利用Fluent软件对N_2O催化分解反应器数值模拟

为了设计N_2O催化分解反应器,运用Fluent软件对整体式分子筛催化剂进行数值模拟,考察孔密度和操作条件对整体式分子筛催化剂转化率的影响。结果表明,在相同温度下,N_2O的转化率随着催化剂孔密度的减小而降低。在反应器轴向距离120 mm处,气体反应最快;提高入口温度、浓度或降低空速,均有利于在较短的轴向距离内达到较高的N_2O转化率。在固定床反应器中,比较棒状催化剂和整体式催化剂中床层温度、反应转化率及轴向压降的变化规律,为整体式分子筛催化剂工业化设计提供理论基础。     

γ-Al_2O_3负载的Ni_xCo_(1-x)Co_2O_4催化剂N_2O催化分解性能

以K_2CO_3为沉淀剂,γ—Al_2O_3为载体,采用共沉淀法制备了负载质量分数为30%和具有Co_3O_4尖晶石结构的Ni_xCo_(1-x)Co_2O_4复合金属氧化物催化剂(x分别为0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9和1.0),确定了最适宜的x值。考察了焙烧温度对催化剂的影响,对制备的样品进行了XRD、BET、SEM和H_2-TPR等表征,在微反装置上对催化剂进行N_2O催化分解活性评价。结果表明,适宜的x值为0.5,焙烧温度为800℃。N_2O和O_2浓度是影响催化剂的N_2O催化分解转化率的主要因素,低浓度有利于提高N_2O催化分解转化率。掺杂还原性气体(如CO和NO)加速了N_2O催化分解反应,有利于提高催化剂的N_2O催化分解转化率。在模拟工业装置反应尾气[φ(N_2O)=12%、φ(O_2)=16.8%和其他混合气体]条件下,催化剂N_2O完全催化分解温度为612℃,满足实际工业生产装置运行要求(小于750℃)。     

介孔ZSM-5负载Ni催化剂的制备及乙烯齐聚催化性能

通过水热合成法和离子交换法制备了负载Ni的介孔Ni-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂,采用XRD、SEM、EDX、FT-IR、N_2物理吸附-脱附等手段对催化剂组成、结构和形貌进行了研究,并以固定床微石英管反应器考察了不同反应温度、空速条件下介孔Ni-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的乙烯齐聚反应性能。结果表明,Ni-HZSM-5样品具有介孔ZSM-5分子筛典型的特征结构,Ni进入分子筛骨架致使比表面降低,但孔径变大,更有利于齐聚反应的进行;在气体空速为1.2 L/(g·h)、反应温度为275℃时,乙烯的转化率为87.82%,C_4的选择性可达57.25%,C_6的选择性可达30.74%,说明Ni-HZSM-5催化剂对乙烯齐聚具有较好的催化性能。     

HY型分子筛负载Pd催化剂用于乙炔氢氯化反应制氯乙烯的催化性能

以水热法合成HY分子筛为载体,等体积浸渍法制备HY型分子筛负载Pd催化剂(Pd/HY)。在反应温度160℃、空速120 h-1和V(HCl)∶V(C2H2)=1.1∶1条件下,考察催化剂用于乙炔氢氯化反应制氯乙烯的催化性能及载体中硅铝比对催化剂催化性能的影响。用XRD、FI-IR、SEM和BET对Pd/HY催化剂的物化性质进行表征,结果表明,Pd/HY(HY分子筛的Si/Al=8)催化剂表现出较好的催化活性,乙炔转化率为97.67%,氯乙烯选择性为98.44%。与工业HY型分子筛为载体的催化剂相比,乙炔转化率提高29%,寿命较长,稳定性良好。     

