连续进出料鼓泡流化床颗粒停留时间分布

针对双流化床气化或双床热解气化工艺中鼓泡床反应器的设计,采用脉冲法研究了Geldart B类固体颗粒在连续颗粒进料和出料的矩形流化床内的停留时间分布(RTD),考察了气速、床料高度、粒径、物料流率等操作参数对RTD的影响. 结果表明,物料流率、床料高度、粒径是影响颗粒RTD的主要因素,而气速则是次要因素. 随物料流率和粒径增加,鼓泡床内颗粒流动向平推流靠近;随床料高度增加,物料在床内的混合更加充分,颗粒流动向全混流靠近. 根据实验结果,推荐采用比理想平推流时间低9%~18%计算平均颗粒停留时间.     

提升管与双流化床耦合的全循环气固流动模拟

多床耦合装置可实现不同的化学反应过程和温度匹配,为了理解多床的调节特性和稳定运行范围,采用数值模拟对提升管耦合双流化床的气固流动行为进行了研究。固体循环流率通过上下2个L阀充气进行控制,并且上L阀和下L阀充气量匹配才能保证装置的稳定运行。模拟了多组操作工况,发现稳定运行范围内上L阀和下L阀充气量呈线性匹配关系,固体循环流率也与L阀充气量线性相关,最高达到了564 kg/(m~2·s)。当下L阀充气增大到一定值时,气体会沿下立管上升产生明显气泡,而随着上L阀充气量的提高,上立管中的物料堆积高度明显下降。对各部件压降分析表明,在不同工况条件时下L阀、提升管、上斜管的压降变化较大,而其余部件的压降变化较小。     

循环流化床U型回料阀的特性

实验对循环流化床物料回送系统的关键部件——U型回料阀的工作特性进行了研究,具体研究了系统中循环流率与主床流化风速和松动风量的关系,以及通过改变U型阀横段开口尺寸,研究横段结构特征对U型阀返料特性的影响。当主床流化风速不变时,随着松动风量的增加,循环流率先线性增大,然后基本保持恒定;当松动风量一定时,系统的最大循环流率与主床流化风速基本为线性关系;实验中得出最佳孔口面积约为料腿截面面积的25%。     

循环流化床U型回料阀的特性

实验对循环流化床物料回送系统的关键部件——U型回料阀的工作特性进行了研究，具体研究了系统中循环流率与主床流化风速和松动风量的关系，以及通过改变U型阀横段开口尺寸，研究横段结构特征对U型阀返料特性的影响。当主床流化风速不变时，随着松动风量的增加，循环流率先线性增大，然后基本保持恒定；当松动风量一定时，系统的最大循环流率与主床流化风速基本为线性关系；实验中得出最佳孔口面积约为料腿截面面积的25%。     

双流化床反应器间气体泄漏规律的数值模拟

建立了描述双流化床化学链燃烧反应器内气固两相流动的数学模型,采用计算流体动力学方法,模拟考察了提升管和鼓泡床相耦合的双流化床内不同单元之间气体泄漏产生原因和影响因素。化学链燃烧系统压力平衡的分析结果表明,反应器间的气体泄漏主要发生在溢流装置和鼓泡床之间;增大溢流装置表观气速,气体泄漏增大,而增大提升管或鼓泡床表观气速时,气体泄漏会随之减小;化学链燃烧系统内颗粒总藏量增加时,气体泄漏会减小;颗粒粒径减小后反应器之间气体泄漏降低。其研究结果对其他循环流化床反应器的设计与工程放大也有一定的借鉴作用。     

循环型高通量输送床的建立与控制

密相输送床气化和双流化床气化是基于循环型流化床反应器发展起来的两种新型煤和生物质气化技术,根据这两种技术对流动的要求,提出了在循环流化床的下行床底部耦合一段移动床,为输送床内的流动提供足够高的驱动压力而提高颗粒循环量的技术思想。在根据该思想而建立的直径90 mm的输送床实验装置上的实验研究表明,利用所提出的床型构造可在表观气速9.6 m•s^-1下实现400 kg•m^-2•s^-1的颗粒循环量。输送床的一次风速和移动床松动风速是影响颗粒循环量和输送床内颗粒浓度的主要因素,但循环量随输送床一次风速的增大而增加的走势弱于普通循环流化床。移动床松动风速在小于颗粒最小流化速度的范围内轻微变动即可显著改变颗粒循环量和输送床内颗粒浓度。在保持输送床总气速不变的前提下,通过二次风可在40%的比例范围内调节颗粒循环量,且调节作用随二次风位置的增高而减弱。     

