2维C/SiC复合材料的拉伸损伤演变过程和微观结构特征

通过单向拉伸和分段式加载-卸载实验,研究了二维编织C/SiC复合材料的宏观力学特性和损伤的变化过程.用扫描电镜对样品进行微观结构分析,并监测了载荷作用下复合材料的声发射行为.结果表明:在拉伸应力低于50MPa时,复合材料的应力-应变为线弹性;随着应力的增加,材料模量减小,非弹性应变变大,复合材料的应力-应变行为表现为非线性直至断裂.复合材料的平均断裂强度和断裂应变分别为23426MPa和0.6%.拉伸破坏损伤表现为:基体开裂,横向纤维束开裂,界面层脱粘,纤维断裂,层间剥离和纤维束断裂.损伤累积后最终导致复合材料交叉编织节点处纤维束逐层断裂和拔出,形成斜口断裂和平口断裂.     

金属网对玻璃纤维增强复合材料低速冲击损伤特性的影响

为研究304不锈钢网对玻璃纤维编织复合材料低速冲击损伤特性的影响,利用落锤试验机分别对2 mm厚的不含、含一层和含三层304不锈钢网的玻璃纤维编织复合材料板进行5 J、20 J、40 J和60 J能量下的冲击实验,从层合板载荷峰值、最大凹陷位移、能量吸收和损伤机理等方面,分析不锈钢网对层合板抗冲击性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,当冲击能量未达到层合板击穿能量阈值前,载荷峰值和最大凹陷位移随着冲击能量的增大而增大。三层不锈钢网的加入使得层合板在较小凹陷位移时就能达到最大载荷,具有良好的抗冲击性能。层合板损伤形状呈十字形,损伤程度沿着厚度方向逐渐加深,背面中心点处损伤最为严重。当冲击能量超过层合板能量阈值时,中心区域损伤呈花瓣开裂状,主要损伤模式为纤维拉伸断裂和基体破碎、金属丝拉伸断裂。     

缝合编织复合材料低速冲击以及冲击后弯曲性能研究

两片三维四向编织厚片叠层缝合和四片三维四向编织薄片叠层缝合,固化之后得到两种厚度接近的缝合编织复合材料。对两种材料进行冲击以及冲击后弯曲实验,分析其表面和内部损伤特征、分布和机理,探讨其冲击后的剩余弯曲性能。结果表明,3.2J/mm的冲击能量下,缝合编织薄片的表面损伤面积和厚度方向上的损伤小于缝合编织厚片;冲击后弯曲实验中,两种材料受压面的树脂裂纹在厚度方向上的相邻两编织片之间几乎观察不到,受拉面的树脂裂纹沿着冲击造成的树脂裂纹继续向横向、纵向和厚度方向扩展;缝合编织薄片未经冲击与冲击后的弯曲强度和弯曲模量均大于缝合编织厚片,但其弯曲断裂变形小于缝合编织厚片。     

平纹编织碳纤维增强碳化硅复合材料低速冲击特性及冲击后的压缩强度

采用落锤冲击试验系统对平纹编织碳纤维增强碳化硅复合材料平板试样进行低速冲击,冲击能量为1.5～9J。冲击试验后,采用超声C扫描得到冲击损伤的大小。对含冲击损伤的试样进行压缩试验,通过与未冲击试样的压缩强度比较,得到冲击试样的剩余压缩强度。并对比了编织陶瓷基复合材料和树脂基复合材料的损伤阻抗和损伤容限。结果显示:随着冲击能量的增加,冲击力峰值、复合材料损伤面积和凹坑深度明显增加,到达峰值冲击力的时间减小。冲击能量的增加会导致冲击损伤面积的增加,而损伤面积的增加会导致剩余压缩强度的明显降低。相对于编织纤维增强树脂基复合材料,编织纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料的损伤阻抗较低,但损伤容限较高。     

