草酸二甲酯加氢制乙二醇Cu/SiO_2催化剂失活研究

采用沉积-沉淀法制备Cu/SiO_2催化剂,研究Cu/SiO_2催化剂在草酸二甲酯制乙二醇反应中的活性及稳定性。采用XRD、TG、SEM和EDS等对催化剂进行表征,分析催化剂的失活原因。结果表明,催化剂表面积炭和活性组分铜的烧结是造成催化剂失活的主要原因。在高空速1.5 h~(-1)下,对催化剂进行寿命考察,结果表明,运行350 h,草酸二甲酯转化率维持95%以上,乙二醇选择性下降至约60%。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备草酸二甲酯加氢Cu/SiO2催化剂及性能

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备草酸二甲酯加氢合成乙二醇的Cu/SiO₂催化剂,并考察老化时间对Cu/SiO₂催化剂活性与结构的影响。用N2物理吸附、XRD、FT-IR和H₂-TPR等技术对Cu/SiO₂催化剂性能与结构进行表征。结果表明,溶胶-凝胶法制备的Cu/SiO₂催化剂中有层状硅酸铜形成,铜物种均匀分布在载体SiO₂上,易被还原,活性较高。合理的老化时间可抑制SiO₂对催化剂表面活性位的包覆,提高活性。在200 ℃、2.0 MPa、氢酯物质的量比60∶1、草酸二甲酯空速1.0 h^-1和老化时间1.5 h的条件下,草酸二甲酯转化率达99.51%,乙二醇选择性93.60%。
     

三相搅拌反应釜中合成气直接合成二甲醚

引　言二甲醚可替代氟里昂作制冷剂和喷射剂 ,减少对大气的污染 ;可作民用燃料 ,提高热值 ;可代替柴油 ,作柴油发动机燃料 ;可作汽车燃料 ,提高发动机的动力性能 ;可作为优良的溶剂和泡沫塑料的发泡剂 ;可生产Ｎ ,Ｎ -二甲基苯胺、乙酸甲酯等化工产品[1～ 4 ] .最早的二甲醚产品是从高压合成甲醇的副产品中分离回收得到 ,随着新型低压甲醇合成催化剂的开发 ,甲醇的选择性提高 ,这种方法已被淘汰 .目前二甲醚的工业生产主要是二步法 ,即合成气在铜基催化剂上生成甲醇 ,甲醇在分子筛催化剂上脱水生成二甲醚[5] .由于路线长 ,设备投资高 ,开发…     

Cu/SiO2催化剂上草酸二甲酯加氢反应的研究

对草酸二甲酯气相催化加氢反应体系进行了热力学分析和实验研究,考查了Cu／SiO2催化剂的最佳活化温度,对影响产物组成的因素和分布规律进行了讨论。结果表明,催化剂的适宜还原温度为523～623K;低氢酯比低压和高溶剂比有利于乙醇酸甲酯的生成;提高氢酯比或反应压力可以提高乙二醇的选择性,氢酯比和反应压力的适宜组合均能得到较好的草酸二甲酯转化率和乙二醇选择性。产物组成随草酸二甲酯转化率增加呈一定的变化规律,可根据市场需求调整产物结构,获得最佳的经济效益。     

焙烧温度对MgO修饰Cu/ZnO催化剂结构及催化草酸二甲酯加氢反应研究

采用共沉淀法制备了系列掺杂Mg2+离子的Cu-Mg/ZnO[n(Cu)∶n(Zn)=5∶4]催化剂,并用N2吸附-脱附、XRD和H2-TPR等对催化剂进行表征,考察焙烧温度对催化剂结构及其催化草酸二甲酯加氢反应性能的影响。结果表明,经350℃焙烧所得Cu-Mg/ZnO-c350催化剂具有较大的比表面积,发达的介孔结构,较高的Cu物种分散性和较多的表面Cu0活性位;而较高的焙烧温度导致催化剂中纳米粒子聚集烧结,降低催化剂比表面积、孔径尺度和表面Cu0活性物种数量。适宜反应条件,Cu-Mg/ZnO-c350催化剂催化草酸二甲酯气相加氢反应转化率为100%,乙二醇收率为95%。此外,较强的金属-载体作用力抑制铜活性物种的抗烧结能力,赋予其优异的稳定性。     