双流化床生物质气化炉研究进展

生物质是重要的清洁可再生能源,双流化床生物质气化技术是将低品位的生物质能转化成高品位氢能的重要途径。本文阐明了双流化床气化过程的基本原理,从燃气中氢气浓度、焦油含量和装置热效率等角度,介绍了双流化床生物质气化技术的早期探索和发展现状,对目前几种典型双流化床生物质气化炉的炉型设计及相关试验研究进行了分析和总结。指出内循环双流化床气化炉结构虽然简单紧凑,但是难以避免气化室和燃烧室之间的气体串混问题;而外循环流化床通过外置返料器很好地解决了气体串混问题。分析了不同气化室优化设计方案对提升燃气品质的理论依据及其优缺点。最后对双流化床生物质气化技术的发展进行了总结和展望,指出双流化床生物质气化制氢具有非常广阔的工业化应用和发展前景。     

煤燃烧解耦双流化床气化反应基础研究

为确定燃烧解耦双流化床气化的气化反应条件和气化反应器的设计,在直径60 mm和高700 mm的小型流化床反应器中,采用粒径8 mm以下的锅炉烟煤以间歇气化方式在1 133 K的条件下,研究了进料方式、气化剂中水蒸汽和O2含量、以及煤料粒径等因素对煤气化生成燃气反应过程的影响,重点考察了各因素对煤转化速率的作用规律.综合各因素对C转化为燃气的速度、最大C转化率及生成气热值的影响趋势,确定了适宜的煤气化操作条件为;从流化颗粒表面附近加料,气化剂中O2体积分率5%、水蒸汽体积分率35%,煤粒径小于5 mm.在该条件下,实现60%的C转化为燃气所需要的停留时间大致为600s.     

L阀粉体流量调节特性实验研究

对L阀作为排灰阀的控料特点进行实验研究,分别探究颗粒粒径、颗粒密度和充气点位置对L阀粉体流量调节特性的影响。结果表明,颗粒粒径越大,达到相同质量流率所需的充气流量就越大,L阀调节精度越高;密度对质量流率的调节影响较小,对调节范围的影响较大;充气点位置升高,L阀流动阻力增加,调节精度提高。L阀的水平段充气返料能力有限,但调节精度很高,可作为辅助调节方式与上充气管配合工作,比较L阀和流动密封阀的调节特性可知L阀结构简单、易启动、操作容易,但调节精度略低,不适用于较细的颗粒。     

双流化床生物质气化的三维全循环数值模拟

基于多相质点网格方法 (multi-phase particle-in-cell,MP-PIC)对工业尺度的双流化床生物质气化过程进行了三维全循环数值模拟。其中,在拉格朗日框架下求解颗粒团运动,采用大涡模拟法(large-eddy simulation, LES)求解气相湍流,同时考虑复杂的气固耦合以及生物质的热解、气化、均相/异相反应。首先,通过独立性检验确定了计算所需的最佳网格数与计算颗粒数,且模拟结果和实验结果对比良好。其次,揭示了流化床内生物质气化过程中的气固流动特性及气体组分分布规律,研究了床内温度、生物质粒径、曳力模型等因素对产物气体组分分布的影响。结果表明:温度升高,出口处的CO摩尔分数增加,而其余组分都减小;较小生物质粒径的气化效果要优于较大的生物质颗粒粒径;曳力模型对各产物气体组分的摩尔分数几乎无影响。     

撞击流气化炉内颗粒停留时间分布的随机模拟

根据多喷嘴对置式气化炉流场测试,将气化炉划分为若干区域,运用时间离散、状态离散的马尔可夫链随机模型,模拟了气化炉内颗粒相的停留时间分布(RTD)。当颗粒在撞击区和射流区间的回流比为0.5,向下撞击流股区和管流区为平推流模型,其他区域按全混流模型处理时,模拟值与实验值吻合较好。随着进料流量的增大,平均停留时间减小,量纲1方差减小;随着回流比的增加,平均停留时间增大;气固两相平均停留时间接近,但RTD存在一定差异。     

