电池的工作原理,对无机半导体的种类及杂化方式作了简单介绍,同时叙述了几种用于制备杂化光伏电池的聚合物的设计合成及有机/无机杂化光伏电池的研究现状,最后指出了目前制备有机/无机杂化光伏电池所存在的问题.     

Sol-Gel纳米无机/有机复合材料的研究进展及其应用

介绍了无机/有机复合纳米杂化材料的主要制备方法Sol-Gel法和用途,综述了Sol-Gel无机/有机复合纳米杂化材料的研究现状以及其最新进展,展望了无机/有机复合纳米杂化材料的发展趋势。     

纳米材料用于改性水处理中的有机-无机杂化膜的研究进展

通过将亲水性的纳米粒子加入有机高分子膜的制备中得到的有机-无机杂化膜结合了无机膜和有机膜的优点,成为膜技术领域的研究热点之一。在制膜过程中引入的纳米粒子主要包括ZrO_2、TiO_2、Al2O3、SiO_2、石墨烯等,主要通过3种不同方法:无机纳米颗粒可直接加入铸膜液、复合纳米粒子改性、纳米粒子前驱体改性制备有机-无机杂化膜。从理论与应用两个角度对有机-无机杂化膜在提高物理和化学稳定性、分离性能,膜亲水性以及抗污染性能等方面进行了阐述,归纳了有机-无机杂化膜在水处理领域的应用效果以及最新研究进展,并针对杂化膜研究提出了一些建议。     

纳米材料用于改性水处理中的有机-无机杂化膜的研究进展

通过将亲水性的纳米粒子加入有机高分子膜的制备中得到的有机-无机杂化膜结合了无机膜和有机膜的优点,成为膜技术领域的研究热点之一。在制膜过程中引入的纳米粒子主要包括ZrO_2、TiO_2、Al2O3、SiO_2、石墨烯等,主要通过3种不同方法:无机纳米颗粒可直接加入铸膜液、复合纳米粒子改性、纳米粒子前驱体改性制备有机-无机杂化膜。从理论与应用两个角度对有机-无机杂化膜在提高物理和化学稳定性、分离性能,膜亲水性以及抗污染性能等方面进行了阐述,归纳了有机-无机杂化膜在水处理领域的应用效果以及最新研究进展,并针对杂化膜研究提出了一些建议。     

纳米粒子表面ATRP修饰及其在生物医学领域中的应用

综述了各种纳米粒子如金属纳米粒子、金属化合物纳米粒子、无机非金属纳米粒子,有机纳米粒子等通过表面修饰引发原子转移自由基聚合而得到各种功能聚合物材料,并对这些杂化材料在生物医学中的应用进行了总结和展望.     

黏土矿物基无机杂化颜料研究进展

近年来,无机杂化颜料成为无机颜料领域的研究热点之一.黏土矿物是储量丰富、廉价且易得的天然纳米物质,因具有独特的纳米片状、棒状和管状结构,成为构筑各种无机杂化颜料的理想基体材料.介绍了黏土矿物的结构特点,综述了黏土矿物基钴蓝、铋黄、铁红和其他色系杂化颜料的研究和应用进展,展望了黏土矿物基无机杂化颜料的未来发展方向.     

黏土矿物基无机杂化颜料研究进展

近年来,无机杂化颜料成为无机颜料领域的研究热点之一。黏土矿物是储量丰富、廉价易得的天然纳米物质,因具有独特的纳米片状、棒状和管状结构,成为构筑各种无机杂化颜料的理想基体材料。本文介绍了黏土矿物的结构特点,综述了黏土矿物基钴蓝、铋黄、铁红和其它色系杂化颜料的研究和应用进展,展望了黏土矿物基无机杂化颜料的未来发展方向。     

有机硅树脂及涂料研究的一些新进展

介绍了环脂基取代、官能基化的新型聚硅氧烷树脂的合成过程及在光固化、脱模、有机-无机纳米复合涂料、氨基-环氧体系涂料中的潜在应用;对硅氧烷-丙烯酸及有机改性剂改性的杂化水分散体的性能表征作了介绍。     

界面细乳液聚合制备有机-无机杂化纳米胶囊

将甲基丙烯酸3-三甲氧基硅丙酯(MPS)引入以小分子烃为模板的苯乙烯细乳液聚合中,制备有机-无机杂化纳米胶囊。MPS由于其水解产物的亲水性及能够水解-缩合反应的特性使得MPS能够同时起界面聚合诱导剂和自由基锚定剂的作用,制备有机-无机杂化纳米胶囊,但囊化率不高。为了强化MPS的诱导和锚定作用,向体系中进一步加入N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)、二乙烯基苯(DVB),可以得到囊化率更高的产品。详细讨论了NIPAM、DVB用量对有机-无机杂化纳米胶囊形态的影响。乳化剂用量以及小分子烃模板含量也是影响胶囊形态的重要因素。     

