An improved soil core incubation method for the field measurement of denitrification and net mineralization using acetylene inhibition

An improved field sampling method for measuring denitrification and mineralization, based on square-section soil cores enclosed in a specially constructed incubation box is described. Comparisons with an established method, based on conventional (cylindrical) soil cores were made using two contrasting soil types. In a well-drained soil, similar rates of denitrification were obtained with either method, but rates were consistently lower using the established method in a poorly-drained soil, both in the short-term and over an extended period. Rates of mineralization were also similar with the two methods in the well-drained soil, but in the poorly-drained soil, rates were significantly higher using the established method. The box method was considered overall to give more reliable estimates of these soil processes in a poorly-drained soil, especially when the soil water content approached field capacity. Better soil structure was maintained with minimal disturbance to the natural soil aeration using square-section cores. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Microcosmic study of soil microarthropod and earthworm interaction in litter decomposition and nutrient turnover

A microcosm experiment was set up under laboratory conditions and verified under field conditions with the objective of investigating the interaction of soil microarthropods and earthworms in litter decomposition, nutrient release, and uptake by maize crop. The treatments included: soil alone (control), soil with leaf litter (Senna siamea leaves), soil with leaf litter and soil microarthropods, soil with leaf litter and earthworms (Hyperiodrilus africanus), and soil with litter and both of the soil faunal groups. After an 8-week incubation period, the amounts of litter decomposed and N, P, K, Ca, and Mg released followed the order: with microarthropods and earthworms > with earthworms > with microarthropods > no faunal addition. The presence of microarthropods and earthworms also increased the net level of mineral N in the incubated soil. The additive roles of soil microarthropods and earthworms were observed on decomposition and nutrient release. Such faunal interactions resulted in an increased N uptake by maize in the incubated soil. Despite their lower biomass, soil microarthropods contributed significantly to nutrient turnover in the presence of earthworms. This study emphasizes the need to quantify and devise ways of controlling and regulating the abundance and activities of soil fauna for effective nutrient cycling and, consequently, for better crop yields in low-input tropical agricultural ecosystems.     

分层土壤中竖直埋管换热器传热特性

基于移动有限长线热源理论,考虑土壤分层及存在渗流现象,建立了埋管传热解析模型。利用热响应试验验证了该模型的正确性。对比分层模型与均质模型所给出的埋管散热过程的土壤温度响应表明:埋管周围土壤沿轴向分层使其温度分布也呈现分层而非均匀的特点,各层土壤中钻孔壁处温度趋于稳定所需的时间及数值因各层物性的差异而不同。对整个埋管区土壤均质或分层但存在渗流作用以及部分土壤层存在渗流作用等3种情况进行了计算分析,发现:若整个分层土壤中存在渗流,而视土壤为均质并忽略渗流的影响,则对换热能效系数低估可达6.3%;埋管散热在各土壤层中的热作用距离因存在渗流与否偏差可达43%。可见,为了准确评估钻孔周围渗流作用下分层土壤中的温度分布特性,应利用分层模型计算各土壤层中的热作用距离,以最大值确定管间距,否则会导致管群布置时管间距选取偏小。     

Combined effect of water and organic matter on phosphorus availability in calcareous soils

