氯氟醚菌唑合成方法综述

综述了杀菌剂氯氟醚菌唑的合成工艺路线,其中路线1以2-溴-4-氟-三氟甲苯为起始原料经醚化、酰化、环氧化和开环取代4步反应得到目标产物;路线2以2-碘-4-溴-三氟甲苯为起始原料经酰化、环氧化、取代等6步反应制备氯氟醚菌唑原药。     

α-酮缬氨酸钙合成工艺研究

通过对α-酮缬氨酸钙合成工艺研究,确定优化路线以海因为原料与丙酮进行羰基化反应得到5-亚异丙基海因,再以5-亚异丙基海因碱性条件下水解后直接成钙盐(路线1);以5-亚异丙基海因碱性条件下水解、酸化合成得到α-酮缬氨酸,与氯化钙反应成钙盐(路线2)以及与氢氧化钙反应成钙盐(路线3)。目标化合物经1H NMR、13C NMR确证为目标化合物,通过对3条路线的对比认为路线3更符合工业化生产。     

杀菌剂氟喹唑的合成

[目的]研究杀菌剂氟喹唑的合成路线。[方法]以2-氨基-5-氟苯甲酸为初始原料,经"一锅法"缩合闭环、氯化,亲核取代反应,得到目标产物氟喹唑。[结果]在优化的反应条件下,反应总收率为67.1%(以2-氨基-5-氟苯甲酸计),纯度99%;产物结构经HPLC-MS、1H NMR确证。[结论]该路线条件温和,收率高,可以作为氟喹唑的一种有效合成方法在工业上进行推广应用。     

3-羟基-4-苯基-2-丁酮的合成

分别以(E)-1-苯基-1-丁烯-3-酮和4-苯基-2-丁酮为起始原料合成了3-羟基-4-苯基-2-丁酮。以(E)-1-苯基-1-丁烯-3-酮为起始原料,经过环氧化和还原两步反应得到产物;第1步环氧化反应,用双氧水作氧化剂,产率64%;第2步α,β-环氧酮在Pd/C催化作用下用甲酸还原,得到产物3-羟基-4-苯基-2-丁酮,产率67%;该路线总产率为43%。以4-苯基-2-丁酮为起始原料,经过烯醇硅醚中间体氧化得到产物;4-苯基-2-丁酮在六甲基二硅胺作用下与三甲基碘硅烷反应得到4-苯基-2-丁烯-2-基三甲基硅醚,产率为75%;第2步烯醇硅醚用间氯过氧苯甲酸氧化,得到产物3-羟基-4-苯基-2-丁酮,产率达71%;该路线总产率为53%。以(E)-1-苯基-1-丁烯-3-酮为起始原料的合成路线总产率略低,但操作简单,试剂价廉易得,是更为实用可行的合成路线。     

2-正丁基-4-氯-5-甲酰基咪唑合成新工艺

以戊腈为原料,经加成、取代得到脒（2）,再与乙二醛缩合、脱一分子水得到眯唑啉酮化合物（3）,最后经氯代、氧化后得到2-正丁基-4-氯-5-甲酰基咪唑,收章40．5％。该工艺具有原料易得,反应条件温和,合成路线短,易于工业化生产等特点,是-条新的2-正丁基-4-氯-5-甲酰基咪唑（1）合成路线。     

2-溴-6-三氟甲基吡啶合成的改进

介绍了标题化合物的合成路线,以2-氯-6-三氟甲基吡啶为原料,经过与水合肼、溴代反应得到目标产物,并经MS和1HNMR进行了结构表征。本合成路线操作简单,收率较高,适合工业化生产。反应总收率84.5%。     

α-酮苯丙氨酸钙的合成

介绍和比较了α-酮苯丙氨酸钙的2种合成方法。分别以海因、α-乙酰氨基肉桂酸为起始原料,反应得到α-酮苯丙氨酸后成钙盐,经波谱分析目标化合物结构得到确证。以海因为起始原料的合成路线原料成本低,转化率高,更适合工业化生产。     

甲磺胺磺隆合成方法述评

总结了文献报道的甲磺胺磺隆及其中间体的合成工艺路线和具体的合成方法。甲磺胺磺隆是由4-氰基甲苯或关键中间体N-叔丁基-2-甲氧羰基-5-甲基苯磺酰胺为原料经多步反应得到产品,主要有2条工艺路线。     