煤系高岭土制备Fe-MCM-41介孔分子筛及其氨选择性催化还原NOx

以煤系高岭土、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）、硝酸铁等为原料,通过水热法合成不同Fe含量的六方介孔分子筛Fe-MCM-41。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、N2吸附脱附、高分辨透射电子显微镜对催化剂进行表征,并以氨为还原剂研究其选择性催化还原NO活性以及反应条件（包括Fe掺量、反应温度、空速、氨氮比和O2浓度等）对催化性能的影响。结果表明,Fe成功进入MCM-41介孔材料的骨架内,Fe-MCM-41介孔分子筛BET比表面积为980.2～596.8 m2/g,孔容积为0.95～0.60 cm3/g,平均孔径在3.90～3.45 nm。随着铁掺杂量的增加,介孔结构的有序度下降。当n(Fe)/n(Si)=0.05、空速为5000 h?1,Fe-MCM-41催化剂在350 ℃反应时NO转化率最高,可达90.7%;且当氨氮比为1.1和O2含量为2.5%时,催化剂能保持较高的活性。     

Ni/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂上甲烷水蒸气重整制合成气

采用固定床装置,考察了负载型Ni系列催化剂及反应条件对Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂的甲烷水蒸气重整反应的影响,并利用XRD和TPR技术对催化剂样品进行表征。结果表明,在空速1 800 h-1,n(H2O)∶n(CH4)∶n(N2)=2.86∶1∶3.28,反应温度700℃的条件下,催化剂Ni含量在9%时反应性能最佳,可得到94.3%的CH4转化率和64.9%的CO选择性。     

氨肟化法制备环己酮肟的工艺条件的优化

通过工业试验,研究以HTS新型钛硅分子筛催化环己酮、H2O2和氨反应一步合成环己酮肟反应中新工艺中催化剂浓度、进料配比、反应温度以及反应停留时间的影响。结果表明,适宜的反应工艺条件为:催化剂浓度稳定在3.0%～6.0%(ω),进料中n(H2O2)∶n(环己酮)=1.05,反应釜氨含量控制在2.2%～3.2%(ω),反应温度为80～85℃,物料的平均停留时间为70 min。环己酮氨肟化反应转化率和选择性均大于99%,并通过优化使环己酮肟的质量进一步提高。     

丙烯选择性氧化催化剂性能

通过分步沉淀法制备Mo-Bi-Co-Ni-Fe-K-O复合氧化物催化剂,考察了反应温度、空速和氧烯比等条件对丙烯氧化制备丙烯醛反应中催化性能的影响.结果表明,在反应温度(325～330)℃、空速(1 300～1 700)h-1和n(O2):n(C3H6)=1.5～1.7条件下,丙烯转化率98%,目的产物收率94%.经5...     

用介孔分子筛催化剂合成环氧琥珀酸的研究

以马来酸酐为原料,双氧水为氧化剂,在实验室自制的含钨介孔分子筛的催化下合成了环氧琥珀酸。考察了反应时间,反应温度,催化剂用量,H2O2用量,反应介质对马来酸(酐)转化率和环氧琥珀酸选择率的影响。得到合成环氧琥珀酸的反应条件为:反应时间2 h,反应温度65℃,马来酸(酐)︰催化剂用量(质量)=1︰0.05,马来酸(酐)︰30%H2O2(质量)=1︰1.53。     

MTBE裂解制高纯异丁烯催化剂的研究

研究出一种卤素调变SiO2 负载Al2 O3 催化剂 ,用于MTBE裂解制高纯异丁烯 ,与现有工业催化剂的对比试验表明 ,该催化剂具有低反应温度下高活性和高选择性。X -Al2 O3 SiO2 催化剂在反应温度为 1 90℃、进料空速为 2h- 1 、反应压力为 0 .5MPa时MTBE转化率为 94 .2 % ,异丁烯选择性 1 0 0% ,甲醇选择性为 99.9%。而现有工业催化剂YL -1在反应温度为 1 97℃ ,进料空速和反应压力与X-Al2 O3 SiO2 催化剂相同情况下MTBE转化率为 89.6 % ,异丁烯选择性 1 0 0 % ,甲醇选择性为 98%。本文还考察了工艺条件及催化剂表面酸性对该反应的影响     

