Wavelet Analysis of Particle Concentration Signals in an Acoustic Bubbling Fluidized Bed

The time series of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particle concentrations were measured by an optical fiber probe under conditions of different sound pressure levels and sound frequencies in an acoustic bubbling fluidized bed (? 140 mm × 1600 mm). The results show that the minimum fluidization velocity had a minimum value when the sound wave frequency was 150 Hz. Under the same sound frequency, the fluidization velocity decreased as the sound pressure level increased. The particle concentration signals in an acoustic fluidized bed were also analyzed by means of wavelet analysis. On the basis of discrete wavelet transform, an original signal was resolved into five detailed scale signals. By using wavelet energy analysis, it was found that the peak frequency of the scale 3 or 4 detail wavelet signals represents the bubbling frequency and the peak amplitude for the bubble size. The results indicate that the bubbling frequency and bubble size decreased with increasing sound pressure level at a given frequency. In addition they decreased with increasing sound frequency ranging from 50–150 Hz, but further increased with increasing sound frequency ranging from 150–500 Hz.     

Effect of sound on the fluidization of group B particles

The behaviour of several kinds of group B particles ranging from 100 μm to 600 μm was studied in a sound wave vibrated fluidized bed (SVFB). The fluidized bed consists of a transparent Plexiglas tube that is 54 mm i.d. × 1 m high. A speaker mounted at the top of the bed was supplied by a function generator with square waves and was used to generate the sound as the source of vibration of the fluidized bed. The influence of the particle size, density of particles and sphericity of particles on the minimum fluidization velocity, pressure fluctuations and bubble rise velocity in the SVFB was investigated. The minimum fluidization velocity decreased as the sound energy increased. When the sound energy was strong enough and greater than the critical power, the minimum fluidization velocity would approach the same value regardless of the degree of resonance (DOR) value if the particles were in spherical shape. For non-spherical shape particles the minimum fluidization velocity was the function of the DOR value if the power was greater than the critical power. For the middle particle size range, the standard deviation of pressure fluctuations in an SVFB became lower than the one without the effect of sound in high superficial gas velocity range, but the result was reverse for the low superficial velocity; for the large particle size range, the standard deviation of pressure fluctuations in an SVFB was larger than the one without the effect of sound. The sound could also reduce the bubble rise velocity in an SVFB.     

气固搅拌流化床压力脉动的小波分析

在内径188 mm、静床高400 mm的搅拌流化床中,采用Geldart D类颗粒为实验物料,通过小波分析研究了不同气速和搅拌桨转速下搅拌流化床的压力脉动行为.实验发现,搅拌桨的转动作用促使在普通流化床中不易散式流态化的D类颗粒形成了散式流态化.随着气速的增加,第1尺度的小波能量特征值在某一个气速范围内发生急剧变化,进而提出了将该气速范围的下限和上限分别定义为临界鼓泡速度和充分鼓泡速度的判据.随搅拌转速的增加,散式流态化的气速操作范围线性增加.在鼓泡流态化状态下,气速是流化床气泡行为的主导因素,搅拌桨转速的增加对气泡产生的频率无明显影响但可使气泡的直径变小.     

非磁性粘性颗粒在添加磁性大颗粒磁场流化床中的流化性能

通过添加磁性大颗粒，破碎活塞及沟流，显著改善了非磁性粘性颗粒在磁场流化床中的流化性能。为了评价非磁性粘性颗粒在磁场流化床中的流化性能，测量了最小流化速度、床层压力降和床膨胀高度。实验结果表明，非磁性粘性颗粒的最小流化速度，由于添加磁性大颗粒，而显著降低。磁性大颗粒添加量对非磁性粘性颗粒的最小流化速度有较大影响，随磁性大颗粒添加量的增加，最小流化速度降低，但当磁性大颗粒添加量增大到40％后，非磁性粘性颗粒和磁性大颗粒的混合物的最小流化速度就不再降低。     

Prediction of pressure fluctuations and minimum fluidization velocity of binary mixtures of geldart group b particles in bubbling fluidized beds

A simple method was proposed to find the pressure fluctuations of binary systems of Geldart Group B particles under bubbling fluidized bed conditions. The pressure fluctuations of binary systems could be predicted from the pressure fluctuations of the individual particles component which comprised the binary systems for completely mixed and partially mixed systems. The predicted pressure fluctuations could be used to calculate the minimum fluidization velocity of the binary systems. The predicted and experimental values of pressure fluctuations and the minimum fluidization velocity of binary systems were in fairly good agreement.     