9-乙基鸟嘌呤的合成

以丙二酸二乙酯、盐酸胍为起始原料,在碱性条件下缩合得到中间产物2-氨基-4,6-二羟基嘧啶,然后,以三乙胺为缚酸剂,在80℃下与三氯氧磷反应,再用氢氧化钠分解得到2-氨基-6-氯嘧啶-4(3H)-酮,然后经过乙氨基化、亚硝化、环合反应,得到最终反应产物。并通过优化反应条件,获得了最佳工艺参数。该反应路线操作简便、工艺路线可行。产物经过熔点、IR、~1HNMR、~(13)CNMR等表征确证。     

6-苯甲酰基-2,2-二甲基-7-羟基色满的合成研究

以间苯二酚、3-甲基-2-丁烯酸为原料经过环合反应,锌汞齐还原,与酰氯反应成酯,Fries重排得到6-苯甲酰基-2,2-二甲基-7-羟基色满,总收率49.6%。该路线原料廉价易得、操作简单、副反应少、收率较高,具有工业化应用前景。     

树脂基复合材料成型工艺研究进展

主要综述了树脂基复合材料的几种成型工艺,包括RTM、VARTM、CRTM、LRTM、RFI、VARI、SCRIMP、SRIM、TERM,各自的发展现状、成型原理、特点等.     

Potential of Polyvinylidene Fluoride/Carbon Nanotube Composite in Energy,Electronics, and Membrane Technology: An Overview

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a semicrystalline thermoplastic and electroactive polymer with piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties, thermal stability, elasticity, and chemical resistance. PVDF exits in five different phases (α, β, δ, γ, and ε-phase). Unique properties of this polymer enhances its use in chemical, biomedical, and electronic industries such as supercapacitors, transducers, actuators, and batteries. Carbon nanotube (CNT) is used as reinforcement to exploit full potential of PVDF in energy, electronics, and membrane technology. The nanofiller affects morphology, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, electrical, dielectric, thermal, and mechanical properties of PVDF-based nanocomposite. CNT content and chemical modification influence properties as well as application of PVDF.     

A review of ZrO2 nanoparticles applications and recent advancements

The many branches of nanoscience have made significant strides and advancements during the past ten years, as has the entire scientific community. Zirconia nanoparticles have several uses as adsorbents, nanosensors, nanocatalysts, and other types of nanomaterials. Their outstanding biomedical uses in dental care and drug delivery, as well as their intriguing biological characteristics, such as their anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and antioxidant activity, have further encouraged researchers to investigate their physicochemical properties using various synthetic pathways. Due to the popularity of zirconia-based nanomaterials, the current research comprehensively examines several synthesis techniques and their effects on the composition, dimensions, forms, and morphologies of these nanomaterials. In general, there are two methods for creating zirconia nanoparticles: chemical synthesis, which uses hydrothermal, solvothermal, sol-gel, microwave, solution combustion, and co-precipitation processes; and a greener method, which uses bacteria, fungi, and plant components. The aforementioned techniques have been evaluated in the present review for achieving particular phases and shapes. A thorough analysis of zirconia-based nanomaterial's uses is also included in the review. Furthermore, comparisons with their equivalent composites for various applications as well as the influence of particular phases and morphologies have been added. The final portion includes the summary, future outlook, and potential application.     

Graphene-Based Sensors for the Detection of Bioactive Compounds: A Review

Over the last years, different nanomaterials have been investigated to design highly selective and sensitive sensors, reaching nano/picomolar concentrations of biomolecules, which is crucial for medical sciences and the healthcare industry in order to assess physiological and metabolic parameters. The discovery of graphene (G) has unexpectedly impulsed research on developing cost-effective electrode materials owed to its unique physical and chemical properties, including high specific surface area, elevated carrier mobility, exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity, strong stiffness and strength combined with flexibility and optical transparency. G and its derivatives, including graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), are becoming an important class of nanomaterials in the area of optical and electrochemical sensors. The presence of oxygenated functional groups makes GO nanosheets amphiphilic, facilitating chemical functionalization. G-based nanomaterials can be easily combined with different types of inorganic nanoparticles, including metals and metal oxides, quantum dots, organic polymers, and biomolecules, to yield a wide range of nanocomposites with enhanced sensitivity for sensor applications. This review provides an overview of recent research on G-based nanocomposites for the detection of bioactive compounds, providing insights on the unique advantages offered by G and its derivatives. Their synthesis process, functionalization routes, and main properties are summarized, and the main challenges are also discussed. The antioxidants selected for this review are melatonin, gallic acid, tannic acid, resveratrol, oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and curcumin. They were chosen owed to their beneficial properties for human health, including antibiotic, antiviral, cardiovascular protector, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, neuroprotective, antiageing, antidegenerative, and antiallergic capacity. The sensitivity and selectivity of G-based electrochemical and fluorescent sensors are also examined. Finally, the future outlook for the development of G-based sensors for this type of biocompounds is outlined.     