Phosphorus removal from soil solution is mainly due to adsorption and precipitation. For calcareous soils, with a large reservoir of exchangeable calcium, precipitation of insoluble Ca-P phases is the predominant process that reduces P availability to plants. Soil water content positively affects P-precipitation, while the addition of organic matter (OM) has an opposite effect. Little information on the effect of soil organic matter on P-insolubilisation as a function of soil water contents has prompted this study of the variation of extractable P, after addition of mineral P fertiliser. Columns packed with a calcareous soil were enriched with different levels of OM, extracted from Irish peat, and subjected to different rainfall simulations. After 102 days of experimentation and 171 mm of accumulated rainfall, the Olsen-P was 53% of the initially applied amount in 6.2% OM-enriched soil, 37% in 4.1% OM-enriched soil, and 20% in untreated soil (1.9% of OM). While the curve describing Olsen-P decrease as a function of accumulated rainfall was clearly exponential for untreated soil, the curves for OM-enriched samples were flatter, evidence that OM addition modified P-insolubilisation. The P-insolubilisation, after P-fertilisation, at several constant values of soil moisture for (i) calcareous soil, (ii) calcareous soil after removing carbonates and saturating the exchange complex with Ca, and (iii) calcareous soil after addition of different levels of OM followed first-order kinetics. The K_obss followed the order: Ca-saturated soil > untreated soil > OM-enriched samples. Results from rainfall simulation experiments and kinetics of Olsen-P decrease at several constant soil moisture contents indicated that the soil water amount was the main factor in reducing extractable P after P fertilisation and that the soil OM content was the main factor in keeping P in extractable forms. On the other hand, the addition of OM to calcareous soil increased the extractable P at each soil moisture regime, decreasing P-insolubilisation more effectively at lower soil water contents. P-sorption isotherms of calcareous soil after addition of different levels of OM showed that the presence of OM mainly influences P-insolubilisation, but not the adsorption process.     

Problems with and local solutions for organic matter management in Vietnam

Soil organic matter plays a major role in sustainable agricultural development in Vietnam. A general soil evaluation shows that the content of organic matter in most soil units in Vietnam ranges between 0.5 to 3.0% soil organic matter (in the A and B horizon only) with lower levels especially on sloping land. Most upland soils (70% that contain ≤ 2% soil organic matter) are in danger due to imminent soil erosion. Soil organic matter is lost very quickly due to erosion, lack of organic manure and poor farming techniques in these areas. Using green hedgerows along contour lines and intercropping with legume species to cover the soil are technological options to control soil erosion and improve soil organic matter content on sloping land. Green hedgerows significantly reduce soil and organic matter loss by 50–70%, compared to sloping land without hedgerows. Intercropping with legume species reduces soil loss by 40–50%, and can provide the soil with 2.5–12 tons of green manure/ha/year. However, more studies are needed to identify the best technologies for managing soil organic matter in upland areas. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

杀菌剂氟吗啉和多菌灵对蚯蚓的急性毒性

采用自然土和OECD标准人工土研究了氟吗啉和多菌灵对蚯蚓的急性毒性，并对试验过程中蚯蚓的中毒症状和形态、行为变化进行了观察。结果表明，氟吗啉在自然土壤中对蚯蚓的LC50为592．73mg／kg，95％置信区间为562．41～623．80mg／kg；氟吗啉在人工土壤中对蚯蚓的LC50为318．79mg／kg，95％置信区间为181．63-543．79mg／kg。多菌灵在自然土壤中对蚯蚓的LC50为26．53mg／kg，95％置信区间为15．98-42．93mg／kg；多菌灵在人工土壤中对蚯蚓的LC50为5．57mg／kg，95％置信区间为2．48～11．83mg／kg。依据农药对蚯蚓的毒性等级划分标准，氟吗啉在自然土壤和人工土壤中对蚯蚓的毒性均为低毒级；多菌灵在自然土壤中对蚯蚓的毒性为低毒级，而在人工土壤中对蚯蚓的毒性为中毒级。     

不同侵蚀部位微生物变异性研究

土壤是一个由生物和非生物组成的复杂综合体,肥力是土壤的本质和属性。土壤养分含量和土壤微生物特征是表示土壤肥力高低的重要指标,水土流失不仅导致土壤养分含量下降,而且对土壤微生物特征产生明显的影响,进而影响到土壤养分的循环和转化。本研究对华南赤红壤丘陵坡地不同侵蚀部位微生物特性的变异性进行了对比分析。结果表明：随着土壤侵蚀程度的加剧和植被的破坏,土壤微生物总数逐渐减少,土壤基础呼吸和土壤诱导呼吸显著下降。在没有草本植物的情况下,仅有人工荷木并不能起到明显的水土保持作用,近地表覆盖的草本植物应是水土保持植被建设必不可少植物类群。以此为华南赤红壤丘陵区土壤生态环境修复和水土保持提供科学依据。     

