乙烯基乙炔选择加氢制丁二烯工艺研究

采用硝酸钯二水化合物(Pd(NO_3)_2·2H_2O)通过等体积浸渍法制备负载型Pd催化剂,在其催化下,乙烯基乙炔(MVA)选择加氢制丁二烯;研究负载型Pd催化剂的制备工艺以及MVA选择加氢制丁二烯的工艺条件,并对催化剂的催化性能及加氢效果进行表征。结果表明:以氧化铝(α-Al_2O_3)为载体,负载Pd质量分数为0.08%,还原温度400℃时,制备的负载型Pd催化剂(Pd/α-Al_2O_3)结晶良好,对载体结构的影响不明显,催化剂的孔结构比较均匀,对MVA选择加氢反应的催化性能好;在MVA选择加氢催化剂评价装置上,在Pd/α-Al_2O_3催化下进行MVA选择加氢反应,较佳工艺条件为反应温度30℃、MVA空速100 mL/(h·g)、炔氢比1.2,反应的主要产物为丁二烯,MVA转化率达到50%,丁二烯选择性达到85%。     

α-蒎烯催化加氢催化剂制备及催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Al_2O_3、ZrO_2和ZrO_2/Al_2O_3载体,采用浸渍法制备了NiO/Al_2O_3、NiO/ZrO_2和NiO/ZrO_2/Al_2O_3催化剂,采用H_2-TPR、NH_3-TPD和原位红外等技术对催化剂的还原性能、表面酸特性、α-蒎烯的吸附性及比表面积等进行了表征。结果表明,负载型ZrO_2/Al_2O_3复合载体与活性物种形成较强的相互作用,稳定活性中心,复合载体Ni催化剂表面酸强度介于Ni/ZrO_2和Ni/Al_2O_3之间,α-蒎烯能与Ni/ZrO_2/Al_2O_3催化剂形成适宜化学吸附态。在α-蒎烯加氢反应中,Ni/ZrO_2/Al_2O_3催化剂表现出较好的催化活性和选择性,α-蒎烯转化率为84%,蒎烷选择性为83%。     

Cu-ZrO_2-CeO_2/γ-Al_2O_3催化甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应的性能

以γ-Al_2O_3为载体,采用浸渍法制备Cu-ZrO_2-CeO_2/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂,用XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、H_2-TPR、NH_3-TPD、CO_2-TPD等方法对其进行表征。在连续流动常压固定床微型反应器上评价Cu-ZrO_2-CeO_2/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应的催化性能,考察了反应温度、水醇比和质量空速对催化性能的影响,反应结果表明Cu-ZrO_2-CeO_2/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂具有较高的催化活性和稳定性,在温度为260℃、水醇摩尔比为1.2∶1、质量空速为3.6h–1的条件下,甲醇的转化率可达99%以上,氢气的选择性为98%以上,一氧化碳的选择性低于2.5%。表征结果显示助剂CeO_2和ZrO_2的加入促进活性组分在载体表面的分散性,影响催化剂的孔结构和酸碱性,增强了催化剂的活性。     

NiMoFeB/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂的制备及其评价

以NiCl_2·6H_2O为前驱体、(NH_4)_6Mo_7O_(24)·4H_2O和FeCl_3·6H_2O为助剂,通过浸渍、焙烧和NaBH_4还原制备高活性的NiMoFeB/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂。采用糠醛液相催化加氢为探针反应对其活性进行了评价。与NiMoB/γ-Al_2O_3相比,NiMoFeB/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂表现出更高的加氢活性和选择性,即使在较低温度60℃和5.0MPa条件下,加氢反应3.0h,糠醛转化率接近100%。考察Fe掺杂量和活性组分的负载顺序对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,适宜的Fe掺杂量Mo+Ni与Fe原子比为20:1,Mo、Ni和Fe前驱体盐同时负载于γ-Al_2O_3时,催化剂活性最高。XRD研究表明,NiMoFeB/γ-Al_2O_3为无定形结构,活性组分在载体上分散均匀,具有良好的热稳定性。     

