DESICCANT GRAIN APPLIED TO THE STORAGE OF SOLAR DRYING POTENTIAL

Sorption storage of solar heat using a layer of wheat as the desiccant was analyzed by means of a deep-bed drying model. Intended to be applied to solar-assisted in-storage drying of agricultural bulk materials, the probability of the persistence of unfavorable weather periods was quantified statistically for Potsdam for the month of August, as an example. Simulation results demonstrate that a relative humidity of the drying air of 65 % can be maintained day and night for weeks without combustion of fossil fuels. Using a simple strategy of control, periods with insufficient solar radiation can be bridged over. The desiccant grain is not endangered by mold growth as a matter of principle. Simple solar air heaters can be used to avoid economic losses due to overdrying and to reduce the danger of decay to a minimum even at unfavorable climatic conditions.     

DESICCANT GRAIN APPLIED TO THE STORAGE OF SOLAR DRYING POTENTIAL

ABSTRACT

Sorption storage of solar heat using a layer of wheat as the desiccant was analyzed by means of a deep-bed drying model. Intended to be applied to solar-assisted in-storage drying of agricultural bulk materials, the probability of the persistence of unfavorable weather periods was quantified statistically for Potsdam for the month of August, as an example. Simulation results demonstrate that a relative humidity of the drying air of 65 % can be maintained day and night for weeks without combustion of fossil fuels. Using a simple strategy of control, periods with insufficient solar radiation can be bridged over. The desiccant grain is not endangered by mold growth as a matter of principle. Simple solar air heaters can be used to avoid economic losses due to overdrying and to reduce the danger of decay to a minimum even at unfavorable climatic conditions.     

Non-isothermal modeling of drying kinetics of ceramic tiles

The present study has been undertaken to optimize the drying stage in ceramic tile manufacture. Tests were conducted to determine drying kinetics, establishing how air temperature and relative humidity influenced this process. Tests show that surface moisture content does not evolve as might be expected on the basis of the simple assumption that the surface dries immediately and reaches equilibrium moisture content. A non-isothermal model was proposed to model drying curves successfully. The influence of drying temperature, bulk density of the shaped material, and tile thickness on the drying process and the parameters of the model was obtained.     

COMPUTER SIMULATION ON INTERMITTENT DRYING OF ROUGH RICE

This study applied a partial differential equation model with newly-developed thin layer equations to simulate batch re-circulating dryers under different drying conditions, which are combinations of four parameters: drying air temperature, drying air absolute humidity, drying period duration, and tempering period duration. The moisture change and the drying rate, which were of particular concern with respect to the simulated data, were investigated. Validation drying tests were carried out in a lab scale re-circulating rice dryer. Two sets of experiment were performed involving different drying parameters to simulate re-circulating rice dryers which are extensively used in Asian countries. Comparing these two experimental data with two simulated drying curves respectively, it revealed they are quite consist with each other under the same drying conditions. Drying air temperature, drying air humidity, drying period duration and tempering period duration significantly influenced the drying rate. Under the same drying condition, the tempering period duration effect was insignificant to the drying rate in drying zone as the drying air humidity or temperature increased. And, a higher initial moisture content obtained higher time and energy efficiency for the re-circulating rice dryers.     

Effects of Spray Drying Temperature and Additives on the Stability of Serine Alkaline Protease Powders

In this study, after production by recombinant Bacillus subtilis (BGSC-1A751), carrying pHV1431::subc gene in the complex medium and separation of solids from the fermentation broth, serine alkaline protease (SAP) was dried in order to investigate the stabilization during spray drying and subsequent storage. The effect of air inlet temperature of the spray dryer between T = 70 and 130°C and the effect of protective additives, glucose and maltodextrin, at 0–2% (w/v) on SAP activity during spray drying and storage stability of obtained SAP powders at 4°C for a long period (6 months) were evaluated. Increasing drying air inlet temperature generally resulted in an increase in activity loss; moreover, higher absorbance peaks observed at wave number 1061 cm^?1 of the IR spectrums when drying temperature is increased indicates the structural change in the SAP molecule. In most cases presence of additives provided higher activities both after drying and during storage period compared to no additive case. Drying the enzyme with 1% (w/v) glucose at T = 110°C resulted in the highest enzyme activity after drying and storage processes.     

Influence of convective intermittent drying schemes on drying induced stress–strain of a 3D clay object

Drying process of industrial green in-process products especially those susceptible to cracking, need great care, and optimally arrangement of parameters of convective drying. Intermittent drying is a new technique in drying area and is a promising solution for product quality enhancement. The intermittent drying with variable air temperature and the intermittent drying with variable air humidity are the most used techniques. The current study is devoted to 3D modeling and simulation of intermittent drying with variations of both air humidity and temperature and it is then compared with each of the cases of the intermittent drying with variable air temperature and the intermittent drying with variable air humidity. It was observed that the best dried product quality was obtained in intermittent drying with periodic changes of air temperature. Vapor condensation in the intermittent drying with variable air humidity is an undesirable phenomenon that significantly reduces the effectiveness of this process.     