声场高温流化床流化特性

在内径50 mm、高1000 mm的声场高温鼓泡流化床中,研究Geldart A, B两类颗粒的流化特性,考察了床层温度、声波频率及声压级对流化床最小流化速度的影响. 结果表明,引入声场后,颗粒的最小流化速度随温度升高而下降;固定温度及频率,最小流化速度随声压级增大而减小;固定声压级与温度,颗粒最小流化速度随声波频率增大先减小后增大,存在一个最佳频率范围. 对床内压力波动信号进行分析,得出声场影响高温流化床流化质量的判据：当声压大于110 dB、频率在100~200 Hz范围内时压力波动偏差与最小流化速度值最小.     

大差异双组分混合颗粒的最小流化特性

在一套f260 mm′2000 mm的有机玻璃实验装置中,对大差异双组分混合颗粒的最小流化特性进行了实验研究,得到了混合颗粒的流化曲线,由此给出了其起始流化速度、最小流化速度、临界分离速度、完全流化速度等特征速度. 实验结果表明,流化过程可分为4个阶段,即完全流化、大小颗粒分离、大颗粒静止小颗粒流化、固定床阶段,对应混合颗粒的3个状态：完全混合、部分混合部分分离、完全分离状态;混合颗粒的特征速度随小颗粒质量分率的增加而减小,且在小颗粒质量分率达到0.4~0.5后其减小的趋势减缓;混合颗粒的固定床阶段和完全流化阶段的床层空隙率及混合颗粒的体积收缩比在小颗粒质量分率为0.4时达到极值.     

压力脉动法预测硅粉颗粒最小流化速度的实验

应用压力传感器研究了不同筛分粒径的硅粉的流化性质，证实流化床层的压力脉动标准方差σp随着表观气速的增加而线性增大, 根据σp=0的条件即可确定流化床的初始流化气速Umf. 此Umf与传统压降变化法得到的实验结果基本一致. 对测得的不同筛分粒级的硅粉的Umf进行拟合，得到了Umf与相应粒级平均粒径的关联式Umf=0.014e10(d–0.28)–0.012e–10(d–0.28)+0.065. 对双粒级复配混合颗粒体系的σp进行的实验研究发现，其σp介于相关单粒级体系的σp之间，并且粗颗粒组份的比例对σp的影响较大.     

气-固微型流化床压降特性及最小流化速度的实验研究

在内径3~20 mm的4个气?固微型流化床中,分别考察了A类和B类两种类型颗粒的流化特性,同时研究了床几何结构、操作条件、物相性质等各因素对其最小流化速度的影响。结果表明,气?固微型流化床中的床层压降特性与颗粒类型密切相关,不同的流动状态下两种类型颗粒的流动特性存在显著地差异。在固定床阶段,与B类颗粒相比,A类颗粒与壁面间的相互作用更强,导致实验压降值偏离计算值更大;在流化床阶段,较大颗粒粒径和密度的B类颗粒在床层内表现出了更高的气泡聚并和破裂程度,加剧了颗粒间的碰撞,增加了能量损失,从而形成了较高的实验压降。气?固微型流化床的最小流化速度除了与操作条件和物相性质有关外,床内径与静态床层高度对其也会产生显著影响。随着床径减小及静态床高增加,最小流化速度逐渐增加。综合考察各影响的因素,提出了适用于实验考察范围内预测微型流化床最小流化速度的经验关联式。     

Investigation of Hydrodynamics of High‐Temperature Fluidized Beds by Pressure Fluctuations

Hydrodynamics of a gas‐solid fluidized bed at elevated temperatures was investigated by analyzing pressure fluctuations in time and frequency domains. Sand particles were fluidized with air at various bed temperatures. At a constant gas velocity, the standard deviation, power spectrum density function, and wide‐band energy of pressure fluctuations reach a maximum at 300 °C. Increasing the temperature to this value causes larger bubble sizes and after the bubbles reach their maximum size, they break into smaller bubbles. The Archimedes number decreases with higher temperature and the type of fluidization becomes closer to that of Geldart A boundary at this maximum temperature. Based on estimation of the drag force acting on the emulsion phase, it was concluded that 300 °C was a transition temperature at which the drag force reaches a minimum due to a significant change of interparticle and hydrodynamic forces.     