Particle motion in L-valve as observed by positron emission particle tracking

L-valves are widely used in circulating fluidized beds (CFB) to control the solid circulation rate. Positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) is used to view and study the real-time particle motion in the L-valve. The paper presents experimental results of the solid motion and solid flux in the L-valve, G_s, as a function of the superficial injection air velocity, U. Results are compared with earlier work. The size of the L-valve is 4.5 cm I.D. Two different experimental configurations (L-valve discharge in a CFB riser and free discharge) were used. The L-valve flow regime is stable until approximately 6 U / U_mf, with proportionality between solid flux and U / U_mf. At a higher U / U_mf, unsteady fluctuations in the solid flow gradually increase due to cavity formation around the L-valve elbow. Increasing the air flow even further, a maximum flow is reached, corresponding to the maximum discharge rate through the cyclone or hopper apex. PEPT has also confirmed the existence of a dune flow. For the first time, it gives quantitative data of the velocity profile of the dune flow which is governed by two important factors. The first factor is the distance of solids from the base of the L-valve, with solid velocity increasing away from the base. The second factor is the location of solids with respect to the dune, i.e. solid velocity is minimum at the base of the dunes and maximum at the top of the dunes. The average voidage in the L-valve is approximately constant and independent of U.     

Experimental Simulation on Chemical-looping Combustion of Cold Model

The pressure profiles, gas velocities, solid circulation rate, solids flux, residence time distribution of gas and particles in chemical-looping combustion reactors and gas leakage were studied in a cold flow model unit. And these parameters in both air and fuel reactors were measured in the experimental stage. The experimental results show that gas fluidization velocity in the air reactor is 1.8 m/s, gas fluidization velocity in the fuel reactor 0.5 m/s, and the bed materials inventory of the two reactors between 1.2 to 3.15 kg. The first cold flow model results show that the solid circulation rates are sufficient. The appropriate operating conditions are optimized and the summary of final changes is made the on cold model. The proposed design solutions are currently being verified in a cold flow model simulating the actual reactor (hot) system. This paper presents an overview of the research performed on a cold flow model and highlights the current status of the technology.     

Experimental Simulation on Chemical-looping Combustion of Cold Model（英文）

The pressure profiles, gas velocities, solid circulation rate, solids flux, residence time distribution of gas and particles in chemical-looping combustion reactors and gas leakage were studied in a cold flow model unit. And these parameters in both air and fuel reactors were measured in the experimental stage. The experimental results show that gas fluidization velocity in the air reactor is 1.8 m/s, gas fluidization velocity in the fuel reactor 0.5 m/s, and the bed materials inventory of the two reactors between 1.2 to 3.15 kg. The first cold flow model results show that the solid circulation rates are sufficient. The appropriate operating conditions are optimized and the summary of final changes is made the on cold model. The proposed design solutions are currently being verified in a cold flow model simulating the actual reactor(hot) system. This paper presents an overview of the research performed on a cold flow model and highlights the current status of the technology.     

RFC分解炉的性能研究

分析了RFC分解炉内的气固流动、阻力特性以及炉内物料停留时间分布等 ,研究表明炉内大部分区域气体流动表现出明显的旋流流动特点 ,炉内湍流强度分布比较均匀 ,并沿轴向流动方向逐步增强。RFC分解炉的料气停留时间比值约为 3.7,如果考虑炉出口与C5进口之间的垂直连接管道 ,则物料依次通过分解炉系统的平均停留总时间约为 13.3s。RFC分解炉的 3次风旋流流动的阻力系数为 74,窑气喷腾流动的阻力系数为 13。研究结果与工厂实际生产情况完全符合 ,为改进分解炉的设计和优化工厂的操作提供参考。     

An impinging–Streams reactor with two pairs of tangential air feeds

The original two–impinging steams devices have proved useful for processes in gas–solid Systems. A modified form of the original two–impinging–streams reactor, with two additional air streams, was explored. All four air streams are fed tangentially to the reactor. The Performance characteristics included the determination of the pressure drop on the reactor, limits of the gas and solid particle mass flow rate, the mean residence time of the particles, and the drying heat transfer, as a function of air flow rates of the secondary and major air streams. The behaviour of the particles and their residence time distribution was investigated by applying a stochastic Markov chain model. It was found that the secondary air stream increases the pressure drop on the reactor and the mean residence time of the particles along with their recycling in the reactor. On the other hand, the secondary air stream decreases the critical mass flow rate of the particles, delays their exit from the reactor and reduces the heat transfer coefficient in drying wet particles.     