四氢呋喃连续催化胺化制备四氢吡咯催化剂及工艺

以γ-Al_2O_3为载体,制备负载铁系固体超强酸的SO_4~(2–)/Fe_2O_3-Al_2O_3催化剂应用于四氢呋喃连续催化胺化合成四氢吡咯反应,与γ-Al_2O_3、HZSM-5等催化剂相比,SO_4~(2–)/Fe_2O_3-Al_2O_3催化剂在相同的反应条件下可以获得更高的反应选择性。通过考察硫酸浸渍浓度、焙烧温度和焙烧时间等催化剂制备条件对反应结果的影响,以获得最佳的催化剂性能,同时对反应的工艺条件进行优化。通过实验结果可以得出,当硫酸浸渍浓度为1.0mol/L时,在550℃下焙烧5h能获得最高的催化活性。当反应温度为350℃、液时空速(LHSV)为0.2h~(–1)、四氢呋喃与氨气摩尔比为1∶6时,四氢呋喃转化率为91.4%,四氢吡咯选择性为91.0%。对SO_4~(2–)/Fe_2O_3-Al_2O_3催化剂进行200h寿命测试,表明该催化剂活性具有良好的稳定性。     

Au基MOFs双功能催化剂的制备及其催化CO2与苯胺/H2反应性能

以UiO-66(Zr)、MIL-100(Fe)、MIL-100(Cr)、MIL-101(Cr)、NH 2-MIL-101(Al)为载体,Au为活性组分,制备Au/UiO-66(Zr)、Au/MIL-100(Fe)、Au/MIL-100(Cr)、Au/MIL-101(Cr)、Au/NH 2-MIL-101(Al)双功能催化剂。采用XRD、BET、NH 3-TPD、HRTEM等表征催化剂的结构,在釜式反应器中评价催化剂对CO 2与苯胺/H 2反应生成N-甲基苯胺与N,N-二甲基苯胺的N-甲基化反应性能,考察反应条件对催化剂催化性能的影响。结果表明,催化剂的XRD特征衍射峰与相应MOFs的模拟特征峰基本一致;负载Au后催化剂仍具有高的比表面积和大的孔容、孔径;不同MOFs负载Au的催化剂具有不同的酸强度和酸量;Au纳米粒子的分散性很好,粒径为(3~7)nm。制备的催化剂均具有催化CO2与苯胺/H2的N-甲基化反应性能,其中质量分数2%Au/MIL-101(Cr)催化剂催化性能最好,苯胺转化率为45.26%,N-甲基苯胺和N,N-二甲基苯胺选择性分别为73.50%和26.50%,重复使用性能优异。     

卤素修饰γ-Al_2O_3催化剂及其在MTBE裂解的研究

研究了不同卤素修饰对γ-Al_2O_3的酸性影响以及其对甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)裂解性能的影响。结果表明,(NH_4)_2SiF_6溶液修饰催化剂能够使得MTBE转化率高于95%,且甲醇选择性为100%。XRD和FTIR表征结果显示,(NH_4)_2SiF_6修饰γ-Al_2O_3上形成γ-AlF_3晶相,引入B酸的同时也增加了L酸量,从而提高了催化剂反应活性。     

Pd-M(Ce、Ca、Fe)/γ-Al_2O_3催化2,5-二氢呋喃加氢性能

通过分步浸渍法制备了Pd含量为0.3%,M含量为3.0%的Pd-M(M=Ce、Ca、Fe)/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂,采用XRD、N_2物理吸附-脱附、H_2-TPR、H_2-TPD和Py-IR等对催化剂进行表征,并研究了助剂对Pd/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂催化2,5-二氢呋喃加氢性能的影响。结果表明,在Pd/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂中引入助剂,降低了Pd与金属相互作用,同时减少了表面暴露L酸位点;促进了2,5-二氢呋喃加氢转化为四氢呋喃,抑制了异构化产物2,3-二氢呋喃的产生。特别是Fe的引入,与Pd之间的协同作用,使CC双键在Pd表面吸附增强,2,5-二氢呋喃转化率大幅提高。该催化剂在反应温度30℃,氢压0.5 MPa和反应时间1 h的加氢条件下,2,5-二氢呋喃转化率达到94.25%,目标产物四氢呋喃选择性达到99.97%。     

Nb_2O_5纳米材料对催化氢化肉桂醛的影响

使用Nb_2O_5纳米线(W-Nb_2O_5)和介孔Nb_2O_5(S-Nb_2O_5)两种载体负载金属Pd,制备了Pd/W-Nb_2O_5和Pd/S-Nb_2O_5两种催化剂,并对肉桂醛(CMA)进行催化还原,考察了催化剂的活性。结果显示:在以乙醇为反应溶剂,催化剂0.10 g,反应温度80℃,H2压力2 MPa的条件下反应6 h,Pd/W-Nb_2O_5对CMA的转化率为99%,HCMA(苯丙醛)的选择性为65%。Pd/S-Nb_2O_5在相同条件下对肉桂醛(CMA)进行催化还原,CMA转化率为98%,HCMA选择性为84%。W-Nb_2O_5表面酸性过强,导致HCMA选择性降低。     

