水平管泡状流相分布特性

<正>气液两相泡状流的主要特征是连续液相中携带散布其中的细小气泡,气泡的存在不仅对气液两相流的传热、传质及阻力特性有很大的影响,而且对两相流动的稳定性也有很大的影响.前人有关泡状流的研究大多偏重于两相流的平均参数,对于两相流局部统计参数如局部空隙率等参数的变化规律是近年来两相流研究的新趋势.对于垂直管内的流动已经积累了相当数量的数据,而同样有广泛应用的水平管内相分布规律还知之甚少.气泡对气液两相流的传热、传质及流动结构影响机理的研究必须以了解相分布及气泡的局部统计参数为前提,同时对相分布特性的深人研究也为气液两相流的数学模型化提供实验依据.本文以空气、水为工质,研究水平管内气液两相流的相分布特性,给出了典型泡状流的时域信号图,研究了相分布随气液两相流量的规律变化,并与前人的有关结果进行了比较.     

基于Taitel-Dukler方法的气液两相流型边界计算软件开发

气液两相流动是多相流动最为常见的类型之一,其现象广泛存在于石油工业的生产之中。气液两相流的流型在很大程度上影响着气液两相流的传热特性和流动特性,同时还影响着两相流系统的运行以及流动特性参数的准确测量。采用Taitel-Dukler方法的流型判别准则应用Java语言开发出流型边界计算软件,并用该软件计算得出的结果绘制流型图。结果表明:管道向下倾斜将会增强流动型态的层状化;当管径变小时,发生流型转变的气液相折算速度也较小。     

气泡羽流气液两相流动特性的研究进展

气泡羽流是一种复杂的气液两相流,广泛应用于废水处理、石油加工、环保等工业领域。气泡羽流的流动特性对气液两相间质量、动量传递及工业应用至关重要。本工作总结了理论与实验研究等方面气泡羽流流动特性的研究进展。详细讨论了气泡羽流气液两相流体水力学特性、羽流运动行为的影响因素。根据气含率、气泡直径等水力学参数的预测模型和经验公式,归纳了不同液相物性和结构参数下羽流模型的适用范围,揭示了流动对传质的作用。总结了分层流体中气泡羽流流型变化规律、羽流去分层效果以及引起流型变化的影响因素。阐释了横向流动环境下羽流的偏移行为呈线性变化,该变化与横向流速及表观气速等因素有关。最后讨论了气泡羽流气液两相流动特性研究手段和理论方法的局限性,展望了气泡羽流运动规律多尺度研究的方向。     

筛孔塔板气液两相流动的速度场模拟

<正>由于气体的搅动,筛孔塔板上的流动是极其复杂的气液两相流。目前两相流理论尚不成熟,未见运用此理论对塔板流速场的研究报道,Zhang和Yu的研究虽考虑了气相对液相流动的影响,但由于利用单相流理论,计算结果与实际情况有较大偏差。本文利用Elghobashi等建立的两相流双流体模型,建立了塔板上气液两相流二维流速场计算模型。在此基础上,通过调整模型参数,考虑了液层高度对塔板上返流区二维流型的影响,建立了模型参数值与液层高度的关系,实现了考虑液层高度影响的二维流动——拟三维流动的模拟。计算结果与Porter的实验结果基本相符。     

垂直管气液两相环状流的界面扰动波速度

在气液两相环状流中,界面波是两相间质量、动量和能量转移的重要载体,对其特性参数（波速、波频和波幅）的研究具有重要意义。首先根据气液两相流界面波分类,对其特征进行了定性描述。针对现有的界面剪切力推导了界面扰动波速度预测模型,考虑了气核中夹带液滴引起的密度增量及气核与液膜表面相对速度的影响,得到了改进的垂直管环状流扰动波速预测模型。针对工业现场工况压力较高现状,设计了基于近红外吸收衰减技术和互相关原理的界面波波速测量传感器,在五种压力（0.2～0.9 MPa） 154个界面波波动速度条件下进行了实验。结果表明,改进后模型预测效果良好,相对误差在±10%左右,在不同系统压力条件下具有一定外推性。     