Global modelling of a gas-liquid-solid airlift reactor

This paper presents a global model of three phase flow (gas-liquid-solid) in an internal airlift reactor. The airlift is composed of four zones: a riser (on the aerated side on the internal wall), a downcomer (on the opposite side) and two turning zones above and below the internal wall. Tap water is the liquid continuous phase and the dispersed phases are air bubbles and polyethylene particles. The global modelling of the airlift involves mass and momentum equations for the three phases. The model enables phase velocities and phase volume fractions to be estimated, which can be compared to experimental data. Closure relations for the gas and solid drift velocities are based on the model proposed by Zuber and Findlay. The drift flux coefficients are derived from CFD numerical simulations of the airlift. Gas bubble and solid particle averaged slip velocities are deduced from momentum balances, including drag coefficient correlations. The link between Zuber and Findlay model and the two-fluid model is established. In the experiment as well as in the model, the gas flow rate is fixed. However, the liquid and solid flow rates are unknown. Two closure relations are needed to predict these flow rates: the first closure relation expresses that the volume of solid injected into the airlift remains constant; the second closure relation expresses a global balance between the difference of column height in the riser and the downcomer and the total pressure drop in the airlift. The main parameters of a three phase airlift reactor, like gas and solid volume fractions, are well predicted by the global model. With increasing solid filling rate (40%), the model starts to depart from the experimental values as soon as coalescence of bubbles appears.     

3200t/d改进型SLC分解炉内气固运动规律的研究

通过系统测定鱼峰水泥股份公司改进型3200t/dSLC分解炉内气体三维流场、阻力特性、物料停留时间分布等,分析了其内部气固两相运动的基本规律。研究表明,改进型SLC分解炉的气体流场与原分解炉总体相似,但缩口的增加产生了一定的二次喷腾作用,对物料均布有一定改善,料气停留时间比值明显提高,加上容积的增大,使固体粉料的平均停留时间在气体量相同时延长了近80%,这是熟料产量能够超过设计值,系统能稳定运行的基本原因。但与性能优良的分解炉比较,该分解炉料气停留时间比值仍然较低,阻力损失较大,三次风管风速过高。进一步提高系统产量时有必要对分解炉和三次风管进行优化和改造。     

Continuous flow characterization of solid biomass in a reciprocating/rotating scraper tube: An experimental study

The performance of reciprocating/rotating scrapers has been assessed in a visualization study of the continuous flow hydrodynamics of air‐fluidized solid biomass under varying conditions of air flow rate and scraping velocities. A combination of low air flow rates and high scraping velocities results in more uniform flow of both types of biomass investigated. Power consumed by the reciprocating action of the scrapers increases with the scraping velocity but typically represents no more than 20% of the overall power consumption at the highest air flow rate applied. We also demonstrate that rotation of the scrapers superimposed on their reciprocating action gives higher flow rate of biomass and better mixing within the bulk solid compared to reciprocating action alone. The application of the reciprocating/rotating scraper technology described in this study represents a viable step forward in developing a continuous, large‐scale process for the microwave‐assisted decomposition of solid biomass to produce bio‐oils. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3732–3738, 2014     

分解炉内混煤燃烧最佳三次风速的模拟研究

针对某公司5500 t/d三喷腾分解炉内混煤燃烧效果不佳的问题,利用FLUENT软件,采用二步竞争反应模型及二混合分数方法,对炉内不同三次风速下的速度场、温度场及组分场进行模拟研究,得到了三次风对混煤燃烧的影响规律,并对模拟结果进行了验证. 结果表明,二混合分数方法模拟结果符合混煤在分解炉内的实际燃烧情况;三次风速为26 m/s时,混煤的主要燃烧区域占分解炉的2/3,煤粉燃烧的最高温度为1940 K,煤粉的燃烬率为95.45%,分解炉内的温度分布满足生料分解的要求,避免了结渣.