车用三效催化剂剖析

对两种国外公司车用三效催化剂进行全面剖析,采用XRF测定催化剂涂层中各组分含量,采用XRD、XPS、H_2-TPR和TEM对催化剂进行物化性能表征。结果表明,A公司的三效催化剂是将Pd和Rh贵金属分别负载到γ-Al_2O_3和Ce_(0.35)Zr_(0.65)O_2固溶体材料上,B公司的三效催化剂是将Pd和Rh贵金属负载到Ce_(0.35)Zr_(0.65)O_2和γ-Al_2O_3混合载体上。     

固体酸表面B酸和L酸与果糖转化制乳酸甲酯产物分布

制备了γ-Al₂O₃、HZSM-5、SnOPO₄、SnZrOPO₄(1:1)、SO₄^2-/ZrO₂5种不同的固体酸催化剂,采用NH₃程序升温脱附、吡啶原位吸附红外对催化剂进行了表征。考察了固体酸催化果糖在甲醇中转化的催化性能,结果表明,果糖的转化率均高于98%,产物分布与固体酸表面L酸、B酸酸量具有显著的相关性,乳酸甲酯的收率随着L酸量的减少而降低,L酸催化剂γ-Al₂O₃催化,主产物只有乳酸甲酯,收率为24.4%。而L酸位和B酸位共存的固体酸,产物中有乳酸甲酯、乙酰丙酸甲酯,并且乙酰丙酸甲酯的收率随着B酸量的增多而升高。最后考察了典型L酸γ-Al₂O₃及B酸L酸共存的固体酸HZSM-5不同反应时间的产物分布,结合气相-质谱联用对产物定性分析,得出了果糖转化过程L酸位催化和B酸位催化的反应路径。     

助剂对Pd/γ-Al2O3催化剂一步法合成二甲醚反应稳定性的影响

采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同助剂下的负载型Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,考察了助剂类型对Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂一步法合成二甲醚（STD）反应稳定性的影响规律;采用氮吸附、XRD、H₂-TPR及TG等多种表征手段考察了稳定性试验前后以及烧炭再生后催化剂的表面物化性质及结构变化。结果表明,助剂成分对Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的STD反应稳定性影响显著。相比Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,添加CeO₂可以提高Pd在γ-Al₂O₃表面的分散度,但会覆盖表面的部分酸性位,一定程度上提高了催化剂的活性和稳定性,但仍存在Pd烧结和积炭现象;添加复合助剂CeO₂-ZrO₂后形成的Ce-O-Zr固熔晶面能显著促进Pd均匀分散,提高催化剂的抗积炭能力和抗烧结能力,催化剂的活性和稳定性更高;经SO₄^2-改性后Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂会因为表面积炭加剧和表面硫流失严重,中强酸酸性位减少而快速失活。CeO₂-ZrO₂-Pd/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂经历20h的稳定性试验后CO转化率仍保持59%以上,二甲醚选择性65%以上,烧炭再生后催化活性恢复至新鲜催化剂的91.83%。     

ZrO2-Al2O3复合氧化物催化反应精馏合成碳酸二甲酯

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Al₂O₃含量的ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物,并在催化精馏实验装置中考察了该催化剂在碳酸丙烯酯（PC）与甲醇酯交换制备碳酸二甲酯（DMC）过程中的催化性能。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、CO₂程序升温脱附（CO₂-TPD）和NH₃程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）等手段对所制备的催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂表面存在的酸碱性位点是制约PC与甲醇酯交换性能的重要因素。复合氧化物中Al₂O₃含量可以有效调控催化剂的结构特征和表面的酸碱性质,不同于ZrO₂或Al₂O₃单金属催化剂,复合氧化物ZrO₂-Al₂O₃在合成过程中形成了稳定的固溶体结构,导致催化剂表面弱酸量增加,并产生了强碱位点。数据分析表明,催化剂表面的强碱和弱酸含量高时,其催化活性高,说明该反应具有酸碱协同催化作用。当Zr/Al比为1时,弱酸和强碱量均达到最大值,PC的转化率和DMC选择性可达到98.14%和99.96%。催化剂在经过12次循环使用后依旧保持较高的活性,具有良好的结构稳定性。     

Hydrogen production by oxidative methanol reforming on Pd/ZnO: Catalyst preparation and supporting materials

