双相磷酸钙多孔陶瓷的制备

以羟基磷灰石为原料,壳聚糖微球为成孔剂,明胶为分散剂,采用注浆法制备多孔双相磷酸钙陶瓷。通过X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对烧结体相组成、微观结构、孔径和孔分布进行了分析和观察。结果表明：起始粉末粒径为260nm的试样,在：1000℃～1180℃范围内烧结,可获得不同β-TCP/HA比的双相多孔陶瓷。与单相β-TCP陶瓷相比,β-TCP／HA双相多孔陶瓷的断口呈现出凸凹不平。     

正交设计优化粉煤灰-煤矸石质多孔陶粒的制备过程

以粉煤灰为主要原料,采用添加造孔剂法制备出了多孔陶粒。为了优化工艺参数,得到性能较好的粉煤灰多孔陶粒,通过正交试验设计,系统地研究了煤矸石的掺量、成孔剂、烧结温度对多孔陶粒的物理化学性能的影响,如气孔率、吸水率、抗压碎强度、物相组成和显微形貌等。研究结果表明,成孔剂是影响多孔陶粒性能的最主要因素。当煤矸石掺量20%、成孔剂15%,经1160℃烧成的多孔陶粒样品有着较大的抗压碎强度,显气孔率也达到58.22%。样品的晶相组成为钙长石,及少量的方石英和赤铁矿。其内部孔隙丰富,大孔与小孔交错分布,是一种兼具较高气孔率和较强力学强度的优质多孔陶瓷。     

含氯化锂的羟基磷灰石陶瓷烧结性能的分析

作为骨植入材料的多孔羟基磷灰石(HA)陶瓷存在机械性能缺陷;多孔HA陶瓷制备过程中发现LiCl对HA陶瓷烧结性能有显著影响;系列实验中采用不同LiCl含量制备HA陶瓷样品.SEM及显微硬度测试表明LiCl的引入可提高HA陶瓷致密度,HA颗粒融合连接,气孔减少,显微硬度增高,LiCl能作为添加物调节HA陶瓷的烧结特征,并改善其机械性能.     

多孔陶瓷的制备、性能及应用：（I）多孔陶瓷的制造工艺

多孔陶瓷的制备方法很多，其成孔机理主要有机械挤出、颗粒堆积、成孔剂、发泡、多孔模板、凝结结构成孔。本文根据成孔机理的不同综述了多孔陶瓷的制备工艺最新研究进展。     

X-CT技术在陶瓷艺术品防伪与鉴定中的应用

X-CT技术可在不破坏陶瓷艺术品的前提下,可对陶瓷艺术品进行扫描从而得到样品内部各断层信息。陶瓷制品内部具有特殊性的信息和具体外形尺寸一般可作为陶瓷艺术品的身份特征,X-CT影像重建技术和X-CT影像融合技术能够对其身份标识进行表征并能够通过二次检测准确识别出这些特征,从而实现陶瓷艺术品的防伪与鉴定。     

钛酸铝多孔陶瓷的研制

本文探讨了成孔剂和烧结温度对钛酸铝多孔陶瓷性能的影响，研究表明，不同成孔剂对显气孔率的影响不同，成孔剂含量提高，显气孔率增加。但不宜过量，烧结温度上升，强度和化学稳定性提高，显气孔率和热膨胀系数下降。     

点阵结构羟基磷灰石支架的数字光处理制备及性能

由创伤、骨肿瘤切除、交通事故等原因引起的骨缺损使骨支架的需求增加。增材制造技术在制造个性化复杂结构骨支架方面具有突出优势。采用数字光处理(DLP)技术成形出金刚石结构、菱形十二面体结构和八角桁架结构3种点阵结构的羟基磷灰石[Ca_(10)(PO_4)_6OH_2,HA]陶瓷素坯,进而成功烧结出孔隙率为70%的3种点阵结构HA陶瓷支架,烧结后孔径最小为200～300μm。结果表明,1 300℃烧结后的HA陶瓷部分分解为了β-磷酸三钙,且陶瓷晶粒之间结合致密。力学强度模拟与实际结果相符,八角桁架点阵结构的平均抗压强度最大,为3.16 MPa。经体外细胞实验表明,HA陶瓷骨支架表面有利于骨间充质干细胞(r BMSCs)良好的铺展粘附,DLP制备的HA陶瓷具有良好的生物相容性。DLP技术成形高精度点阵结构HA陶瓷骨支架在骨组织工程中有望得到广泛的应用。     