Prediction of Air-Drying of Milk Droplet Under Relatively High Humidity Using the Reaction Engineering Approach

Spray-drying is the prime process for manufacturing powders. Optimization of spray-drying processes requires both modeling the drying characteristics of a single milk droplet and the dryer-wide simulations incorporating computational fluid dynamics. In computational fluid dynamics simulations, it is desirable to have an accurate yet simple model for drying of single droplet, which does not require resolving partial differential equation. Here the experimental results on constant drying conditions with high humidity air flows are reported for the first time. Previously, a mathematical model using the reaction engineering approach (the REA model) was established using the very dry air conditions. The same REA model has been used to predict the current high humidity results. It has been shown that the predictions agree well with the experimental results, showing the good promise of this approach.     

Energy consumption and quality aspect by intermittent drying

The aim of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of intermittent drying with respect to drying time, energy consumption, and quality of dried samples. By intermittent drying is meant here the convective drying with periodically changing both the temperature and the humidity of drying air. The cylindrically shaped kaolin samples were used for tests in these studies. The acoustic emission (AE) method was applied to monitor on line the development of material fracture for the purpose of detection of the material crack commencement, and thus to establish the moment at which the changes of drying conditions should be initiated. The kinetics of drying, the consumption of energy, and the quality of the dried samples were examined. It was shown that drying at intermittent conditions leads to products of much better quality than drying at stationary conditions by almost the same duration of these processes. The energy consumption was smaller by intermittent drying realized with variable air temperature and greater by variable air humidity in comparison to drying at stationary conditions.     

DYNAMIC SHRINKAGE AND VARIABLE PARAMETERS IN BAKKER-ARKEMA'S MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF WHEAT AND CANOLA DRYING

Abstract

The bulk volume shrinkage was linearly related to instantaneous grain moisture reduction. The shrinkage coefficient was found to be primarily a function of air relative humidity. The Bakker-Arkema's bulk grain drying model was modified to incorporate the shrinkage equation. A correction factor for thin layer drying equation was also introduced to reduce deviation between the experimental and simulated moisture content. The Bakker-Arkema model showed significant improvement due to these modifications.     

A Cheap, Fast and Simple Way to Measure Sorption Isotherms of Granular Materials

A set-up and a method are described with which sorption isotherms of granular materials can be measured. The set-up uses a recirculating air flow through a fluidized bed of granular materials. The measuring procedure starts with drying the granular material completely. A known amount of water is added to the fluidized bed. At equilibrium between the amount of water in the granular material and the circulating air the air humidity is measured. The method is demonstrated using silica gel.     

城市污水处理厂污泥石灰稳定干化工艺应用研究

污泥石灰稳定干化技术是近年来研究应用较多的一项城市污水污泥处理技术,该技术在方庄城市污水处理厂的成功应用实现了方庄污水处理厂污泥的减量化、稳定化和无害化。石灰稳定干化后,污泥含水率迅速降低到40%,污泥堆置8d后,含水率降低到5%;干化污泥有机物含量由45.58%降低到8.27%;堆置5d后,大肠杆菌和粪大肠杆菌未检出。     

Enhancing the Energy Efficiency of Domestic Dryer by Drying Process Optimization

The domestic tumble dryers are becoming indispensable household appliances and responsible for up to 10% of the total residential energy use in developed countries. However, their energy efficiency is low. In this paper, the development of a multi-sensor computer-controlled prototype platform for fabric drying is described for improving the efficiency of dryers. The prototype platform enables the real-time control and recording of key drying parameters including heater power, air flow velocity, rotating speed of drying drum, and drying cycle time. These parameters are automatically adjusted according to the exhaust air humidity instead of the temperature which is used traditionally. Additionally, a new drying model of dividing the drying process into four stages based on the humidity of the exhaust air has been investigated to further increase the energy saving. The performance of this staged drying model is experimentally evaluated in respect to energy consumption, drying time, and the smoothness of fabric after drying. The results clearly indicate that the staged controlling of heating power input not only decreases energy consumption by 21.5%, but also improves the fabric smoothness by 0.9 grade compared to using a single heating power input for the whole drying process. The research outcome can enable the design and production of new dryers that are more energy efficient and lead to dried clothes that require less ironing, which in turn further reduces energy consumption.     

The importance of critical relative humidity—temperature relationship on design of rotary dryers for fertilizers

Fertilizer salts are sensitive to the humidity of the surrounding air; above certain relative humidities, they will absorb water. The humidity above which they absorb water is defined as critical relative humidity (CRH). The CRH decreases with increasing temperature.Fertilizer drying usually takes place at relatively high temperatures to facilitate heat exchange. The optimum drying effect is obtained only when the CRH of the product is sufficiently greater than the actual relative humidity (RH) of the air. A method that takes into account both the heat exchange and the CRH of the material has been developed for designing rotary dryers for fertilizers. A computer program is available that supports this design procedure.     