三维编织复合材料拉伸损伤声发射监测与显微CT表征

为了准确评估碳纤维三维编织复合材料力学行为及损伤特性,利用声发射技术对复合材料的拉伸损伤过程展开实时监测,并基于概率熵统计分析方法研究材料损伤演化所产生声发射信号的动态响应行为。此外,采用显微CT扫描技术对复合材料的内部损伤状态进行可视化表征。结果表明,声发射信号的特征能够很好地反映复合材料的破坏过程,声发射信号概率熵的演变描述了复合材料内部不可逆的损伤与失效机制。声发射结合显微CT技术能够有效地获取三维编织复合材料内部不同截面上的微观结构及其损伤特征,为该类复合材料的无损检测与寿命评估提供技术支撑。     

动力有限元在三维编织复合材料弹道冲击性能研究中的应用

三维编织复合材料具有高的层间剪切强度,高的损伤容限和显著的抵抗裂纹扩展的能力。三维编织复合材料弹道性能的研究一般局限于实验观察阶段。本文运用数值计算方法对三维编织复合材料细观结构有限元模型进行弹道冲击性能研究,得出了合理的结果,说明了这种方法的有效性。     

混杂编织层合复合材料低速冲击性能研究

主要研究三组二维三轴混杂编织层合复合材料在铺层数目相同时,不同混杂编织方式对低速冲击性能的影响,为其在航空航天等领域的应用研究提供一定的设计依据和理论基础。由低速冲击以及三点弯曲实验的对比和分析研究表明,编织纱是玻纤、轴纱是碳纤的二维三轴编织片层合制得的复合材料,冲击后其表面产生裂纹较少、单位厚度吸收能量较低、在厚度方向产生损伤范围较小,冲击后弯曲损伤较小,抗冲击性能较好;通过合适的碳纤/玻纤混杂编织方式可实现正的混杂效应,进而增强其层合复合材料的抗冲击性能。     

三维五向编织复合材料工字梁弯曲性能研究

对四步法三维五向编织工字梁结构的弯曲性能进行了数值分析和实验研究。首先根据三维五向编织复合材料细观结构模型对材料进行刚度预测,讨论编织参数对材料性能的影响;在此基础上,将预测得到的单胞力学性能应用到宏观结构上,建立三维五向工字梁有限元模型,对其弯曲性能进行数值分析;最后采用RTM工艺制作工字梁试件进行四点弯曲试验,将结果与有限元计算结果进行对比。结果显示,编织参数的变化对三维五向编织复合材料的性能有着较大影响,有限元分析结果与试验结果基本一致。     

平纹编织复合材料层板高速冲击损伤机理研究

根据碳纤维平纹编织复合材料层板在高速冲击下的断裂形貌特征,基于能量守恒原理构建层板的能量解析模型。模型考虑弹体动能被层合板的剪切破坏、拉伸断裂、压缩变形、分层损伤以及冲击区运动等损伤模式吸收,最终得到常微分形式的能量平衡方程。方程的几何参数中剪切充塞孔深度由试验弹道极限速度及理论求解得到,裂纹长度和分层损伤区域通过弹道冲击试验测量获得。在验证模型准确性的基础上,研究表明层合板在中速冲击时纤维拉伸断裂损伤吸收最多的能量,而高速冲击时压缩变形成为主要的吸能方式。在整个冲击过程中,较大的分层损伤区域使得基体的能量吸收作用不可忽视。层合板在平头弹冲击下与圆头弹相比吸收了更多的能量。     

纤维增强型复合材料断裂仿真分析

主要采用细观力学和有限元方法对编织纤维增强型复合材料Ⅰ拉伸断裂情况进行仿真分析,从实验分析和仿真结果验证两个方面来分析界面断裂时纤维增强型复合材料的整体断裂情况的影响.     