孔隙率和孔径对反应烧结多孔氮化硅陶瓷介电性能的影响

研究添加成孔剂法制备的有球形宏观孔的多孔氮化硅陶瓷在不同孔隙率和孔径下的介电性能.通过控制成孔剂苯甲酸的加入量和调节成孔剂的粒径可达到烧结体的气孔率和孔径可控的目的.结果表明:随着成孔剂量的增加,样品气孔率变大,反应烧结后烧结体中的α-Si3N4相增多,样品的介电常数ε'和介电损耗tanδ降低.在成孔剂加入的质量分数为30%时,随着成孔剂的粒径变大,反应烧结后烧结体中气孔的直径变大而气孔率不变,样品的ε'和tan δ也相应降低.得到的样品中最低的ε'值为2.4297.     

多孔陶瓷材料的研究现状及应用

概述了多孔陶瓷的形成机理，介绍了多孔陶瓷的成孔方法及特点，并详细概述了多孔陶瓷的制备工艺，具体阐述了各种方法的特点，指出了多孔陶瓷的现状和需要解决的问题。     

造孔剂对利用电解锰渣制备多孔陶瓷影响的研究

利用贵州铜仁某电解锰厂的电解锰渣为主要原料,以SiC为高温造孔剂和木炭为低温造孔剂制备多孔陶瓷,探讨了温度对样品厚度和直径的影响及SiC掺入量对样品抗压强度的影响。试验结果表明:电解锰渣高温液相的粘度较低流动性较好,利用电解锰渣制备多孔陶瓷时,SiC的成孔性能优于木炭;1170℃处理的样品的抗压强度为6.55 MPa,随着SiC的添加量增加,样品的抗压强度降低。     

抛光渣体系发泡陶瓷的发泡性能研究

以工业上成熟的抛光渣体系配方制备发泡陶瓷,探讨了烧结温度对其发泡性能的影响。同时,与外加发泡剂的抛光渣体系发泡陶瓷试样的显微结构、线收缩和体积膨胀率进行了对比分析,探讨了孔结构对发泡陶瓷试样强度和热稳定性的影响。研究发现,抛光渣具备一定的发泡能力,自身可发泡形成尺寸为10~200 μm(1 160~1 220 ℃)的球形气孔结构,孔壁的结构较致密。其对烧结温度十分敏感,在1 180~1 200 ℃范围内,发泡陶瓷试样的体积膨胀了2倍。外加SiC发泡剂能显著提高抛光渣体系发泡陶瓷试样的发泡能力,使其气孔尺寸增加10倍左右,但气孔形状不规则,孔壁结构中存在微小气孔。研究结果表明,外加发泡剂后,抛光渣自身发泡形成的壁孔结构使发泡陶瓷气孔率增加,强度损失较少,导热系数降低,且壁孔结构中的气孔分布不均匀,使发泡陶瓷的热稳定性降低。     

Properties of calcium phosphates ceramic composites derived from natural materials

In this study, ceramics containing mixed phases of hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate (HA/β-TCP) were fabricated by a solid-state reaction technique. The HA powder was synthesized from cockle shells while the β-TCP powder was synthesized from egg shells. Pure HA and β-TCP fine powders were successfully obtained. The HA and β-TCP were mixed and subjected to a thermal treatment up to 1100 °C. To form the mixed phase ceramics, the resulting powders were sintered at 1350 °C. Effects of HA concentration on the properties of the studied ceramic were investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that all samples presented multiphase of calcium phosphate compounds. Average grain size of the ceramics decreased with the HA additive content. The 75 wt% HA ceramic showed the maximum hardness value (5.5 GPa) which is high when compared with many calcium phosphate ceramics. In vitro bioactivity test indicated that apatite forming increased with the HA additive content. To increase antibacterial activity, selected ceramics were coated with AgNO₃. Antibacterial test suggested that an Ag compound coating on the ceramics could improve the antibacterial ability of the studied ceramics. In addition, the antibacterial ability for the Ag coated ceramics depended on the porosity of the ceramics.     