三相床中合成气一步法制二甲醚

在反应温度 2 30～ 2 70℃、压力 2～ 5MPa下 ,以医药用石蜡油为惰性液相介质 ,使用C30 2铜基催化剂和CM - 3- 1改性分子筛组成的复合催化剂 ,在三相搅拌釜中研究了合成气 (CO、CO2 、H2 )一步法合成二甲醚的反应。结果表明随着温度的升高 ,碳的转化率增加 ,二甲醚的选择性提高 ,甲醇的选择性降低 ;随着压力的增加 ,碳的转化率升高 ,二甲醚的选择性提高 ,甲醇的选择性降低     

One-step conversion of syngas to light olefins over bifunctional metal-zeolite catalyst

Light olefins(C_2–C_4) are fundamental building blocks for the manufacture of polymers, chemical intermediates,and solvents. In this work, we realized a composite catalyst, comprising Mn_xZr _yoxides and SAPO-34 zeolite,which can convert syngas(CO + H_2) into light olefins. Mn_xZr_yoxide catalysts with different Mn/Zr molar ratios were facilely prepared using the coprecipitation method prior to physical mixing with SAPO-34 zeolite. The redox properties, surface morphology, electronic state, crystal structure, and chemical elemental composition of the catalysts were examined using H_2-TPR, SEM, XPS, XRD, and EDS techniques, respectively. Tandem reactions involved activation of CO and subsequent hydrogenation over the metal oxide catalyst, producing methanol and dimethyl ether as the main reaction intermediates, which then migrated onto SAPO-34 zeolite for light olefins synthesis. Effects of temperature, pressure and reactant gas flow rate on CO conversion and light olefins selectivity were investigated in detail. The Mn_1Zr_2/SAPO-34 catalyst(Mn/Zr ratio of 1:2) attained a CO conversion of 10.8% and light olefins selectivity of 60.7%, at an optimized temperature, pressure and GHSV of 380 °C, 3MPa and 3000 h~(-1) respectively. These findings open avenues to exploit other metal oxides with CO activation capabilities for a more efficient syngas conversion and product selectivity.     

草酸二甲酯加氢制乙二醇Cu/SiO2催化剂的制备与改性

采用均匀沉淀沉积法制备Cu/SiO₂催化剂。考察了Cu²⁺浓度、洗涤条件及铜与硅物质的量比等的影响,并通过BET和XRD等表征手段研究分析,结果表明,前驱体制备过程及条件对催化剂结构和活性有较大影响。低Cu²⁺浓度、醇洗干燥均有利于形成大孔径高活性的催化剂。铜与硅物质的量比对反应活性的影响较大,存在一个最佳值,在0.4时活性最高。最优条件下制得的催化剂用于草酸二甲酯加氢制乙二醇,在反应温度205 ℃、压力2 MPa、n(H₂) ∶n(DMO)=80和空速1.0 h^-1条件下,草酸二甲酯的转化率为100%,乙二醇选择性为99.1%,乙醇酸甲酯选择性为0.9%,无其他副产物生成。     

二氧化碳催化加氢合成二甲醚的研究

以自然界广泛存在的二氧化碳为原料，催化加氢制甲醇和二甲醚具有重要的经济价值。采用CNJ202工业合成甲醇催化剂和HZSM-5沸石分子筛为原料制得二氧化碳加氢一步法合成甲醇及二甲醚双功能催化剂。测试结果表明，在实验条件下，该催化剂合适的配比是HZSM-5/ CNJ202=0.5（wt），焙烧温度550℃。还原条件是在以N₂为载气，2% H₂气氛中，于250℃、常压下还原6小时，催化剂粒度和一定变化的操作空速对二甲醚选择性无明显影响，提高反应温度有利于增大二甲醚的选择性。     