蒙脱石转化为有机-无机杂化材料后应用的概述

材料化学的最新发展使研究人员能够通过对无机材料的有机改性来获得各种无-有机杂化材料。蒙脱土是一类无机层状化合物,由于其低或无毒,高比表面积,高吸附能力,和层状结构而引起了研究者们长期的注意和研究。研究者通过在蒙脱土的表面进行有机化合物的共价键连接得到有机-无机杂化材料。综述了以改性后的蒙脱土为主体的有机-无机杂化材料在环境污染物的吸附,纳米复合的合成和作为药物载体方面的应用和进展。     

Effect of CdSe quantum dots on the performance of hybrid solar cells based on ZnO nanorod arrays

This paper reports the fabrication and interface modification of hybrid inverted solar cells based on ZnO nanorod arrays and poly (3-hexylthiophene). CdSe quantum dots (QDs) are grafted to the ZnO nanorod array successfully by bifunctional molecule mercaptopropionic acid to enhance the device performance. The power conversion efficiency of the device is increased by 109% from 0.11% to 0.23% under simulated 1 sun AM 1.5 solar illumination at 100 mW/cm² after the modification. The grafting of CdSe QDs effectively enhanced the excition generation and dissociation on the organic/inorganic interface. This work may provide a general method for increasing the efficiency of organic–inorganic hybrid solar cells by interface modification.     

Solid‐state dye‐sensitized and bulk heterojunction solar cells using TiO2 and ZnO nanostructures: recent progress and new concepts at the borderline

In the field of photovoltaic energy conversion, hybrid inorganic/organic devices represent promising alternatives to standard photovoltaic systems in terms of exploiting the specific features of both organic semiconductors and inorganic nanomaterials. Two main categories of hybrid solar cells coexist today, both of which make much use of metal oxide nanostructures based on titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and zinc oxide (ZnO) as electron transporters. These metal oxides are cheap to synthesise, are non‐toxic, are biocompatible and have suitable charge transport properties, all these features being necessary to demonstrate highly efficient solar cells at low cost. Historically, the first hybrid approach developed was the dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC) concept based on a nanostructured porous metal oxide electrode sensitized by a molecular dye. In particular, solid‐state hybrid DSSCs, which reduce the complexity of cell assembly, demonstrate very promising performance today. The second hybrid approach exploits the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) concept, where conjugated polymer/metal oxide interfaces are used to generate photocurrent. In this context, we review the recent progress and new concepts in the field of hybrid solid‐state DSSC and BHJ solar cells based on TiO₂ and ZnO nanostructures, incorporating dyes and conjugated polymers. We point out the specificities in common hybrid device structures and give an overview on new concepts, which couple and exploit the main advantages of both DSSC and BHJ approaches. In particular, we show that there is a trend of convergence between both DSSC and BHJ approaches into mixed concepts at the borderline which may allow in the near future the development of hybrid devices for competitive photovoltaic energy conversion. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

有机薄膜太阳能电池发展探究

本文介绍了有机薄膜太阳能电池的概况、分类及发展趋势,阐述了利用有机、无机材料去制备有机/无机复合材料并应用于有机薄膜太阳能电池的必要性,最后介绍了非晶硅太阳电池的应用市场。     

Hybrid morphology dependence of CdTe:CdSe bulk-heterojunction solar cells

A nanocrystal thin-film solar cell operating on an exciton splitting pattern requires a highly efficient separation of electron-hole pairs and transportation of separated charges. A hybrid bulk-heterojunction (HBH) nanostructure providing a large contact area and interpenetrated charge channels is favorable to an inorganic nanocrystal solar cell with high performance. For this freshly appeared structure, here in this work, we have firstly explored the influence of hybrid morphology on the photovoltaic performance of CdTe:CdSe bulk-heterojunction solar cells with variation in CdSe nanoparticle morphology. Quantum dot (QD) or nanotetrapod (NT)-shaped CdSe nanocrystals have been employed together with CdTe NTs to construct different hybrid structures. The solar cells with the two different hybrid active layers show obvious difference in photovoltaic performance. The hybrid structure with densely packed and continuously interpenetrated two phases generates superior morphological and electrical properties for more efficient inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells, which could be readily realized in the NTs:QDs hybrid. This proved strategy is applicable and promising in designing other highly efficient inorganic hybrid solar cells.     

Conjugated polymers/semiconductor nanocrystals hybrid materials--preparation, electrical transport properties and applications

This critical review discusses specific preparation and characterization methods applied to hybrid materials consisting of π-conjugated polymers (or oligomers) and semiconductor nanocrystals. These materials are of great importance in the quickly growing field of hybrid organic/inorganic electronics since they can serve as active components of photovoltaic cells, light emitting diodes, photodetectors and other devices. The electronic energy levels of the organic and inorganic components of the hybrid can be tuned individually and thin hybrid films can be processed using low cost solution based techniques. However, the interface between the hybrid components and the morphology of the hybrid directly influences the generation, separation and transport of charge carriers and those parameters are not easy to control. Therefore a large variety of different approaches for assembling the building blocks--conjugated polymers and semiconductor nanocrystals--has been developed. They range from their simple blending through various grafting procedures to methods exploiting specific non-covalent interactions between both components, induced by their tailor-made functionalization. In the first part of this review, we discuss the preparation of the building blocks (nanocrystals and polymers) and the strategies for their assembly into hybrid materials' thin films. In the second part, we focus on the charge carriers' generation and their transport within the hybrids. Finally, we summarize the performances of solar cells using conjugated polymer/semiconductor nanocrystals hybrids and give perspectives for future developments.     