Pd and Pd–Zn alloy were supported on various supporting materials using impregnation, co-precipitation and microemulsion methods, and their catalytic performances in oxidative methanol reforming (OMR) were investigated. Pd/ZnO exhibited much higher selectivity than either Pd/Al₂O₃ or Pd/ZrO₂ in the OMR for hydrogen production. This was attributed to the presence of Pd–Zn alloy on the ZnO support. Elemental Pd on Al₂O₃ or ZrO₂ promotes methanol decomposition reaction and increases CO formation. Using a microemulsion method, a highly selective Pd/ZnO can be obtained with much lower Pd loading than that in samples prepared by co-precipitation. Modification of Al₂O₃ with ZnO produced a ZnAl₂O₄ phase, which was found to be a good support for the Pd/ZnO catalyst. Highly active and selective Pd/ZnO/ZnAl₂O₄ catalysts for the OMR reaction, containing much lower Pd loadings have been developed by impregnation of the supports with an aqueous solution of Pd(NO₃)₂ + Zn(NO₃)₂.     

WO3对Pt/α-Al2O3催化萘深度加氢的促进作用

采用无酸性的α-Al₂O₃为载体,预先沉积WO₃然后浸渍法负载Pt物种,合成了系列Pt-WO₃/α-Al₂O₃催化剂用于萘深度加氢反应,系统地研究了氧化钨物种在萘加氢反应中的作用。通过XRD、Raman、HRTEM、XPS和H₂-TPR技术表征了Pt和WO₃物种在载体表面的分散情况和状态,并利用Py-IR研究了载体负载氧化钨和Pt前后的酸性质变化。在温和的反应条件下（70℃、3 MPa、1 h）Pt-WO₃/α-Al₂O₃催化剂表现出优异的萘深度加氢活性,萘的转化率和十氢萘的选择性均达到100%。结果表明,预先在载体表面引入的WO₃和Pt产生了强相互作用,WO₃提高了Pt物种的分散程度,催化剂的酸性来源于氧化钨物种的引入且和负载量成正比关系。催化剂较强的酸性和较高的Pt分散程度是Pt-WO₃/α-Al₂O₃在低温条件下能够使萘深度加氢的关键因素,对于十氢萘作为储氢介质工艺具有重要的意义。     

Study of Ag/La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 catalysts for complete oxidation of methanol and ethanol at low concentrations

Ag-modified La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃-based catalysts with the perovskite-type structure were prepared by using a citric acid sol–gel method, and their catalytic performance for complete oxidation of methanol and ethanol was evaluated and compared with that of the γ-Al₂O₃-supported catalysts, Ag/γ-Al₂O₃, Pt/γ-Al₂O₃, and Pd/γ-Al₂O₃. The results showed that the Ag-modified La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃-based catalysts with the perovskite-type structure displayed the activity significantly higher than that of the supported precious metal catalysts, 0.1%Pd/γ-Al₂O₃ and 0.1%Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ in the temperature range of 370–573 K. Over a 6%Ag/20%La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst, the T₉₅ temperature for methanol oxidation can be as low as 413 K. Even at such low reaction temperature, there were little HCHO and CO detected in the reaction exit-gas. However, for the 0.1%Pd/γ-Al₂O₃ and 0.1%Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts, the HCHO content in the reaction exit-gas reached 200 and 630 ppm at their T₉₅ temperatures. Over a 6%Ag/La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃ catalyst, the T₉₅ temperature for ethanol oxidation can be as low as 453 K, with a corresponding content of CH₃CHO in the exit-gas at 782 ppm; when ethanol oxidation is performed at 493 K, the content of acetaldehyde in the exit-gas can be below 1 ppm. Characterization of the catalysts by X-ray diffraction (XRD), TEM, XPS, laser Raman spectra (LRS), hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) and oxygen temperature-programmed desorption (O₂-TPD) methods revealed that both the surface and the bulk phase of the perovskite La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃ played important roles in the catalytic oxidation of the alcohols, and that γ-Al₂O₃ as the bottom carrier could be beneficial in creating a large surface area of catalyst. Moreover, a small amount of Ag⁺ doped onto the surface of La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃ was able to partially occupy the positions of La³⁺ and Sr²⁺ due to their similar ionic radii, and thus, became stabilized by the perovskite lattice, which would be in favor of preventing the aggregation of the Ag species on the surface and enhancing the stability of the catalyst. On the other hand, modification of the Ag⁺ to the surface of La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃ resulted in an increase in relative content of the surface O₂²⁻/O⁻ species highly reactive toward the alcohols and aldehydes as well as CO. Besides, solution of low-valence metal oxides SrO and Ag₂O with proper amounts in the lattice of the trivalent metal perovskite-type oxide LaMnO₃ would also lead to an increase in the content of the reducible Mnⁿ⁺ and the formation of anionic vacancies, which would be favorable for the adsorption-activation of oxygen on the functioning catalyst and the transport of the lattice and surface oxygen species. All these factors would contribute to the pronounced improvement of the catalyst performance.     