镁铝复合氧化物负载NaAlO2催化剂制备及其催化性能研究

以恒定pH共沉淀法制备的镁铝水滑石为前驱体,NaAlO₂为活性组分,在一定温度下焙烧得到镁铝复合金属氧化物负载铝酸钠催化剂。利用XRD、SEM、BET、CO₂-TPD、DSC-TG等手段对催化剂进行表征,发现通过高温焙烧可实现铝酸钠在镁铝复合金属氧化物表面的稳定分散。该催化剂可在温和反应条件下催化碳酸乙烯酯和甲醇酯交换反应合成碳酸二甲酯（DMC）和乙二醇（EG）,表现出高催化活性及对产物的高选择性。在醇酯物质的量比为10∶1、4 h、65 ℃条件下,DMC收率为74.8%,对DMC和EG的选择性均为100%。循环实验过程中,催化剂表现出较好的稳定性,使用5次后催化活性未见明显下降。该催化剂制备方法简单、成本低,催化剂易与产物分离,可多次重复使用,是一种低温高活性酯交换固体碱催化剂,具有一定的工业应用前景。     

Effect of alkyl nitrite decomposition on catalytic performance of CO coupling reaction over supported palladium catalyst

The syntheses of dimethyl oxalate (DMO) and diethyl oxalate (DEO) by CO coupling reaction in gaseous phase were investigated in a fixed bed reactor over Pd-Fe/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The catalytic performance was characterized by CO conversion, space-time yield (STY) and selectivity of DMO (or DEO). The results showed that over Pd-Fe/Al₂O₃ catalyst, the STY of DMO was higher than that of DEO under the same reaction conditions. The optimum reaction temperatures for synthesizing DMO and DEO were 403 K and 393 K, respectively, at the molar ratio 1 ∶ 1 of alkyl nitrite to CO. The difference in synthesizing DMO and DEO on the same catalyst was attributed to the decomposition performances of methyl nitrite (MN) and ethyl nitrite (EN), as density functional theory (DFT) calculation showed that EN decomposed more easily than MN.     

焙烧温度对草酸二甲酯加氢制乙二醇催化剂Cu/SiO_2的影响

采用沉淀沉积法制备含铜质量分数30%Cu/SiO_2催化剂。考察焙烧温度对催化剂孔结构和活性的影响,并通过BET和XRD进行表征分析,结果表明,400℃焙烧的催化剂有最大的比表面积,XRD表征探测到其表面有较多的Cu~+,说明大的比表面积有利于活性组分Cu~+的高度分散,活性较高,在温度205℃、压力2.0 MPa和空速1.00 h~(-1)的条件下,草酸二甲酯转化率达100%,乙二醇选择性达98.67%。     

Cu-MCM-41催化剂的制备及在草酸酯加氢制乙二醇催化性能

采用蒸氨沉淀法制备了Cu-MCM-41分子筛催化剂,并采用BET、TEM、XRD和TPR等表征手段对该催化剂进行了表征。表征结果说明所研制催化剂具有规整有序的介孔结构并且活性组分铜得到了良好的分散。通过对该催化剂在草酸二甲酯（DMO）加氢制乙二醇反应中反应性能的研究发现,反应温度、反应压力、氢酯比和液时空速等工艺参数均对催化活性产生重要影响。结果表明,Cu-MCM-41催化剂在反应温度473 K,反应压力2.5 MPa,n(氢)∶n(酯)为80～100时表现出最佳的加氢反应性能,液时空速在2.0 h^-1时,DMO仍然可以完全转化并且乙二醇（EG）选择性达到98%以上。     

Pt-Promoted Cu/SBA-15 Catalysts with Excellent Performance for Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Dimethyl Oxalate to Ethylene Glycol