Energy absorptions and failure modes of 3D orthogonal hybrid woven composite struck by flat‐ended rod

Three‐dimensional (3D) orthogonal woven composite has high stiffness, strength, and energy absorption capacity along X, Y, and Z directions because there are no crimps in yarn. This paper presents mechanical behaviors and energy absorptions of the 3D orthogonal hybrid woven composite under transverse impact and quasi‐static loading by flat‐ended rod. The failure load and energy absorption of the composite increase with the increase in loading rate. The damage morphology of the composite coupon manifests the compression failure in the front side and tension failure in rear side. There are no delaminations in the composite coupons for both quasi‐static and impact loading for the existence of Z‐yarn in fabric structure. This phenomenon manifests the potential application of the 3D orthogonal woven composite to impact resistance areas. POLYM. COMPOS., 27: 410–416, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Characterizations of basalt unsaturated polyester laminates under static three‐point bending and low‐velocity impact loadings

This paper reports the responses of basalt unsaturated polyester laminates under static three‐point bending loading and low‐velocity impact. Three kinds of composite materials, unidirectional (0°), cross‐ply (0°/90°) and woven laminates were considered. The laminates were fabricated by layup process and hot pressed under pressure. Static three‐point bending tests and low‐velocity impact tests were conducted to obtain the force–deflection, force–time, deflection–time, velocity–time, and energy–time curves. The results showed that unidirectional (0°) laminates carried more load during static loading, but in the event of dynamic loading, cross‐ply, and woven laminates were more superior. It was observed that the failure of 0° laminates was along the fiber direction while for cross‐ply and woven, the damage was localized, around the impacted locations. From the different combinations of unidirectional (0°), cross‐ply (0°/90°) and woven lamina, the impact behaviors could be optimized with the lowest area density. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:2203–2213, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

三维正交机织复合材料弹道冲击实验及破坏模式

本文用钢芯弹对三维机织复合材料作弹道冲击测试。得到了弹体的入射速度和剩余速度,比较了常见几种材料的弹道性能评价参数的差异,并考察侵彻破坏模式和靶体最后的损伤破坏形态。在300-800m/s冲击速度范围下观测了材料的冲击破坏形态,发现机织复合材料受弹面和子弹出射面破坏形态不一样,受弹面主要是以纤维的压缩、剪切破坏以及基体开裂为主,出射面以纤维的拉伸、厚度方向的纱线断裂为主要破坏模式。通过对破坏模式和形态的分析,可以帮助建立更加准确的破坏准则,从而在设计抗弹材料时起到一定的作用。     

The influence of surface morphology on the interfacial adhesion and fracture behavior of vacuum infused carbon fiber reinforced polymeric repairs

The current work is focused on the adhesion characteristics of vacuum infused repair patches on variously pretreated composite surfaces, given that the impregnation resin acts both as a consolidation agent of the reinforcement as well as a very thin bonding medium on a composite substrate. Initially, the pretreated surfaces, on which the repair patches were infused, were characterized with a number of surface analysis techniques such as X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser profilometry, dynamic contact angle and surface energy analysis. Double cantilever beam (DCB) repairs were then considered as the macroscopic method of assessment by infusing layers of carbon woven fabric onto the surface pretreated composite laminates. The behavior of the asymmetric DCB configuration was also studied by finite element modeling, for cohesive crack growth within the bondline, using the virtual crack extension (VCE) method. DCB testing results showed that the fracture resistance curves obtained from the repairs were lower than the numerical resistance curves. This was attributed to the preferential crack trajectory at the receptive infusion resin/pretreated composite interface. Correlation of the experimental fracture energies with the surface property data, revealed an explicit relationship between the surface roughness and the interfacial adhesion of the repair patches during crack initiation and propagation. The strain energy release rates of the DCB repairs were increased with increased surface roughness without dramatic change of the failure mode, as verified by the post‐failure examination of the fractured surfaces using scanning electron micrographs. POLYM. COMPOS., 29:92–108, 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Review of the Mechanical Properties of a 3D Woven Composite and Its Applications

Owing to their complex structural characteristics, 3D woven composites display different mechanical properties and failure modes from traditional composite laminates. The relations between the weaving geometry and main mechanical properties of composites are obtained by studying the internal structures of 3D woven textile. This paper reviews the research on the mechanical behavior such as tension, compression, shear, flexural, and impact properties, and analytical models of 3D woven polymer matrix composites mainly in four major inner structures and discusses the development of mechanical properties and applications of 3D woven fabrics and suggests further studies on aero industry.     