Electrospinning jets and polymer nanofibers

In electrospinning, polymer nanofibers are formed by the creation and elongation of an electrified fluid jet. The path of the jet is from a fluid surface that is often, but not necessarily constrained by an orifice, through a straight segment of a tapering cone, then through a series of successively smaller electrically driven bending coils, with each bending coil having turns of increasing radius, and finally solidifying into a continuous thin fiber. Control of the process produces fibers with nanometer scale diameters, along with various cross-sectional shapes, beads, branches and buckling coils or zigzags. Additions to the fluid being spun, such as chemical reagents, other polymers, dispersed particles, proteins, and viable cells, resulted in the inclusion of the added material along the nanofibers. Post-treatments of nanofibers, by conglutination, by vapor coating, by chemical treatment of the surfaces, and by thermal processing, broaden the usefulness of nanofibers.     

Maternal Reproductive Toxicity of Some Essential Oils and Their Constituents

Even though several plants can improve the female reproductive function, the use of herbs, herbal preparations, or essential oils during pregnancy is questionable. This review is focused on the effects of some essential oils and their constituents on the female reproductive system during pregnancy and on the development of the fetus. The major concerns include causing abortion, reproductive hormone modulation, maternal toxicity, teratogenicity, and embryo-fetotoxicity. This work summarizes the important studies on the reproductive effects of essential oil constituents anethole, apiole, citral, camphor, thymoquinone, trans-sabinyl acetate, methyl salicylate, thujone, pulegone, β-elemene, β-eudesmol, and costus lactone, among others.     

2010～2011年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2010年7月～2011年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2010～2011年世界塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、ABS树脂),工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚),特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮),通用热固性树脂(酚醛、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂、聚氨酯)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

A review of liquid silicone rubber injection molding: Process variables and process modeling

Liquid silicone rubber (LSR) is an elastomer molded into critical performance components for applications in medical, power, consumer, automotive, and aerospace applications. This article reviews process behavior, material modeling, and simulation of the (LSR) injection molding process. Each phase of the LSR injection molding process is discussed, including resin handling, plastication, injection, pack and hold, and curing; and factors affecting the molding process are reviewed. Processing behavior of LSR is marked by transient interactions between curing, shear rate, temperature, pressure, and tooling. Therefore, current LSR models for curing, viscosity, pressure, and temperature are discussed. Process dynamics and material modeling are combined in LSR injection molding simulations with applications in mold design, troubleshooting process-induced defects, and management of shear stress and non-uniform temperatures between LSR and substrates during overmolding. Finally, case studies using commercial simulation software are presented, which have shown cavity pressure and flow front advancement within 3% of experimental values. Optimization of LSR materials, data collection, model fitting, venting, and bonding remain areas of continued interest.     

新型碳材料与聚烯烃复合材料研究进展

最近二十多年,由于新型碳材料（包括富勒烯、碳纳米管和石墨烯等）在很多方面具有优异的性能,开辟了诸多新颖的应用领域。本文综述了碳纳米管和石墨烯在聚烯烃树脂中的应用,通过物理共混和原位合成法形成复合材料,提高了聚烯烃材料的力学性能、结晶和熔融性能、热稳定性和导电性等,复合材料在场发射显示器件、储氢材料、电池、超强超韧复合材料、显微镜探头、超级电容器、电子枪、纳米电子器件、传感器等诸多领域已取得了较大的突破。     

2004～2005年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2004年7月-2005年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2004年～2005年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界几大区域塑料的产量、增长率及所占份额；美国、德国、日本、韩国、法国、比利时、印度、西班牙、中国台湾、加拿大、巴西、英国等国家和地区的不同树脂的产量及消费量；各国、各地区塑料原料的产量、进出口量、国内消费量和人均消费量；日本塑料原料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮、聚砜）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。