垂直管气液两相环状流的界面扰动波速度

在气液两相环状流中,界面波是两相间质量、动量和能量转移的重要载体,对其特性参数(波速、波频和波幅)的研究具有重要意义。首先根据气液两相流界面波分类,对其特征进行了定性描述。针对现有的界面剪切力推导了界面扰动波速度预测模型,考虑了气核中夹带液滴引起的密度增量及气核与液膜表面相对速度的影响,得到了改进的垂直管环状流扰动波速预测模型。针对工业现场工况压力较高现状,设计了基于近红外吸收衰减技术和互相关原理的界面波波速测量传感器,在五种压力(0.2~0.9 MPa)154个界面波波动速度条件下进行了实验。结果表明,改进后模型预测效果良好,相对误差在±10%左右,在不同系统压力条件下具有一定外推性。     

管内气液两相流动的绕流圆柱压差-涡轮流量测量

提出了绕流圆柱压差-涡轮联合测量气液两相流的方法,研究了管内气液两相流的绕流圆柱压差-涡轮流量测量特性。以计算机为检测手段,进行了容积含气率分别为0、0.3、0.5、0.8和1.0两相流工况的测量,在分析实验数据的基础上,建立了气液两相流的绕流圆柱压差-涡轮流量测量方程,获得了气液两相流的绕流圆柱压差-涡轮流量测量方程的特性。     

垂直管气液两相环状流界面扰动波频率特性

气液两相环状流的相界面存在扰动波,波动频率是描述环状流界面扰动波特性的关键参数,对环状流的传质传热研究有重要参考价值。利用近红外光的吸收特性,设计了液膜检测装置,采用垂直对射光路设计,并通过置入式导光管屏蔽一侧液膜和气芯夹带液滴,实现了对环状流局部液膜的非接触式检测。在此基础上对界面扰动波进行了频域分析,运用功率谱密度估计,对50 mm管径竖直上升管环状流界面扰动波波动频率进行了定量研究,得到0.1~0.8 MPa不同压强条件下,共70个流动条件的环状流界面扰动波频率值。利用实验结果对现有模型进行验证分析,在此基础上利用Strouhal数描述液相流动条件的影响,利用Froude数描述气相流动条件的影响,建立了预测环状流界面扰动波波动频率的St-Fr模型,经实验数据验证预测的平均绝对误差(MAE)为11.42%。     

管内气液两相流动的绕流圆柱压差-涡轮流量测量

提出了绕流圆柱压差-涡轮联合测量气液两相流的方法,研究了管内气液两相流的绕流圆柱压差-涡轮流量测量特性。以计算机为检测手段,进行了容积含气率分别为0、0.3、0.5、0.8和1.0两相流工况的测量,在分析实验数据的基础上,建立了气液两相流的绕流圆柱压差-涡轮流量测量方程,获得了气液两相流的绕流圆柱压差-涡轮流量测量方程的特性。     

非线性振动下水平通道气液两相流动

将振动装置与气液两相流实验回路相结合,对非线性振动工况下水平通道内气液两相流进行实验研究。重点考察了不同振动参数对流型转换界限及摩擦压降的影响。流型图表明,非线性振动工况和稳态工况下的气液两相流动形式不同,提高振动的频率和幅度会导致流型转换界限发生改变。由实验得到的气液界面分布结果表明,振动频率对相界面波动程度有显著影响,而振动幅度则主要影响截面含气率。最后对比了非线性振动工况下的摩擦压降和经验公式的计算结果,发现两者在数值和分布上均无明显差异,说明稳态下两相流摩擦压降计算公式同样适用于非线性振动工况。     

Computational fluid dynamic simulations on liquid film behaviors at flooding in an inclined pipe☆

The complex liquid film behaviors at flooding in an inclined pipe were investigated with computational fluid dynamic (CFD) approaches. The liquid film behaviors included the dynamic wave characteristics before flooding and the transition of flow pattern when flooding happened. The influences of the surface tension and liquid viscosity were specially analyzed. Comparisons of the calculated velocity at the onset of flooding with the available experimental results showed a good agreement. The calculations verify that the fluctuation frequency and the liquid film thickness are almost unaffected by the superficial gas velocity until the flooding is triggered due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. When flooding triggered at the superficial liquid velocity larger than 0.15 m·s?1, the interfacial wave developed to slug flow, while it developed to entrainment flow when it was smaller than 0.08 m·s?1. The interfacial waves were more easily torn into tiny droplets with smaller surface tension, eventual y evolving into the mist flow. When the liquid viscosity increases, the liquid film has a thicker holdup with more intensive fluctuations, and more likely developed to the slug flow.     