三维正交机织复合材料弹道侵彻有限元模拟

测试复合材料弹道侵彻性质,得到复合材料弹道侵彻过程中子弹的入射速度和剩余速度及冲击破坏形态。基于复合材料的真实细观结构,建立细观结构模型,运用商用有限元软件ABAQUS/Explicit计算复合材料弹道侵彻破坏过程。研究发现三维正交复合材料不同破坏机制:三维正交机织复合材料不产生冲击分层,纤维断裂和基体开裂是主要吸能模式,复合材料冲击破坏是最主要的破坏模式。     

三维角联锁机织复合材料低速冲击破坏的有限元计算

测试三维角联锁机织复合材料低速冲击性能,得到复合材料在低速冲击过程中的载荷－位移曲线等。结合采用冲击接触定律、单元失效准则和材料刚度退化技术,建立复合材料低速冲击的三维有限元单胞模型。运用商业有限元软件ABAQus／Explicit,联合用户子程序（VUMAT）计算复合材料低速冲击破坏过程。比较有限元计算结果和实验结果,发现二者在载荷一位移变化规律和复合材料破坏形态上较为吻合。     

The fracture properties of a smart fiber metal laminate

This paper investigates the interfacial, tensile, and fatigue properties of a novel smart fiber‐metal laminate (FML) based on a nickel‐titanium (Ni‐Ti) shape memory alloy and a woven glass fiber reinforced epoxy. Initial tests, using the single cantilever beam (SCB) geometry, have shown that this unique system offers high values of metal‐composite interfacial fracture toughness. Tensile tests have shown that the mechanical properties of these FMLs lie between those offered by its constituent materials and that their tensile modulus and strength can be easily predicted using a rule of mixtures approach. Tension‐tension fatigue tests have shown that the fatigue performance of notched smart FMLs is superior to that offered by the plain Ni‐Ti alloy. A subsequent optical examination of unnotched laminates tested to failure under tension‐tension fatigue loading has shown that the fracture mechanisms occurring within the Ni‐Ti FMLs are strongly dependent on the applied cyclic stress. POLYM. COMPOS., 28:534–544, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers     

An acoustic emission study on the fracture behavior of continuous glass fiber/polypropylene composites based on commingled yarn

The fracture behavior of continuous glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composites made of commingled yarn in the form of biaxial (±±45°) noncrimp warp‐knitted fabric, twill woven fabric, and swirl mat, respectively, was investigated by virtue of single edge notched tensile (SEN‐T) specimens. These composite laminates were manufactured by compression molding and cooled at two different rates (1°C/min and 10°C/min) during the last processing phase of the laminates. The failure mechanisms were studied by acoustic emission (AE) analysis. AE amplitude ranges corresponding to the individual failure modes have been identified. For biaxial noncrimp fabric reinforced materials, the failure mechanisms involved in the fracture procedure are governed by the interface related failure events. Higher cooling rate, which is accompanied by better fiber/matrix adhesion, results in not only the increase in the relative proportion of high‐amplitude failure events, but also the occurrence of a large quantity of fiber fracture events. For woven fabric and mat reinforced composites, fiber‐dominated failure mechanisms result in the higher fracture toughness when compared with biaxial noncrimp fabric composites. Under this circumstance, the change in cooling rate only results in the difference in the relative frequency of the individual failure modes. In addition, it is found out that the initiation fracture toughness of SEN‐T specimens can be easily assessed by marking the load value which corresponds to the first point of AE signals emitted stably in AE events‐displacement curves. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Finite element analysis of plain weave composites for flexural failure

This article presents finite element analysis for flexural behavior of woven composites considering the fiber and the matrix and their interactions. Finite element model using Abaqus program is developed to predict the homogenized properties of plain‐weave T300/LTM45 composite. Initially, curved beam elements are used to model each resin‐infiltrated fiber bundle. Geometrically, nonlinear analyses of the model with periodic boundary conditions are carried out to obtain effective in‐plane and bending properties of the composite. Statistical analysis is presented to study the stiffness variability. The flexural failure of a single‐ply composite is estimated based on the homogenized material properties, and is compared with previously published data. The model is able to correct the significant errors in the stiffnesses of the composite and captures the failure behavior accurately. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers