微通道内气液两相流行为研究进展

综述了微通道内的气液两相流行为及传质特性。在微通道内流型一般分为泡状流、弹状流、环状流和弹状-环状流,没有分层流。气液传质效率比常规尺度中的提高了2～3个数量级。讨论了气泡对气液两相流的影响及其生成、生长和聚并规律。介绍了微通道内气液两相流的计算机模拟结果。从实验、理论和数值模拟3个方面对微通道内气液两相流的研究和应用前景进行了展望。     

水平矩形管内气液两相流界面波特性

<正>气液两相流中界面波的存在对传热、传质、阻力特性及稳定性都有很大影响。前人有关界面波的研究大多偏重于两相流中界面波的类型及其转变,而对其特征参数变化规律(如振幅、波长、频率和速度等)的研究则很少。但界面波对气液两相流流动阻力和流动结构影响机理的深入研究必须以了解界面波的各特性参数为前提,同时界面波有关特性参数的深入研究也可为气液两相流的数学理论化提供实验基础。 本文以气、水为工质,系统研究了水平矩形管内气液两相流的界面波特性。根据界面波在时域、幅域内的不同特征区别出了各种类型的波并给出了相应的波形和流型图。着重研究了界面波各特征量随气液两相流量变化的变化规律。     

微通道气液两相流研究进展

介绍了国内外微化工发展背景及发展现状,微通道内气液两相流流动气泡特性和传质特性。微通道中(横向及竖向微通道)气液两相流流型划分主要有泡状流、弹状流、环状流、搅拌流等。气泡形成过程中流体挤压力对气泡表面进行破坏致使分离,表面张力则在整个过程中维持着气泡形状及长度。着重介绍了微通道内气泡形成过程及经验长度计算,比较了不同研究者提出的经验公式中气液相表观速度比和气泡长度的关系,得出气泡长度均随气液相表观速度比的增加而增加,但依据研究者实验条件不同增加趋势也不尽相同。传质方面,研究基本集中在气液相比表面积较大的泡状流、环状流上,而气液表观速度、当量直径、压强等都会影响传质系数。微通道气液两相流虽然在传热、传质方面有很大的应用前景,但仍存在研究手段单一、理论数据不完善等问题,指出在未来的研究中研究者们要扩大领域范围,为传质传热的实际应用提供更可靠的理论依据。     

气泡羽流气液两相流动特性的研究进展

气泡羽流是一种复杂的气液两相流,广泛应用于废水处理、石油加工、环保等工业领域。气泡羽流的流动特性对气液两相间质量、动量传递及工业应用至关重要。本工作总结了理论与实验研究等方面气泡羽流流动特性的研究进展。详细讨论了气泡羽流气液两相流体水力学特性、羽流运动行为的影响因素。根据气含率、气泡直径等水力学参数的预测模型和经验公式,归纳了不同液相物性和结构参数下羽流模型的适用范围,揭示了流动对传质的作用。总结了分层流体中气泡羽流流型变化规律、羽流去分层效果以及引起流型变化的影响因素。阐释了横向流动环境下羽流的偏移行为呈线性变化,该变化与横向流速及表观气速等因素有关。最后讨论了气泡羽流气液两相流动特性研究手段和理论方法的局限性,展望了气泡羽流运动规律多尺度研究的方向。     

弯曲正方形截面微通道内气液两相流流型研究

以空气-水为工质,在不同曲率比下利用高速摄影仪对正方形截面为0.8mm×0.8mm的弯曲微通道进行了气液两相流流动特性实验研究,获得了典型流型毛细泡状流、弹状流、间歇流和环状流,发现了非典型毛细泡状流和少见的波状分层流,并将实验结果与相关文献进行对比,为合理设计微型换热器和微化工混合器的气液流动分布结构、保证微通道内优异的传热传质特性提供理论指导和技术支撑。     