加压气升式内环流反应器流动特性

在连续进料的操作条件下,选用水、氮气等作为实验介质,在Φ600mm?000mm的耐压不锈钢环流反应器内进行了实验。获得了下降环隙以及中心导流筒气含率的实验数据,并根据所获得的实验数据给出了中心导流筒以及下降环隙的关联式。从能量衡算的角度出发,对中心气升式加压环流反应器进行了理论分析,根据能量平衡推导出了连续操作模式下液相循环速度模型。同时根据实验所获得的数据确定了模型参数,通过计算可以发现,循环液速会随空塔气速以及体系压力的增加而增大,但是液相循环速度不会随着这两个操作工况无限制的变化,当体系压力与空塔气速大于某个值之后,液相循环速度的基本趋于平缓     

Analysis of roll wave characteristics under low liquid loading two‐phase flow conditions

An experimental study is conducted using a 0.152‐m ID facility to investigate the wave characteristics of two‐phase stratified wavy flow in horizontal pipelines. The experiments are conducted under low liquid loading condition, which is very commonly observed in wet gas pipelines. The experiments are conducted with water as the liquid phase, and repeated with 51 wt % of monoethylene glycol (MEG) in the aqueous phase to analyze the effects of MEG presence on wave characteristics. The experimental range of this study covers superficial gas velocity, v_Sg, values of 9–23 m/s and superficial liquid velocity, v_SL, values of 0.01–0.02 m/s. Similar test matrices are completed for the cases with and without MEG in the aqueous phase. A conductivity probe system is used to measure the wave characteristics at the liquid–gas interface. These characteristics include the wave celerity, frequency, amplitude, length, and liquid film thickness. The experimental oil–air wave characteristics data of Gawas et al. (Int J Multiphase Flow. 2014;63:93–104) is also used for comparison purposes. The trends in the resulting wave characteristics with respect to input parameters are investigated, for oil, water, or MEG–water mixture as the liquid phase. Common predictive methods for interfacial wave celerity, including shallow water theory, Watson (Proceedings of the 4th International Conference in Multi‐Phase Flows, Nice, France. 1989:495–512), Paras et al. (Int J Multiphase Flow. 1994;20(5):939–956), Al‐Sarkhi et al. (AIChE J. 2012;58(4):1018–1029), and Gawas et al. (Int J Multiphase Flow. 2014;63:93–104) are evaluated in comparison with the experimental data. The results of the wave frequency correlation of Al‐Sarkhi et al. (AIChE J. 2012;58(4):1018–1029) are also compared with the experimental wave frequency data. Lastly, a correlation is developed to predict the relative wave amplitude, as a function of superficial gas Weber number and liquid velocity number. Most of the commonly used two‐phase stratified flow models are developed with the assumption of steady‐state conditions, and neglect the transient wave effects. This study provides valuable experimental results on wave characteristics of stratified wavy flow for different types of liquid phase. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis of the parameters affecting the wave characteristics of stratified wavy flow is presented. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3177–3186, 2017     

油气水三相段塞流与滚动波流型的转变

Compared with gas-liquid two-phase flow,oil-gas-water three-phase flow is much more complex. There is immiscible oil-water,whose interaction and dispersion greatly affects the flow characteristics. The slug flow pattern of oil-gas-water three-phase and its flow pattern transition were studied in a 95 m long,51 mm i. d. horizontal pipe. The oil-gas-water three-phase slug flow pattern could be classified into five sub-flow patterns. The slug flow was W/O or O/W one during its transition to roll wave,which was three-layer flow pattern without mixed-phase on the interface. An even larger superficial gas velocity was needed for the transition boundary of slug flow and roll wave flow when the superficial liquid velocity is large. Besides,the region of roll wave flow pattern became smaller. The above-mentioned transition only happened when the water cut of liquid was between 30% and 70%. At the same superficial liquid velocity,there appeared a minimum superficial gas velocity corresponding to the transition of flow pattern when the water cut of liquid was between 40% and 50%.     