Co-ZSM-5 catalysts for N2O decomposition

The catalytic properties of cobalt containing ZSM-5 zeolites prepared by various methods were compared. TPR, XRD, N₂-BET, XPS, FTIR and UV–vis spectroscopy were used for characterizing the samples. Well-dispersed cobalt oxide-like species and isolated Co²⁺ ions in charge compensation positions were found in the zeolite. Catalysts prepared using a single step cation exchange method showed high activity for N₂O decomposition in a temperature range 300–550°C, in the presence of 0–5% O₂, and high stability in the presence of 10% H₂O to the feed. UV–vis spectra and TPR experiments indicated the presence of some cobalt oxides, not detected by DRX, in a Co-ZSM-5 catalyst containing 3.76 wt% Co, prepared by a solid-state reaction procedure. The N₂O conversion over this catalyst was strongly affected by addition of both O₂ and H₂O to the feed.     

负载型Cu_2O/MgO催化剂制备及催化正己醇脱氢制备正己醛

以氧化镁粉末为载体,N2H4·H2O为还原剂,采用浸渍还原法制备Cu2O/MgO催化剂。考察制备条件对催化剂活性的影响,最佳原料配比为n(Cu2+)∶n(NaOH)∶n(N2H4·H2O)=5∶11∶5,对筛选出最佳条件下制备的催化剂进行正己醇脱氢制备正己醛工艺条件考察,采用SEM、XRD和BET对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,在反应温度250℃、空速1.25 m L·(h·g)-1、催化剂用量12 g和N2流速0.05 L·min-1条件下,正己醇转化率为59.33%,正己醛选择性为93.81%。     

负载型钴锰复合金属氧化物催化剂催化分解N_2O

以ZrO_2为载体,采用浸渍法制备负载型钴锰复合金属氧化物催化剂,研究催化剂活性组分负载量、Co与Mn物质的量比、焙烧条件及含H_2O气氛对N_2O转化率的影响。结果表明,催化剂最佳制备条件为:活性组分Co负载质量分数3%,Co与Mn物质的量比为1∶1,焙烧升温速率2℃·min-1,焙烧温度900℃。该条件制备的负载型钴锰复合金属氧化物催化剂在反应温度850℃时,N_2O转化率达98.7%。当反应气氛中H_2O体积分数小于20%条件下,850℃时N_2O转化率高于90%,表明催化剂具有较强的抗水性能。     

Influence of the reaction conditions on the electrochemical promotion by potassium for the selective catalytic reduction of N2O by C3H6 on platinum

In this work, we have investigated for the first time the selective catalytic reduction of N₂O by C₃H₆ over an electrochemical catalyst (Pt/K-βAl₂O₃). It was evaluated the influence of the reaction conditions (temperature, oxygen concentration, water vapour presence and time on stream treatment under reaction conditions) on the catalytic performance of the electrochemical catalyst. Electrochemical pumping of potassium ions to the Pt catalyst working electrode strongly increased the N₂O reduction rate, activating the catalyst at lower temperatures. However, it was found that the efficiency of the electrochemical promotion decreased as the oxygen concentration increased because of a strong inhibition of propene adsorption and a relative increase of the oxygen coverage. On the contrary, the presence of potassium ions on the Pt catalyst strongly decreased the inhibiting effect of water vapour, increasing the catalytic activity of the catalyst. In addition, the catalyst stability was confirmed by a deactivation study. It was found that a long term treatment at high temperature under operating conditions had a positive effect on the efficiency of the Pt/K-βAl₂O₃ electrochemical catalyst.     