垂直受热通道中气液两相流传热性能的研究

在垂直受热通道中气液两相流的传热是一种从单相流、泡状流、弹状流、搅拌流直至环状流的各种流型的气、液两相复杂传热。本文采用了特制的实验研究设备,以水及其蒸汽为介质,研究了各种流型的传热特性及其影响因素(进料质量流速、热通量以及干度等),探讨了成膜条件,并用J.C.Chen双机理传热模型计算、分析了在不同情况下各机理对传热所起的作用。     

基于丝网探针的螺旋管内气液两相流气泡行为研究

核反应堆蒸汽发生器的传热面由螺旋管束组成。螺旋管的三维螺旋结构使得泡状流和塞状流等气液两相流中的气泡在重力、离心力和浮力等作用下在管道内部呈现不对称的相分布状态,两相滑移速度增大,显著影响换热性能并导致DNB型传热恶化难以预测。实验介质为空气-水,结合自主开发的电导式丝网探针技术并发展先进的数据后处理算法,实现了复杂流场的三维时空重构和离散气泡粒径的精细测量,获得了螺旋管内泡状流和塞状流的截面空泡分布规律。基于研究结果,可根据气泡分布规律对螺旋管道的几何结构进行调整以避免传热恶化,为螺旋管式蒸发器的安全设计提供了基础数据和优化思路。     

基于丝网探针的螺旋管内气液两相流气泡行为研究

核反应堆蒸汽发生器的传热面由螺旋管束组成。螺旋管的三维螺旋结构使得泡状流和塞状流等气液两相流中的气泡在重力、离心力和浮力等作用下在管道内部呈现不对称的相分布状态,两相滑移速度增大,显著影响换热性能并导致DNB型传热恶化难以预测。实验介质为空气-水,结合自主开发的电导式丝网探针技术并发展先进的数据后处理算法,实现了复杂流场的三维时空重构和离散气泡粒径的精细测量,获得了螺旋管内泡状流和塞状流的截面空泡分布规律。基于研究结果,可根据气泡分布规律对螺旋管道的几何结构进行调整以避免传热恶化,为螺旋管式蒸发器的安全设计提供了基础数据和优化思路。     

超声微反应器内气液传质过程的介尺度强化机制

采用CFD方法对超声微反应器内的Taylor气液两相流的传质过程进行了模拟。针对传质过程中主要的介尺度结构,包括气泡表面波、空化声流、液相内的局部浓度,分析了其空间分布和时间演化规律。模拟结果有效捕捉了实验难以观测的液膜区域,并将液膜厚度与气泡表面波振动进行了关联,阐释了气液界面附近的空化声流对传质过程的强化作用。根据超声微反应器内Taylor流的传质特点,分别研究了不同流动和超声条件对液弹内和液膜处传质过程的影响,比较了各局部传质对整体传质效率的贡献。通过分析整体/局部Sherwood数与Peclet数间的关系,研究了超声效应对气液传质速率的影响。分析结果从介尺度角度验证了文献关于超声微反应器传质系数的计算,完善了超声微反应器内气液传质过程的强化理论。     

LDCT及其在气液两相流传热研究中的应用

介绍了极限扩散电流技术(LDCT)的基本原理及其在气液两相流研究中的应用.该技术利用置于电解质溶液中的电极间处于扩散控制的氧化还原反应,直接测得液固传质系数,经三传类比,可获得单相液体与气液两相流传热的特性.由于LDCT电极可制成微小尺度,并可进行瞬时值的测量,故可进行传质与传热局部值与瞬时值的测量,在气液两相流这一复杂系统传递特性的深入研究中,可成为一个十分有用的测试技术.     