小型气-液-固流化床液相的停留时间分布

采用脉冲示踪技术,研究了3 mm床径的小型气-液-固流化床内液相停留时间分布。以KCl为示踪剂,液相为去离子水,气相为空气,固相为平均粒径0.123~0.222 mm的玻璃微珠和氧化铝颗粒,测量流化床出口液相的电导率,得到其停留时间分布曲线。结果表明,增大表观液速和表观气速,分布曲线变窄,平均停留时间缩短,Peclet数增大;固相的存在使液相的平均停留时间增长。表观液速1.96~15.70 mm×s^-1,表观气速1.18~1.96 mm×s^-1的条件下,流动接近层流;平均停留时间的范围为（19.6±0.34）s~（48.0±0.92）s,建立的Pe经验关联式对实验结果有较好的预测,偏差在±25%以内。研究结果对于小型三相流化床的设计放大具有指导意义。     

T型微通道内弹状流流动特性

以空气为气相介质和不同表面张力的液体(纯水、0.01%SDS溶液、0.50%SDS溶液、乙醇)为液相介质,对矩形截面为100μm×800μm的T型微通道内的气液弹状流进行了相分离可视化实验。实验结果表明:气相表观速度一定时,液相采出分率随着液体表观速度的增加而减小;液体表观速度一定时,气体表观速度变化对液相采出分率影响不大;两相的表观速度一定时,液相采出分率随着液体的表面张力降低而减小。另外,将所得的相分离实验数据与其他管径尺寸的数据进行比较,发现不同尺寸T型通道内弹状流相分离特性比较相似。     

Gas-liquid flow mass transfer in a T-shape microreactor stimulated with 1.7 MHz ultrasound waves

This paper describes the application of ultrasound waves on hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics in the gas-liquid flow in a T-shape microreactor with a diameter of 800 μm.A 1.7 MHz piezoelectric transducer (PZT) was employed to induce the vibration in this microreactor.Liquid side volumetric mass transfer coefficients were measured by physical and chemical methods of CO2 absorption into water and NaOH solution.The approach of absorption of CO2 into a 1 mol· L-1 NaOH solution was used for analysis of interfacial areas.With the help of a photography system,the fluid flow patterns inside the microreactor were analyzed.The effects of superficial liquid velocity,initial concentration of NaOH,superficial CO2 gas velocity and length of microreactor on the mass transfer rate were investigated.The comparison between sonicated and plain microreactors (microreactor with and without ultrasound) shows that the ultrasound wave irradiation has a significant effect on kLa and interfacial area at various operational conditions.For the microreactor length of 12 cm,ultrasound waves improved kLa and interfacial area about 21％ and 22％,respectively.From this study,it can be concluded that ultrasound wave irradiation in microreactor has a great effect on the mass transfer rate.This study suggests a new enhancement technique to establish high interfacial area and kLa in microreactors.     

基于径向力平衡的鼓泡塔二维流体力学模型

提出了一种鼓泡塔二维轴对称流体力学模型,模型中将气泡所受的升力以及湍动扩散力作为形成塔内气含率稳定分布的主要机制.采用Fluent 6.3流体力学软件求解模型,能得到稳定的二维流场,气含率与液速分布与实验值吻合良好,模型能准确反映表观气速(0.12～0.62 m·s^-1)以及塔径(ø200 mm、ø500 mm、ø800 mm)对流型的影响.利用该模型对更大直径鼓泡塔的流动参数进行了预测,结果与文献给出的经验关联式相符.     

基于图像纹理分析的两相流流型时空演化特性

为了研究气液两相流流动结构时空演化特征,在水流量为0.02~0.4 m·s^-1及气流量为0.005~2.7 m·s^-1 的流动范围内,对垂直及倾斜30°上升的气液两相管流中的七种典型流型采集了动态图像信息。在流型图像特征分析中采用了灰度共生矩阵法对图像局部邻域内的二维信息进行量化表征,提取了六种反映不同流型动态图像纹理结构的时变特征参数,对流型生长过程中流动结构变化进行了分析。研究结果表明：流型图像纹理结构特征动态参数演化趋势刻画了不同流型流动结构差异及动力学复杂性,该分析方法有助于理解气液两相流流动结构时空演化特征,也是气液两相流流型辨识的有效手段。