Catalytic reduction of N2O over steam-activated FeZSM-5 zeolite: Comparison of CH4, CO, and their mixtures as reductants with or without excess O2

The catalytic reduction of N₂O by CH₄, CO, and their mixtures has been comparatively investigated over steam-activated FeZSM-5 zeolite. The influence of the molar feed ratio between N₂O and the reducing agents, the gas-hourly space velocity, and the presence of O₂ on the catalytic performance were studied in the temperature range of 475–850 K. The CH₄ is more efficient than CO for N₂O reduction, achieving the same degree of conversion at significantly lower temperatures. The apparent activation energy for N₂O reduction by CH₄ was very similar to that of direct N₂O decomposition (140 kJ mol⁻¹), being much lower for the N₂O reduction by CO (60 kJ mol⁻¹). This suggests that the reactions have a markedly different mechanism. Addition of CO using equimolar mixtures in the ternary N₂O + CH₄ + CO system did not affect the N₂O conversion with respect to the binary N₂O + CH₄ system, indicating that CO does not interfere in the low-temperature reduction of N₂O by CH₄. In the ternary system, CO contributed to N₂O reduction when methane was the limiting reactant. The conversion and selectivity of the reactions of N₂O with CH₄, CO, and their mixtures were not altered upon adding excess O₂ in the feed.     

Catalytic decomposition of nitrous oxide N 2O: a study for p-block-element lead in PbO—ZrO2/Al2O3 systems

PbO—ZrO₂ catalysts have been prepared by sequential impregnation/calcination onto Al₂O₃ support for high concentration N₂O (27.97 mol%) decomposition. The p-block-element involved material system has been investigated with GC, BET, DTA, XRD and catalytic activity evaluation. It is found that with an atomic ratio Pb:Zr = 1:6 the material system shows the best catalytic performance for the decomposition. The catalyst with this composition has a tetragonal phase of ZrO₂ over reaction temperatures. The catalytic activity observed can be attributed to the presence of Pb cations with mixed valence states in tetragonal ZrO₂ lattice. Doping gases such as H₂O, CO₂, and O₂ are also mixed into the N₂O and studied. It is found that N₂O adsorption is rate-limiting step for the decomposition reaction. The reaction can be described as first order with respect to partial pressure of N₂O, considering that decomposition product O₂ exhibits no inhibition effect on the reaction in high conversion region.     

Selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide by hydrocarbons over mordenite-type zeolite catalysts

The reduction of NO by hydrocarbons such as C₂H₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₆, and C₃H₈ has been investigated over mordenite-type zeolite catalysts including HM, CuHM, NZA (natural zeolite), and CuNZA prepared by an ion-exchange method in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor. NO conversion over CuNZA catalyst reaches about 94% with 2000 ppm of C₃H₆ at 500°C. As reductants, alkenes seem to exhibit a higher performance for NO conversion than alkanes regardless of the catalysts. No deterioration of the catalytic activity due to carbonaceous deposits for CuNZA was observed above 400°C even after 30 h of on-stream time, but SO₂ in the feed gas stream causes a severe poisoning of the CuNZA catalyst. The effect of H₂O on NO conversion was significant regardless of the catalysts and the reductants employed in this study. However, CuNZA catalyst shows a unique water tolerance with C₃H₆. The reaction path of NO to N₂ is the most important factor for high performance of this catalytic system. NO is directly reduced by a reaction intermediate, C_n′H_m′(O) formed from hydrocarbon and O₂, N₂O is another reaction intermediate which can be easily removed by C_n′H_m′(O).     

汽车尾气净化三效催化剂中N2O和NH3的生成及控制研究进展

N₂O和NH₃的排放主要来自于机动车尾气排放。本文总结了近十几年来轻型汽油车N₂O和NH₃排放的研究进展，阐述了两种气态污染副产物在三效催化剂中的形成机理，通过对影响N₂O和NH₃生成的贵金属种类和含量、载体材料、不同气体组成和浓度、老化条件、不同车辆及测试工况、反应温度等主要影响因素的综述，总结了各要素对N₂O和NH₃形成的影响，得出N₂O和NH₃主要在富燃条件下冷启动阶段生成，NO的解离在N₂O和NH₃的生成中起关键作用；影响N₂O和NH₃生成的各因素之间相互关联，相互影响；催化剂的老化增加N₂O和NH₃的排放；贵金属Rh比Pd和Pt更有利于N₂O和NH₃的分解等结论。发动机、后处理策略系统的升级、更合适测试循环的开发以及催化剂的优化可以进一步降低N₂O和NH₃的排放。