预测水平管气-液环状流周向液膜厚度分布的理论模型

针对水平环状流液膜厚度沿周向分布的不对称性 ,用 5组双平行电导探针测量了水平管内气液环状流沿周向的瞬态液膜厚度 ,得到了平均液膜厚度沿周向的分布规律 .分析了液膜向上输送的机理 .为更为准确地预测液膜厚度 ,综合考虑了扰动波抽吸作用机理、气体二次流机理及液滴沉降和携带机理 ;通过量级比较和应力平衡的方法 ,提出了一个预测液膜厚度沿周向分布的理论模型 .数值模拟结果表明预测值与实验测量结果符合较好     

基于独立成分分析的水平管气液两相流分相信息提取

基于独立成分分析(ICA)方法分析水平管气液两相流的电阻成像（ERT）所获取数据,提取水平管气液两相流流动特征,获取分相信息。通过分析比较ICA所得的独立分量以及ERT侧视、俯视成像时间序列和摄像仪记录的流动状态图像,并经过实验表明,对水平管气液两相流中的弹状流、分层流、波状流,电阻层析成像方法结合ICA方法可有效地获取水平管气液两相流流动特征参数,提取的独立分量反映了物理上相互独立的分相的变化情况,具有明确的物理意义;对水平管气液两相流中的塞状/泡状流,ICA方法结合多尺度分析方法可获得更为有效的信息。     

Measuring gas hold-up in gas–liquid/gas–solid–liquid stirred tanks with an electrical resistance tomography linear probe

An electrical resistance tomography (ERT) linear probe was used to measure gas hold-up in a two-phase (gas–liquid) and three phase (gas–solid–liquid) stirred-tank system equipped with a Rushton turbine. The ERT linear probe was chosen rather than the more commonly used ring cage geometry to achieve higher resolution in the axial direction as well as its potential for use on manufacturing plant. Gas-phase distribution was measured as a function of flow regime by varying both impeller speed and gas flow rate. Global and local gas hold-up values were calculated using ERT data by applying Maxwell's equation for conduction through heterogeneous media. The results were compared with correlations, hard-field tomography data, and computational fluid dynamic simulations available in the literature, showing good agreement. This study thus demonstrates the capability of ERT using a linear probe to offer, besides qualitative tomographic images, reliable quantitative data regarding phase distribution in gas–liquid systems.     

Hydrodynamics and liquid phase axial mixing in orifice pipe reactor

Two phase flow in a horizontal pipe, with orifice plates placed at regular intervals as obstructions, was studied for the effect of phase velocities on flow patterns, fractional phase hold-ups, pressure drop and liquid phase axial dispersion. Radioactive technetium-99m (as an aqueous solution of sodium pertechnatate) was used as tracer. A pulse injection technique with two point measurements was employed. Three different orifice diameters were used (8 mm, 16 mm, and 20 mm) in a pipe diameter of 32 mm. The orifice spacing was 500 mm in all cases. Superficial gas (air) velocity was varied over a range from 0.02 m/s to 1.0 m/s and superficial liquid (water) velocity from 0.03 m/s to 0.85 m/s. Different flow patterns under different flow conditions were identified and a generalised flow map is presented. Variations in hold-ups and pressure drop with flow patterns have been explained. Rational correlations have been developed for fractional phase hold-ups and pressure drop. A preliminary comparison of two phase gas-liquid flow in a horizontal pipe with orifice obstructions (to be called orifice pipe reactor), as a gas-liquid contacting device, is made with a conventional bubble column reactor. Recommendations have been made for future work.     

On the prediction of the phase distribution of bubbly flow in a horizontal pipe

Horizontal bubbly flow is widely encountered in various industrial systems because of its ability to provide large interfacial areas for heat and mass transfer. Nonetheless, this particular flow orientation has received less attention when compared to vertical bubbly flow. Owing to the strong influence due to buoyancy, the migration of dispersed bubbles towards the top wall of the horizontal pipe generally causes a highly asymmetrical internal phase distributions, which are not experienced in vertical bubbly flow. In this study, the internal phase distribution of air-water bubbly flow in a long horizontal pipe with an inner diameter of 50.3 mm has been predicted using the population balance model based on direct quadrature method of moments (DQMOM) and multiple-size group (MUSIG) model. The predicted local radial distributions of gas void fraction, liquid velocity and interfacial area concentration have been validated against the experimental data of Kocamustafaogullari and Huang (1994). In general, satisfactory agreements between predicted and measured results were achieved. The numerical results indicated that the gas void fraction and interfacial area concentration have a unique internal structure with a prevailing maximum peak near the top wall of the pipe due to buoyancy effect.     