Cu/SBA-15 catalysts containing a small amount of Pt (Cu–Pt/SBA-15) were prepared by sequential adsorption–reduction method and examined for chemoselective hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate (DMO) to ethylene glycol (EG). The Cu–Pt/SBA-15 catalyst with an optimal Cu/Pt atomic ratio of 10 showed a DMO conversion close to 100 % with a 98 % selectivity to EG at a temperature as low as 463 K. The results showed that the best Cu–Pt/SBA-15 enhanced the space time yield of EG by about 1.47 times compared with Cu/SBA-15. The introduction of Pt with stronger ability for H₂ adsorption and activation substantially enhanced the reducibility of the Cu²⁺ species and further promoted the chemisorption capacity of H₂. After reduction, a portion of Cu was alloyed with Pt, which was beneficial for the generation and stabilization of a balanced Cu⁺/Cu⁰ ratio during the hydrogenation process.     

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis with promoted iron catalyst: Reaction pathways for acetic acid, glycol, 2-ethoxyethanol and 1,2-diethoxyethane

Reaction pathways for oxygenates, acetic acid, ethylene glycol (EG), 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EE) and 1,2-diethoxyethane (1,2-DEE) added during Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) over a doubly promoted fused iron catalysts were studied. The addition of acetic acid, EG and 2-EE affected only slightly the CO conversion but resulted in a significant reduction in H₂ conversion while addition of 1,2-DEE results in slight increase in both H₂ and CO conversion. Addition of these oxygenates caused a large decrease in the alkene ratio for C₂ hydrocarbons as compared to an increase for the C₃ and C₄ hydrocarbons suggesting a direct formation pathway of ethane from added oxygenate molecules. The 1-alkene/2-alkene fraction was found to increase significantly when these oxygenates were added and then return to the original value once the addition is terminated, indicating inhibition of secondary reactions of 1-alkene by added oxygenates. Added acetic acid reversibly increased the CO₂ production rate while EG, 2-EE and 1,2-DEE reversibly decreased the CO₂ selectivity. Addition of these oxygenates reduced the production rate of methane. Addition of acetic acid and 1,2-DEE decreased methanol selectivity significantly while added EG results in a significant increase in methanol production. In the case of 2-EE addition, methanol selectivity was nearly constant. Reaction of acetic acid during FTS was found to produce products such as ethyl butanoate, ethylene glycol and its ether, 1,2-diethoxyethane, which are not generally observed in the normal FTS product spectrum. Addition of EG results in a significant increase in the production rate of 1,2-DEE only and no measurable amount of 2-EE was found. While addition of 2-EE caused a significant increase in the production rate of glycol, the addition of 1,2-DEE indicated a significant increase in 2-EE production rate without any measurable change in EG selectivity. The results suggest that acetic acid undergoes some CC bond rupture while 2-EE and 1,2-DEE undergoes cleavage of the ether linkage (COC bond). On the contrary, EG undergoes fast and equally probable COC chain growth in both terminal positions. The results indicate that neither of these oxygenates is a significant intermediate in FTS with an iron catalyst. Product distribution in most of the oxygenate compounds are consistent with hydrogenation of the added oxygenate to acetaldehyde and/or ethanol as primary products followed by secondary reaction of these two primary oxygenate products.     

RK-05低压甲醇催化剂在焦炉气制甲醇中的应用

介绍了RK-05型低压甲醇催化剂在焦炉气制甲醇装置上的升温还原及使用情况。结果显示,该催化剂在低温区(210℃～225℃)表现出较好的催化活性;在催化剂进入稳定期后,甲醇产量稳定,总碳平均利用率为95.5%,粗醇中副产物乙醇质量分数小于230×10-6。     