Effects of pressure and type of gas on particle-particle interaction and the consequences for gas—solid fluidization behaviour

The fluidization behaviour of cracking catalyst has been studied up to pressures of 15 bar with different fluidization gases (Ar, N₂, H₂). A number of parameters of both the homogeneous and heterogeneous fluidized bed has been examined experimentally.The experimental results reveal that the minimum fluidization velocity (U_mf) is independent of the pressure. The bubble point velocity (U_bp) and the maximum bed expansion (H_bp) at this velocity increase with increasing pressure. This also holds for the dense phase voidage (ε_d) and the dense phase gas velocity (U_d) in the bubbling bed. The bubble size decreases drastically with increasing pressure. However, the above-mentioned parameters are also strongly dependent on the type of fluidization gas used.The cohesion constant of the powder was measured, using a tilting bed technique. The results reveal that the cohesion constant increases with increasing pressure. Analysis of the results of adsorption measurements of the different gases to the solid reveals for the adsorption as well as for the cohesion and for the beu expansion the same pressure dependence.It is believed that the gas adsorption influences the cohesion between the particles and hence the elasticity modulus introduced by Rietema and Mutsers [1,2]. The increasing elasticity modulus with increasing pressure also explains the increasing bed expansion with pressure.     

脉冲气流对烯烃流化床气泡特性的影响

流化床具有良好的传热传质效率,因此广泛应用于煤粉燃烧、气力输送等场合。但是流化床在工作过程中会产生一定的恶性流动,脉冲的振动能量可以有效地提高流化床的传热系数,减少恶性流动现象发生。本文设计、搭建了烯烃流化床实验平台,通入混合脉冲气流。通过改变脉冲气流的相关参数,对静电信号进行功率谱密度函数分析。并基于静电信号估算气泡尺寸,从而获得流化床内气泡行为的变化。实验结果表明,脉冲气流的加入对气泡尺寸有一定的影响。随着脉冲频率的增加,气泡尺寸呈现先减小后增大的趋势,在脉冲频率为0.5Hz左右时气泡尺寸最小。脉冲气流加入后使得气泡尺寸减小,提高了颗粒流化效果,因此烯烃流化床内流化结束后的团聚颗粒质量明显降低。     

纳米TiO2在环隙流化床中流动特性的实验研究

在环隙流化(AFB)床中,应用实验测量技术研究了床层压降和床层膨胀曲线以及最小流化速度的变化规律.研究结果显示,在升速流化时,随着气速增大,床层压降和床层膨胀比也随之增大,当气速超过一定值时,纳米TiO2颗粒完全流化,压降波动和床层膨胀比趋于平稳.最小流化速度随着纳米TiO2质量的增加而增大.     

Effect of mixing state of binary particles on bubble behavior in 2D fluidized bed

In this study, a thin 2D fluidized bed was used to investigate the effect of mixing state of the binary particles on bubble behavior through the analysis of images captured by a high-speed digital camera. Experimental results show that the mixing index increases gradually with increasing gas velocity and the binary particles are in different mixing states though they are in the steady fluidization state. The maximal bubble number is near the interface of the bed when the binary particles are in the segregation state, whereas the maximal bubble number is at the bottom when the binary particles are in the well mixing state. The small bubbles are position at the bottom and are adjacent to the bed wall, while the large bubbles are mainly located in the central regions of the bed. The average bubble diameter shows the different variation trends with the different mixing states of the binary particles. The correlations estimating bubble diameter according to the mixing state of the binary particles are developed, and the computing value agrees well with the experimental data.     

气固脉冲流化床流体力学特性的研究

在φ７０ｍｍ的流化床内，采用聚氯乙烯、玻璃珠和不规则天然刚玉等Ｂ类、Ｄ类颗粒，测定了０￣５．０Ｈｚ脉冲频率下气固流化床的基本流体力学特性，探讨了影响床层流化特性的一些主要因素，并根据实验数据对脉冲流化床的临界流化速度和临界流化压降的无因次准数式进行了关联。     

Determination of minimum fluidization velocity by the statistical analysis of pressure fluctuations in a gas—solid fluidized bed

The pressure fluctuations in a gas—solid fluidized bed were measured by a differential pressure transducer (DPT). It was found from this study that the measuring height on the axis of a bed was a very important factor for the determination of minimum fluidization velocity from the linear relationship between standard deviation and air velocity. That is, the linearity between two parameters is strongly dependent on the distance above the distributor, because the pressure fluctuations are influenced by the jet formed at the distributor and the bubble coalescence, which depend on particle size and air velocity.     