水平气液两相流管道振动实验研究

在分析水平气液两相流管道振动的典型问题及研究的基础上,利用气液两相流模拟实验装置及PL302双通道数据采集器等测试设备对水平气液两相流管道中的各种振动问题进行测试。并对测得的振动信号进行比较分析,得到上述振动问题的特性及规律,为今后研究该流动状态下的振动特性提供一定依据。     

无泄漏的管壳式换热器壳侧局部含气率的研究

在常温常压下 ,应用电导探针对无泄漏的TEMA -E型管壳式换热器壳侧气液两相流的局部含气率进行了测量 ,研究发现在壳侧错流区折流板的迎流面和背流面附近 ,气液分布有着明显的差异 ,而且两者均不等同于错流区中心区域的气液分布。通过对局部含气率的加权体积积分得到了体积平均含气率 ,并采用马蒂内利参数及全液相佛鲁德数进行关联 ,得到的关联式与实验数据较吻合     

Influence of an orifice on liquid–liquid two phase flow

The present study aims an in depth investigation of liquid–liquid horizontal flow through an orifice. Initial studies have been directed to observe the influence of the orifice plate on the phase distribution of the two liquids in the pipe. The flow patterns have been identified using an optical probe along with photographic technique. The probability density function (PDF) analysis of the random signals obtained from the optical probe has been adopted to quantify the observations. The cross‐correlation function between the probe signals upstream and downstream of the orifice has been estimated to check the repeatability of the phenomenon. The inception of dispersion in the downstream section has been observed to occur in the stratified region of the upstream. The use of an orifice as a homogenizer as well as a feasible flow‐metering device for liquid–liquid flow has been encouraged by experimental results.     

Particle Holdup Profiles in Horizontal Gas‐liquid‐solid Multiphase Flow Pipeline

Sand holdup is one of the most important hydrodynamic parameters that is needed for performance estimation, design, operation and control of oil‐gas‐sand multiphase production and pipeline transportation systems. The performance of oil‐gas‐sand multiphase flow can be reliably evaluated by measuring the sand holdup in such oil‐gas‐sand multiphase production and pipeline transportation systems. In the present work, a local sand holdup has been measured under conditions analogous to the horizontal oil‐gas‐sand three‐phase slug flow in pipelines. Accurate local sand particle holdup measurements were performed by the digital imaging technique. The results revealed the influence of operating conditions such as gas and liquid velocities and sand particle loading on the distribution of the local sand particle holdup in the horizontal air‐water‐sand multiphase slug flow pipe. Explanations for the observed trends are provided, shedding light on the general structures and mechanisms of the distribution of the local sand holdup in a horizontal oil‐gas‐sand three‐phase slug flow. Such information on the horizontal air‐water‐sand three‐phase slug flow mechanisms are essential to advance the mechanistic approach for predicting local sand holdup distribution and the subsequent effect on sand deposition during multiphase petroleum production and transfer operations.     

Sensor‐based flow pattern detection—gas–liquid–liquid upflow through a vertical pipe

Flow distribution during gas–liquid–liquid upflow through a vertical pipe is investigated. The optical probe technique has been adopted for an objective identification of flow patterns. The probability density function (PDF) analysis of the probe signals has been used to identify the range of existence of the different patterns. Dispersed and slug flow have been identified from the nature of the PDF, which is bimodal for slug flow and unimodal for dispersed flow. The water continuous, oil continuous, and emulsion type flow distributions are distinguished on the basis of the PDF moments. The method is particularly useful at high flow rates where visualization techniques fail. Based on this, a flow pattern detection algorithm has been presented. Two different representations of flow pattern maps have been suggested for gas–liquid–liquid three phase flow. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3362–3375, 2014