凝胶注模制备多孔陶瓷的研究进展

凝胶注模是将传统的陶瓷粉体成型与有机物原位聚合相结合的一种新型成型工艺,为制备高性能、复杂结构的多孔陶瓷提供了一条新途径.在阐述凝胶注模工艺原理的基础上,综述了凝胶注模结合不同成孔方法制备多孔陶瓷的成孔机制以及最新研究进展,并展望了凝胶注模制备多孔陶瓷的发展趋势.     

Control of pore structure during freeze casting of porous SiC ceramics by different freezing modes

The frozen moulds, including homogeneous, unidirectional and bidirectional freezing, were designed using materials with different thermal conductivities, and the temperature variations of the moulds and samples during the freezing process were simulated by finite element analysis. Highly porous SiC ceramics with significant differences in pore structure were fabricated by using the SiC/water slurries prepared via uniform or oriented freeze casting with various freezing modes, and porosity and compressive strength of the as-fabricated ceramics were investigated. The results showed that the pore structure of ceramics prepared by homogeneous freezing was relatively intricate and inconsistent, and had a higher compressive strength. In contrast, the pore structure of ceramics fabricated using bidirectional freezing mode was more ordered and higher porosity was observed. Moreover, porous ceramics prepared by unidirectional freezing mode exhibited a typical gradient structure with increased pore size from tens of micrometers in the bottom to hundreds of micrometers in the top.     

Tailoring the pore structure and property of porous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics by NaCl additive

This study investigated the effects of NaCl additive on the phase composition, pore structure and mechanical property of porous biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics, which were prepared by freeze-casting. The results indicated that the addition of NaCl promoted transformation of β-tricalcium phosphate to hydroxyapatite in the BCP ceramics; the OH group in HA phase of BCP ceramic was partially replaced by chloride ion. As the mass fraction of NaCl in the slurry increased from 0 to 3%, the porosity of obtained porous BCP ceramics decreased from 77.76% to 60.22%; the average width of dendritic pores increased from 74.37 µm to 111.27 µm; the compressive strength achieved threefold increase. As the amount of NaCl additive reached 4.5%, the porosity, pore width, and compressive strength of the porous BCP ceramics were comparable with those modified by 3% NaCl. NaCl is regarded as an effective additive to tailor the pore structure and property of freeze-cast porous ceramics.     

Microstructure and permeability of porous Si3N4 supports prepared via SHS

Porous Si₃N₄ ceramics with tailored pore structures were fabricated via self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) using Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) as pore forming agent. The pore structures, mechanical properties and permeation performance of porous Si₃N₄ ceramics were investigated by altering the particle sizes and amount of PMMA. With the increasing content of PMMA, the flexural strength of samples decreased from 102.5 MPa to 9.4 MPa. The tortuosity which showed irregular variation affected gas permeability directly. The samples with 20 wt% content of PMMA exhibited the maximum Darcian and non-Darcian constants with the smallest tortuosity. Moreover, the comparison of permeability coefficients with other ceramics via different pore forming methods in literature was presented. The specimens exhibited great permeability due to the large pore sizes created by the elongated and coarsened β-Si₃N₄ grains during the SHS process, providing a low-cost and environmentally friendly method for preparing high permeability porous Si₃N₄ supports.     