三唑酮在土壤中的降解产物和手性选择性

[目的]研究三唑酮农药在土壤中降解产物和代谢途径.[方法]在25℃下采用添加三唑酮农药试验,培养1个月.采用GC/MS全扫描模式分离和监测降解产物.[结果]三唑酮降解产物有三唑醇和三唑二醇化合物,其中三唑醇有立体选择体,在土壤中三唑醇的对映体选择值(EF)为3.5,三唑酮在不同酸碱性土壤中降解产物是相似的,不同含水量土壤中降解产物是不一样的,低含水量土壤未发现三唑醇,中含水量土壤中有三唑醇,高含水量土壤中有2个降解产物.[结论]在土壤中三唑酮的降解过程,水是关键作用之一.     

毒死蜱在土壤中的淋溶规律

[方法]通过土壤柱试验,模拟研究了在扣除地表径流影响的条件下,毒死蜱在黑土和草甸黑土中淋溶规律.[结果]当淋溶速度由1.8 mL/min增加到4.4 mL/min时,毒死蜱在土壤中的残留量降低,淋出量增幅分别为10.9％(黑土)和9.7％(草甸黑土);淋溶液pH值越低、土壤有机质含量越高对毒死蜱的淋溶作用越明显;当毒死蜱的添加量增加1倍时,淋出量分别增加69.7％(黑土)和71.2％(草甸黑土).[结论]毒死蜱在土壤柱中的淋溶受到淋溶速度、DH值、土壤有机质等因素的影响.     

Denitrification associated N loss in mangrove soil

Despite the well-known mechanism of N loss through denitrification in wetland, little information is available for mangrove soil. The aim of this study is to quantify N loss via denitrification in mangrove soil, to clarify factors affecting denitrification and to evaluate the role of plants in the mechanism of nitrification–denitrification in mangrove soil. The N loss from mangrove soil was 76%, possibly 55% through denitrification, measured using a ¹⁵N tracer technique. The N loss was reduced to 45% when a nitrification inhibitor, N-serve, was added. Planting reduced the N loss from mangrove soil more than the nitrification inhibitor. The combination of planting and applicasion of nitrification inhibitor completely prevented N loss from mangrove soil. Denitrification in fresh soil samples from a mangrove forest declined markedly from the surface to the sub-surface soil. Available C limited denitrification. The ability of glucose to induce denitrification declined with soil depth, suggesting a decline in the denitrifier population with depth. Significant reduction in N loss from mangrove soil after adding nitrification inhibitor indicates that nitrification is the key factor in N loss of mangrove soil. As there was no significant difference in denitrification between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil, the cause of N loss in the mangrove soil may occur primarily in the surface soil rather than in the rhizosphere soil.     

谢家集矿煤矸石山污染区土壤微生物活性及区系研究

测定了淮南谢家集矿煤矸石山及周边土壤的理化性质、土壤微生物及土壤酶活性。结果表明：煤矸石山及其周围土壤均呈碱性,煤矸石含水量明显低于周围土壤,周围土壤中Ni、Cu、Zn元素含量均高于淮南土壤背景值;煤矸石中微生物数量和土壤酶活性都明显低于周围土壤,且随距离矸石山越远,微生物数量和酶活性均有上升趋势。以上现象说明煤矸石的堆积不仅对周围土壤造成了重金属污染,而且严重影响了土壤微生物活性和区系变化。     

原油污染地表的无伤害清理剂的合成与性能研究

对原油在地表污染后的清理进行了综述,发现目前对原油污染地表的清理都会对地表造成不同程度的伤害。在原有专利技术的基础上,研究了无污染处理原油在地表的污染,并合成了用于原油污染地表土的清理剂,该化合物不仅能够使原油在地表脱附,而且能防止粘土的吸水、吸油膨胀引起的土壤伤害。分离出的原油不会在水中分散从而形成难以分离的油水乳状液,避免因清洗原油而引起污染,达到无伤害处理原油污染地表土的目的。     