浆态床中二氧化碳加氢合成甲醇

研究了浆态床中自行开发的LP201甲醇合成催化剂上二氧化碳加氢合成甲醇的过程。探讨了不同操作条件,如温度、压力、气体空速、原料气配比等对反应的影响;考察了该催化剂在浆态床二氧化碳加氢合成甲醇过程中的稳定性。实验结果表明,浆态床二氧化碳加氢合成甲醇过程中主要产物为甲醇、CO和水;随温度的增加,CO2的转化率和甲醇产率呈现上升的趋势,但甲醇的选择性明显下降;压力的升高有利于CO2的转化率、甲醇产率以及甲醇的选择性提高;原料气空速的提高会增大甲醇产率,但同时降低CO2的转化率以及甲醇的选择性;CO2的转化率、甲醇收率以及甲醇的选择性在氢碳摩尔比4～5获得极大值。LP201催化剂的寿命考察结果表明,该催化剂具有较好的催化活性和稳定性。     

高效稳定的铜镍催化剂在草酸二甲酯加氢中的应用

为了探索高效、稳定的草酸二甲酯（DMO）加氢制乙醇酸甲酯（MG）催化剂,采用水热合成法制备Cu-Ni/SiO₂催化剂,探索了不同Cu：Ni摩尔比对于催化剂活性的影响。通过XRD、TEM和XPS等表征,结果表明：利用二氧化硅微球作载体,铜镍物种的分散更加均匀。并且调变不同的Cu：Ni摩尔比,对Cu⁺在催化剂中的比例有一定的影响,从而影响乙醇酸甲酯的收率。在氢酯比为150、反应压力2 MPa、反应温度200℃和液时空速为0.5 h^-1的反应条件下,Cu：Ni摩尔比为1：1时的催化剂Cu₁Ni₁/SiO₂表现出了最好的催化性能,草酸二甲酯的转化率达到90%,乙醇酸甲酯的选择性达到了80%,催化剂能稳定运行100 h。上述结果可为研制催化活性高、选择性强、寿命长、易于生产乙醇酸甲酯的催化剂提供一定的参考。     

Hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate to ethylene glycol on a Cu/SiO2/cordierite monolithic catalyst: Enhanced internal mass transfer and stability

The design and application of a Cu/SiO₂‐based monolithic catalyst for hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate (DMO) to ethylene glycol (EG) is presented. The catalyst was dip‐coated on cordierite with highly dispersed Cu/SiO₂ slurry prepared by ammonia evaporation method. This structure guarantees high dispersion of copper species within the mesopores of silica matrix in the form of copper phyllosilicate. The catalyst is low cost, stable, and exhibits high activity in the reaction of hydrogenation of DMO, achieving a 100% conversion of DMO and more than 95% selectivity to EG. Notably, STY_EG over the monolith is significantly enhanced compared to the packed bed Cu/SiO₂ catalysts in both forms of pellet and cylinder. It is primarily due to the relatively short diffusive pathway of the thin wash‐coat layer and high efficiency of the active phase derived from the monolithic catalyst. Theoretical results indicated that the internal mass transfer is dominated on the catalysts of pellet and cylinders. Moreover, the monolithic catalyst possessed excellent thermal stability compared to the pellet catalyst, which is attributed to the regular channel structure, uniform distribution of flow. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

草酸二甲酯加氢合成乙二醇Cu/SiO_2催化剂的稳定性试验研究

合成气经草酸二甲酯加氢制乙二醇技术在工业应用过程中存在一些技术难题,其中草酸二甲酯加氢制乙二醇催化剂的稳定性是制约该技术发展的瓶颈。以Cu/SiO_2草酸二甲酯加氢催化剂A为研究对象,通过2 600 h的稳定性实验研究,考察反应温度对草酸二甲酯转化率、乙二醇选择性以及产物中乙醇酸甲酯含量的影响,为合成气经草酸二甲酯制乙二醇技术的工业应用优化提供重要的技术支持。结果表明,当反应压力2.8 MPa、空速(0.3~0.5)h-1、氢酯物质的量比120~140和反应温度216℃时,草酸二甲酯转化率近100%,乙二醇选择性大于95.0%,产物中乙醇酸甲酯质量分数小于0.5%,Cu/SiO_2催化剂A稳定性较好。