The hybrid halide perovskite: Synthesis strategies,fabrications, and modern applications

The organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite has several outstanding properties that are beneficial for optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. Their interesting properties and the use in several modern application, attracted attention of the materials researchers. However, in this review, we describe how hybrid perovskite-based solar cells has become an important renewable source of energy along with historical background and the future of this potential material. We also describe the synthesis and fabrication methods for preparing ultrathin to bulk perovskites and their crystallographic nature of pure and mixed metallic hybrid perovskite system. This review not only focused on properties of hybrid perovskite but also represents the drawback as well as the development and performance in different fields of application.     

Recent Progress of Innovative Perovskite Hybrid Solar Cells

Recently, innovative perovskite hybrid solar cells have attracted great interest in solar cell research fields, such as dye-sensitized solar cells, organic photovoltaics, thin-film solar cells, and silicon solar cells, because their device efficiencies are gradually approaching those of crystalline Si solar cells, and they can be fabricated by cheap low-temperature solution processes. Here, we review the recent progress of innovative perovskite hybrid solar cells. The introduction includes the general concerns about solar cells and why we need innovative solar cells. The second part explains the structure and the material properties of hybrid perovskite materials. We focus on why the hybrid perovskite materials can exhibit excellent solar cell properties, such as high open-circuit voltage. The third part introduces recent progress in innovative perovskite hybrid solar cells, in terms of device architecture and deposition methods for dense perovskite thin films with full surface coverage. The device architecture is important in attaining high power conversion efficiency; the device operating mechanism is dependent on the device structure; and the pinhole-free dense perovskite thin films with full surface coverage are crucial for achieving high efficiency. Finally, we summarize the recent progress in perovskite hybrid solar cells, and the issues to be solved, in the summary and outlook section.     

Solution-processed, nanostructured hybrid solar cells with broad spectral sensitivity and stability

Hybrid organic-inorganic solar cells, as an alternative to all-organic solar cells, have received significant attention for their potential advantages in combining the solution-processability and versatility of organic materials with high charge mobility and environmental stability of inorganic semiconductors. Here we report efficient and air-stable hybrid organic-inorganic solar cells with broad spectral sensitivity based on a low-gap polymer poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']-dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) and spherical CdSe nanoparticles. The solvents used for depositing the hybrid PCPDTBT:CdSe active layer were shown to strongly influence the film morphology, and subsequently the photovoltaic performance of the resulted solar cells. Appropriate post-deposition annealing of the hybrid film was also shown to improve the solar cell efficiency. The inclusion of a thin ZnO nanoparticle layer between the active layer and the metal cathode leads to a significant increase in device efficiency especially at long wavelengths, due to a combination of optical and electronic effects including more optimal light absorption in the active layer and elimination of unwanted hole leakage into the cathode. Overall, maximum power conversion efficiencies up to 3.7 ± 0.2% and spectral sensitivity extending above 800 nm were achieved in such PCPDTBT:CdSe nanosphere hybrid solar cells. Furthermore, the devices with a ZnO nanoparticle layer retained ～70% of the original efficiency after storage under ambient laboratory conditions for over 60 days without any encapsulation.     

Sb2S3太阳能电池的研究进展

Sb₂S₃太阳能电池相比于其他太阳能电池如铜铟镓硒、碲化镉和有机-无机钙钛矿等,具有成本低、无毒性、稳定性高的优点,并且Sb₂S₃材料本身拥有优良的光学性能,如带隙宽度为1.5～2.2eV、光吸收系数高达105cm–1,因此在太阳能转化方面具有良好的应用前景。但目前Sb₂S₃太阳能电池的光电转化效率仍然不高,其最高光电转化效率仅有7.5%,远低于发展成熟的单晶硅太阳能电池、铜铟镓硒、碲化镉太阳能电池。本文简要介绍了Sb₂S₃太阳能电池的工作原理,从光阳极、吸光层Sb₂S₃、空穴传输层3个方面阐述了其发展现状及存在的问题。随后针对限制光电转化效率的因素,阐述了现有的优化电池性能的方法及其研究进展。最后对Sb₂S₃太阳能电池的未来发展方向进行了展望,基于对现有研究分析认为,在未来的研究中需要进一步探索新型的光阳极半导体的种类和结构,研究简单低耗、结晶性良好的Sb₂S₃薄膜的制备方法,研究具有高电子传导率、与Sb₂S₃和对电极接触良好的空穴传输层以及发展高效界面修饰以及金属离子掺杂的方法,以提高Sb₂S₃太阳能电池的性能。