Gas-phase dehydration of glycerol over commercial Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalysts

Gas-phase dehydration of glycerol to produce acrolein was investigated over commercial catalysts based onγ-Al2O3, viz. A-64, A-56, I-62, AP-10, AP-56, AP-64 and KR-104. To understand the effect of Cl?anions, HCl-impregnated sup-ports have been investigated in the dehydration reaction of glycerol at 375 °C. For comparison, various H-zeolites were also examined. It was found that the glycerol conversion over the solid acid catalysts was strongly dependent on their acidity and surface area. And the relationship between the catalytic activity and the acidity of the catalysts was discussed. The outstanding properties of Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst systems for the dehydration of glycerol were revealed. Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst (AP-64) showed the highest catalytic activity after 50 h of reaction with an acrolein selectivity of 65%at a conversion of glycerol of 90%. Based on these results, catalysts based onγ-Al2O3 appear to be most promising for gas phase dehydration of glycerol.     

Performance and characterization of Ru/Al2O3 and Ru/SiO2 catalysts modified with Mn for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

Mn effect and characterization on γ-Al₂O₃-, -Al₂O₃- and SiO₂-supported Ru catalysts were investigated for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis under pressurized conditions. In the slurry phase Fischer–Tropsch reaction, γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts showed higher performance on CO conversion and C₅⁺ selectivity than -Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ catalysts. Moreover, Ru/Mn/γ-Al₂O₃ exhibited high resistance to catalyst deactivation and other catalysts were deactivated during the reaction. From characterization results on XRD, TPR, TEM, XPS and pore distribution, Ru particles were clearly observed over the catalysts, and γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts showed a moderate pore and particle size such as 8 nm, where -Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ showed highly dispersed ruthenium particles. The addition of Mn to γ-Al₂O₃ enhanced the removal of chloride from RuCl₃, which can lead to the formation of metallic Ru with moderate particle size, which would be an active site for Fischer–Tropsch reaction. Concomitantly, manganese chloride is formed. These schemes can be assigned to the stable nature of Ru/Mn/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst.     

脲溶液修饰γ-Al_2O_3及其对La_2O_3/γ-Al_2O_3催化肉桂醛MPV反应的影响

采用探针-TPD、探针-IR和电势测量等方法研究不同浓度脲溶液浸泡γ-Al2O3颗粒对γ-Al2O3表面酸碱性质的影响和脲修饰对γ-Al2O3及La2O3/γ-Al2O3催化肉桂醛MPV反应的影响。结果表明,经不同浓度的脲溶液浸泡后,γ-Al2O3表面酸、碱位点强度分布均发生变化,催化肉桂醛MPV反应,生成肉桂醇的选择性随着修饰用脲溶液浓度增加而下降。以脲溶液修饰的γ-Al2O3为载体制备的La2O3/γ-Al2O3催化肉桂醛MPV反应,具有与γ-Al2O3催化该反应类似的变化现象。     

Size-controlled Pd nanoparticles supported on α-Al2O3 as heterogeneous catalyst for selective hydrogenation of acetylene

Size-controlled Pd nanoparticles （PdNPs） were synthesized in aqueous solution, using sodium car-boxymethyl cellulose as the stabilizer. Size-controlled PdNPs were supported onα-Al2O3 by the incipient wetness impregnation method. The PdNPs onα-Al2O3 support were in a narrow particle size distribution in the range of 1-6 nm. A series of PdNPs/α-Al2O3 catalysts were used for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene in ethylene-rich stream. The results show that PdNPs/α-Al2O3 catalyst with 0.03%（by mass） Pd loading is a very effective and sta-ble catalyst. With promoter Ag added, ethylene selectivity is increased from 41.0%to 63.8%at 100 ＆#176;C. Comparing with conventional Pd-Ag/α-Al2O3 catalyst, PdNPs-Ag/α-Al2O3 catalyst has better catalytic performance in acety-lene hydrogenation and shows good prospects for industrial application.