Bubbling fluidization of biomass and sand binary mixtures: Minimum fluidization velocity and particle segregation

Understanding the minimum fluidization velocity of biomass and sand mixtures is fundamental to ensuring the optimal performance of fluidized beds in a thermo-conversional process, such as fast pyrolysis. The present work aimed to determine the minimum fluidization velocity of binary mixtures using the characteristic diagram of pressure drop in the bed and to develop an experimental correlation for the minimum fluidization velocity of biomass and sand mixtures. Three types of biomass (sweet sorghum bagasse, waste tobacco and soybean hulls) and four sands with different sizes were investigated. The results showed that the fluid dynamic behavior of binary mixtures is directly related to the biomass size and shape. For sweet sorghum bagasse (more irregular particles), higher biomass percentages led to lower minimum fluidization velocities, which differed from the behaviors observed for waste tobacco and soybean hulls. The diameter ratio inert/biomass effectively influenced the segregation, with a higher ratio causing more pronounced bed segregation. A good fluidization regime (with little segregation) for biomass and sand mixtures was obtained using the smallest sand (d₅₀ = 0.35). Considering the studied operating conditions, the proposed correlation can be used satisfactorily to predict the minimum fluidization velocities for mixtures of biomass and sand in fluidized beds.     

Comprehensive experimental investigation on biomass-glass beads binary fluidization: A data set for CFD model validation

Fluidization behavior of biomass and glass beads binary mixtures in a bubbling fluidized bed was experimentally investigated. Mixtures containing different mass fraction of Loblolly Pine white wood and glass beads were fluidized at different fluidization velocities. The particle properties were characterized in a QICPIC that uses a dynamic image processing method to measure both particle size and sphericity. The minimum fluidization velocity was determined using the pressure drop method. An image processing method was developed to capture the dynamic expanded bed height at a very high frequency. The effect of biomass mass fraction and inlet gas velocity on mixing and segregation behavior was studied and analyzed through pressure drop measurements. Pressure drop fluctuations and expanded bed height fluctuations via fast Fourier transform were analyzed and compared. The complete and accurate experimental data reported in this study could provide a benchmark data set for various computational fluid dynamics models validation, calibration, and identification.     

超细颗粒在声场流化床中的流化特性

在内径为130mm的声场流化床中,以原生纳米级SiO2超细颗粒为物料,在声压水平为0～140dB、声波频率为0～500Hz范围内系统地考察了声波对超细颗粒流化特性的影响。结果表明：当声波频率为100～150Hz、声压大于130dB时,声波可以有效地消除节涌、抑制沟流、降低临界流化速度,显著地改善纳米SiO2颗粒的流化质量。在频率一定的情况下,声压越高,超细颗粒的临界流化速度越低,流化质量越好。当频率低于100Hz或高于150Hz时,随着频率的进一步降低或增加,超细颗粒的临界流化速度都增大,甚至又出现节涌和沟流。声波的效果减弱甚至消失。     

粒径及声场对SiO2超细颗粒流化行为的影响

采用内径为56 mm的玻璃管流化床,考察了平均粒径分别为5~10 nm(1#), 0.5 mm(2#)及10 mm(3#)的SiO2超细颗粒在无声场及声场存在下的流化行为. 无声场时,1#和2#颗粒可在较高的气速下形成稳定聚团,单位质量颗粒团间作用力与原生颗粒相比显著下降,因而可实现稳定的聚团流化,3#颗粒因颗粒间粘性力较大,无法实现稳定流化. 40~60 Hz的声场对3种超细颗粒的流化行为均可起到一定的改善作用,在此频率范围外,声场的作用不明显. 提高声压级,可以使1#和2#颗粒团发生一定程度的破碎,聚团尺寸减小,最小流化速度降低. 在实验范围内,添加声场无法使3#颗粒实现稳定流化.