建筑废弃物再生冗余土制备预拌流态固化土及性能研究

再生冗余土作为建筑废弃物资源化利用处理的副产物,具有成分组成复杂、含泥量高等特点,相较已经得到成熟应用的再生骨料,再生冗余土的研究与应用相对较少。为解决其资源化利用难题,采用再生冗余土作为原料,水泥、钢渣粉、粉煤灰作为固化剂制备预拌流态固化土,研究加水量、固化剂掺量与组成对预拌流态固化土工作性能与力学性能的影响。结果表明,通过调整加水量与固化剂掺量,可制备坍落度80~240 mm的再生冗余土-预拌流态固化土,28 d龄期强度介于0.68~9.54 MPa,作为低成本回填材料可以替代素土或素混凝土回填,有效消纳冗余土的同时实现与工业固废的协同利用。     

Comparison of zinc soil tests adjusted for soil and fertilizer phosphorus

Five Zn soil testing methods, DTPA, AB-DTPA, Mehlich III, Baker's equilibration system and ammonium plus copper acetate, were compared on 48 Ontario soils using corn (Zea mays L.) as a test crop. Soil P, calcium carbonate, organic matter, silt and clay contents of the soils were determined and were used along with soil tests for Zn as predictors of Zn availability to plants. In a greenhouse experiment, each soil received three rates of fertilizer P (25, 50 and 200 mg/l) to evaluate the effect of fertilizer P on Zn availability measured by soil test. None of the extractants were adequate predictors of Zn availability when used alone, explaining only 11.5 to 36.5% of the variability in plant Zn concentration. In multiple forward stepwise regression studies the prodiction of soil Zn availability was improved when soil pH, soil test P and applied fertilizer P were considered. This was true with all extractants. Of the extractants tested DTPA, AB-DTPA and ammonium plus copper acetate were better than Mehlich III and Baker's method and were almost equally effective as predictors of plant Zn concentration, when used along with soil pH and soil and fertilizer P. Plant Zn concentration decreased with increasing soil pH and increasing soil or fertilizer P. Zinc deficiency symptoms on the corn plants were associated with the high rate of fertilizer P and with low extractable soil Zn.Support for the senior author from the government of People's Republic of China is gratefully acknowledged.     

粉煤灰基土壤调理剂作用下盐碱土壤微观结构变化规律

以宁夏银北地区典型盐碱土壤为研究对象，采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、比表面全自动物理吸附仪(BET)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等测试技术对粉煤灰基土壤调理剂作用下盐碱土壤颗粒微观结构进行研究和系统表征。结果表明，利用调理剂改良后土壤矿物的主要成分未发生改变，但是添加调理剂后土壤有新晶相方解石生成；土壤的pH值大幅降低，由9.01降低到7.66；土壤红外吸收变化较小，Si-O-Si和有机质吸收峰略有增强；随着调理剂的增加，土壤小颗粒开始团聚，孔隙率逐渐增加，以添加2.5wt%组为例，15天后样品孔隙率达到21.30%，30天后样品孔隙率达到25.29%，约为未添加调理剂组的两倍；土壤颗粒的比表面积略有增加，30天后由初始的23.06 m2/g增加到25.55 m2/g。     

活化牡蛎壳固化余泥渣土及其机理分析

为实现牡蛎壳和余泥渣土两种固废资源的利用,提出了预处理的牡蛎壳经磷酸或磷酸氢二铵(DAP)活化后固化土体,制得牡蛎壳固化土。试验测定了不同配比的牡蛎壳固化土的力学性能,研究牡蛎壳固化土的边坡抗冲刷性能,并使用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪观察固化土的微观结构,分析其固化机理。结果表明,掺磷酸、DAP能提高牡蛎壳固化土的抗压强度,其中掺加DAP的效果更好。材料最佳配比(质量分数)为:73.6%土,18.4%牡蛎壳(粒径≤1 mm),8%DAP。其烘干抗压强度达到2.14 MPa,是牡蛎壳稳定余泥渣土抗压强度的2.43 倍,软化系数达到0.5,改变了原土遇水崩解的特性。在室内边坡冲刷试验中,掺DAP牡蛎壳固化土与素土相比,有效降低了坡面冲刷的产沙量。微观结构分析表明,磷酸、DAP分别与牡蛎壳作用生成磷酸钙晶体、羟基磷灰石,两者都能胶结土粒,从而固化土体。     