Hydroxyapatite cages with aligned pores for bone grafting – Seeding of human osteoblast-like cells in vitro and their response in dynamic culture mode

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a highly regarded synthetic bone graft material. Porous HA ceramics blocks are used to substitute harvested natural bone grafts. Being similar to bone mineral, HA material integrates with the host bone through surface osteointegration and slowly resorb along with the natural bone remodeling process. The blocks in use currently have random and tortuous pore structures. The present work explores the usefulness of cage-like HA ceramic design with end-to-end open pores, with the help of in vitro cell culture methods. Such a structure, on implantation, will take up the blood factors and cells and host the bone remodeling process inside the bulk of the cage, leading to early healing. In the study, HA samples with aligned through-pores were prepared and explored in vitro, with a focus on how the pores host the cells inside and to what level the cells maintain their activity. Human osteoblast-like cells (HOS) were used, at different seeding and culturing approaches. Cell seeding was done through (i) conventional large volume cell suspension, (ii) a confined mini chamber with a limited volume of cell suspension, and (iii) placing a concentrated drop of cell suspension directly on top of the scaffold. The third approach gave the best cell adhesion and proliferation, and hence used for further explorations. A dynamic culture system was designed in-house by bifurcating the cell culture wells using vertical inserts, holding the samples horizontally with their ends open to both sides, and making the media flow across using a rocker platform. The HOS cell adhesion, viability and proliferation were tested in the HA cages, in static and dynamic culture conditions, with conventional porous ceramics as the control. The cell infiltration was deeper and the cell viability over a period of 7 days was significantly higher in dynamic culture conditions in the test samples.     

Preparation of the reticulated hydroxyapatite ceramics using carbon-coated polymeric sponge with elongated pores as a novel template

This paper proposes a novel, simple way to improve the compressive strength of reticulated porous hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics using carbon-coated polymeric sponges with elongated pores as a novel template. This template allowed samples to have two interconnected pore networks with a preferential orientation, in which an addition pore network was newly formed by removing the carbon-coated polymeric struts, while preserving the pre-existing pore network. The compressive strength of the sample was as high as 2.9 ± 0.3 MPa with a porosity of 76% when tested parallel to the direction of pore elongation. In addition, the in vitro cell test using a pre-osteoblast cell line revealed the samples to have good biocompatibility.     

In-situ growth of mullite whiskers and their effect on the microstructure and properties of porous mullite ceramics with an open/closed pore structure

Porous mullite ceramics with an open/closed pore structure were prepared by protein foaming method combined with fly ash hollow spheres. Both the open porosity and total porosity of samples were enhanced by increasing the hollow sphere content. Mullite whiskers with a diameter of 0.2–4 μm were grown in-situ in the porous mullite ceramics with an AlF₃ catalyst, conforming to a vapor-solid growth mechanism. The pore structure of the porous mullite ceramics was significantly affected by the mullite whiskers which increased the open porosity and total porosity. Moreover, the median pore size was reduced from 65.05 μm to 36.92 μm after the introduction of mullite whiskers. The flexural strength and the thermal conductivity of the samples decreased with increasing total porosity. The porosity dependence of the thermal conductivity was well described by the universal model, providing a reference for the prediction of thermal conductivity of porous ceramics with open/closed pores.     

Fabrication of lamellar porous alumina with regular structure via directional solidification with multiple cold sources

Porous ceramics obtained with aqueous slurries by directional solidification have randomly distributed lamellar pore channels and thus have unstable mechanical properties. According to the anisotropic principle of ice crystal growth, the growth of lamellar ice crystals is regular when multiple cold sources are used, and porous ceramics with regular pore channels are then obtained after drying. Multiple cold sources are formed with a bottom cold plate and copper sides in rectangular molds. The copper sides are in contact with the bottom cold plate, thus forming the side cold source with temperature gradient distribution by heat transfer. The interaction between the side cold source and the bottom cold plate facilitates the regular distribution and continuous growth in parallel of ice crystals. The use of parallel copper sides of the mold results in porous ceramics with an axisymmetric pore structure and high aspect ratios of pore channel in porous alumina. The positive compressive strength of fabricated porous ceramics with an axisymmetric structure is similar with those of conventional directional solidification, but the lateral side direction compressive strength of fabricated porous ceramics with an axisymmetric structure is significantly increased.