DESIGN AND TESTING OF A NEW SOLAR TRAY DRYER

A novel low cost tray dryer equipped with a solar air collector, a heat storage cabinet and a solar chimney is designed and tested. The design is based on energy balances and on an hourly-averaged radiation data reduction procedure for tilted surfaces. Measurements of total solar radiation on an horizontal plane, ambient temperature and humidity, air speed, temperature and relative humidity inside the dryer as well as solids moisture loss-in-weight data are employed as a means to study the performance of the dryer. First, detailed diagnostic experiments are carried out with no drying material on the trays. Next, a number of experiments is conducted using a controlled reference material whose reproducible dehydration pattern allows comparisons among runs. Drying is also tested during night operation and under adverse weather conditions. For all the employed conditions, the material gets completely dehydrated at a satisfactory rate and with an encouraging system's efficiency.     

A Cheap,Fast and Simple Way to Measure Sorption Isotherms of Granular Materials

ABSTRACT

A set-up and a method are described with which sorption isotherms of granular materials can be measured. The set-up uses a recirculating air flow through a fluidized bed of granular materials. The measuring procedure starts with drying the granular material completely. A known amount of water is added to the fluidized bed. At equilibrium between the amount of water in the granular material and the circulating air the air humidity is measured. The method is demonstrated using silica gel.     

粉体干燥-造粒-微波加热干燥新工艺

从讨论粉体干燥、粉体造粒、颗粒干燥等技术特性出发，试图科学地建立一条新的粉体前期干燥一造粒一微波加热干燥工艺路线。先进行恒速阶段的物料干燥，使物料除湿，成为湿含量低于20％（湿基）的物料。低湿含量的物料用压力法造粒，此时不仅易于成粒，成粒率高，且颗粒粒度均匀，强度高，将这种颗粒物料用微波加热进行干燥，可以使颗粒内部的湿分迅速排除，从而获得合格湿分要求的产品。     

Low Temperature Peanut Drying Using Liquid Desiccant System Climatic Conditions

Field-dried peanuts having 25% average moisture content have been dried by using a liquid dasiccant drying system. This system cansirts of climate simulation subsystem, closed loop air drying subsystem, and regeneration subsystem. The closed loop drying subsystem used in this investigation provides low temperature drying with a little increase in drying air temperature. Regeneration temperature, liquid desiccant concentration, and air flowrate in the drying subsystem have heen kept unchanged during the experiments, but air of different humidity have been used to regenerate the liquid desiccant. Experimental measurements of the system performance have been carried out utilizing a new cost effective desiccant mixrure (CELD) which is composed of equal portions by weight of lithium chloride and calcium chloride. The drying process has been performed using different climatic canditions in the regeneration process. Experimental rasults demonstrate that drying peanuts by the use of a liquid desiccant system is promising.     

A COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICAL AND NUMERICAL MODELING OF DEEP-BED GRAIN DRYING

This paper deals with comprehensive mathematical and numerical modeling of deep-bed grain drying. In order to build the process model, it is necessary to analyze the transport in both grain and gas phases. Experimental works were carried out for a layer of grain bed in order to validate the models. The models consider momentum, energy, and mass conservation within grain and drying air phase. The two-dimensional dynamic equations of energy and mass conservation are solved numerically by finite-difference method (FDM) and utilizing alternating direction implicit algorithm within grain and drying air phase, while momentum conservation are solved by finite difference method by utilizing Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations (SIMPLE) algorithm. Furthermore, the models will be applied in consideration with developing and designing dryer in order to simulate humidity and temperature profiles of the drying gas together with moisture content and temperature of grain across dryer in term of the dryer performance. The simulations show that the models can be used to predict the dynamic drying characteristic profiles as well as the superficial velocity of drying air phase across dryer.     

Scientific Principles of Drying Technique (in Russian)B.S. Sazhin and V.B. Sazhin Nauka,Moscow, 1997, 448 pages

ABSTRACT

A novel low cost tray dryer equipped with a solar air collector, a heat storage cabinet and a solar chimney is designed and tested. The design is based on energy balances and on an hourly-averaged radiation data reduction procedure for tilted surfaces. Measurements of total solar radiation on an horizontal plane, ambient temperature and humidity, air speed, temperature and relative humidity inside the dryer as well as solids moisture loss-in-weight data are employed as a means to study the performance of the dryer. First, detailed diagnostic experiments are carried out with no drying material on the trays. Next, a number of experiments is conducted using a controlled reference material whose reproducible dehydration pattern allows comparisons among runs. Drying is also tested during night operation and under adverse weather conditions. For all the employed conditions, the material gets completely dehydrated at a satisfactory rate and with an encouraging system's efficiency.