尾矿制备气泡混合轻质土的力学与抗冻性能研究

以尾矿制备气泡混合轻质土,研究了湿密度和尾矿质量掺量对轻质土力学和抗冻性能的影响,并研究了尾矿对轻质土气孔结构的影响。结果表明,气泡混合轻质土的抗压强度与湿密度成正相关,与尾矿掺量成负相关。当尾矿掺量达到45%(质量分数,下同)时,湿密度为700 kg/m³和800 kg/m³的轻质土抗压强度分别为0.97 MPa和1.40 MPa,相比未掺尾矿的轻质土强度分别下降约69%和66%。尾矿制备气泡混合轻质土具有良好的抗冻性,30次冻融循环中,湿密度为700 kg/m³尾矿掺量为0%~45%的轻质土抗压强度损失率均在15%以内,且抗压强度均大于0.80 MPa,提高湿密度等级可以进一步改善轻质土的抗冻性。尾矿的掺入会导致轻质土孔隙率和平均孔径增大,孔圆度降低,相比于未掺尾矿的轻质土,当尾矿掺量达到30%时,孔隙率增大3.58%、平均孔径增大16.7%、圆度值增加7.4%。     

冻融循环下糯米浆对石灰土抗剪强度的影响

在季节性冻土地区修建道路工程时,不仅要对土壤进行力学改性还需要保护脆弱的生态环境。本文研究了冻融循环条件下,糯米浆对石灰土抗剪强度的影响。在石灰土(石灰质量浓度为10%)中加入不同质量浓度(0%、2%、4%、6%、8%)的糯米浆,研究不同冻融循环次数(0次、1次、3次、6次、10次)下糯米浆改良土的应力应变曲线特征以及抗剪强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角的变化特征。结果表明,在石灰土中加入糯米浆可以提高改良土的抗剪强度,但糯米浆浓度过高反而导致抗剪强度降低,糯米浆浓度为6%时改良土的抗剪强度较大。冻融循环会导致改良土的抗剪强度下降,糯米浆可以降低改良土在冻融循环下的强度损失。冻融循环作用下,改良土黏聚力和内摩擦角的变化趋势不同。该结果为糯米浆改性季节性冻土地区路基土提供了参考。     

土壤粘合剂粘结土壤结构性能表征

利用土壤粘合剂对土壤进行粘结，以改善土壤的粘结性能，达到提高土壤压缩强度的效果；应用X射线衍射(XRD)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对土壤施用土壤粘合剂前后的物相及表面化学结构进行分析；简述土壤粘合剂的粘结机理；结果表明：土壤粘合剂粘结性能与SiO2溶胶数量及结构性能有关。土壤经粘结处理后，活化的SiO2凝胶中含有大量的活性基团(-Si-OH)，这些活性基团和土壤中的物质进一步反应，脱水生成硅氧化学键Si-O-M。土壤粘结强度由SiO2凝胶固化强度及土壤与SiO2凝胶形成的硅氧化学键结合强度构成。     

粉煤灰掺量对天然盐渍土强度和变形的影响

选取天然盐渍土在不同粉煤灰配合比条件下进行三轴试验、压缩试验和溶陷试验,研究粉煤灰对天然盐渍土的改良特性规律。试验结果表明:同种类盐渍土在一定条件下,盐渍土的抗剪强度随着粉煤灰配合比的增加逐渐增加;粉煤灰可改良盐渍土的压缩特性,压缩系数变化较大的垂直压力在400kPa之前,粉煤灰掺量越多,改良效果越好。氯渍土的压缩系数较硫酸盐渍土小,相应的压缩模量较大;粉煤灰对天然盐渍土溶陷特性的改良存在峰值压力为400kPa,对于粉煤灰的配合比也存在一界限值,氯盐渍土的粉煤灰最优配合比为15%,亚硫酸盐渍土的粉煤灰最优配合比为20%。