疏水花生壳/聚氨酯复合泡沫的制备与油水分离性能

为提高聚氨酯泡沫（PUF）的疏水性能，首先，采用十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷（HDTMS）对花生壳粉末（PSP）进行改性，得到疏水改性花生壳粉末（H-PSP）。水接触角测试结果表明，改性后H-PSP的水接触角由PSP的0°提高至145.2°。然后，采用预聚体法制备了PUF负载H-PSP复合材料[H-PSP-PUF-n,n为H-PSP占聚氨酯预聚体（PPU）质量的百分数]。对H-PSP-PUF-n的结构和性能进行了表征与测试。结果表明，H-PSP的负载提高了泡沫材料的表面粗糙度和力学性能，H-PSP的最佳负载量为PPU质量的10%（标记为H-PSP-PUF-10）。与PUF相比，H-PSP-PUF-10的静态水接触角达到142.4°，较PUF提高了50.4°。对二氯甲烷、石油醚、煤油、二甲苯、环己烷进行油水分离实验，结果表明，H-PSP-PUF-10对石油醚、煤油、二甲苯、环己烷的吸油倍率在7～9 g/g，而且具有良好的油水选择性。经15次吸附-脱附循环后，H-PSP-PUF-10对各油品的吸油倍率在6.5～8.0 g/g，具有良好的循环利用性。     

粗甘油生物基聚氨酯材料的制备及吸附性能研究

以生物质基粗甘油为主要原料,采用一锅法合成粗甘油基多元醇,进一步发泡制备了聚氨酯泡沫材料。在此基础上,利用甲基三氯硅烷对泡沫材料进行疏水改性,制备出改性聚氨酯吸油材料。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪、扫描电镜和热重分析对改性前后泡沫的结构形貌、热稳定性和接触角进行表征,测试了改性聚氨酯吸油材料吸油性能。结果表明：经疏水改性后在泡沫表面合成了聚硅氧烷,水接触角由130°增大至140°,提高了吸油材料疏水性能。改性聚氨酯吸油材料对乙醇、甲醇、氯仿等8种有机物的吸附量范围为16.7～45.2 g/g。经循环使用50次后,吸油材料对柴油和大豆油的吸附量分别为最高吸附量的95.8%和97.6%,表现出优异的吸油性能。     

木质素复合细菌纤维素材料的制备及其吸油性能研究

为制备低成本且绿色环保的新型吸 油材料，本文以细菌纤维素（BC）为基质，脱碱木质素(DL)为疏水改性剂，通过低温浸渍法制备木质素复合细菌纤维素材料（BC-DL）；考察了原料预处理、反应时间、温度以及物料比等对BC-DL疏水及吸油性能的影响。利用FTIR、XPS、SEM、BET、接触角仪对材料的化学结构及微观形貌进行表征。结果表明，与改性前相比，DL改性后BC的比表面积由33.15 m2/g提升至71.09 m2/g，水接触角由未改性BC的19.5°增大到116.8°。吸油实验结果显示，BC-DL对花生油、柴油、真空泵废油的吸油量（OCA）分别为34.8 g/g、33.7 g/g、34.6 g/g；在经过8次循环后，OCA保留在19.1 g/g、18.3 g/g和18.8 g/g，BC-DL对三种油品均有良好的吸附性能和循环利用性。     

改性三聚氰胺海绵的制备及吸油性能研究

利用正辛基三氯硅烷对三聚氰胺海绵疏水改性得到吸油材料。考察不同溶剂、硅烷溶液浓度和浸渍时间对于样品性能的影响。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜和接触角测试对改性前后样品微观形态、结构组成及水湿润性进行表征。重点研究材料的吸油性能,结果表明,对原油、润滑油、大豆油和柴油的吸附倍率可达74⁹5 g/g,可用准一级吸附模型描述材料对于4种油品的吸附动力学过程;样品在重复使用、油水分离和动态吸油测试中表现优异。改性三聚氰胺海绵制备简单、操作方便,是一种有潜力的吸油材料。     

聚氨酯软质泡沫的制备、孔结构和排油性能

以聚醚多元醇PPO330和甲苯二异氰酸酯为原料,采用一步法发泡工艺,制备了两种催化剂用量不同的聚氨酯软质泡沫(PUF),研究了它们的孔结构和排油性能。结果表明,PUF的泡孔结构较为规整且泡壁表面光滑均匀。其中PUF–1的孔径较大且开孔率较高,两种PUF的孔隙率都在97%以上;PUF–1,PUF–2对喷气燃料和军用柴油的吸油倍率均随着时间的增大而增大,最后达到最大吸油倍率(Q_(max));对喷气燃料的Q_(max)分别为29.48 g/g和23.76 g/g,对军用柴油的Q_(max)分别为32.62 g/g和25.24 g/g;PUF对军用柴油的离心排油率均达到25%左右,但PUF–2对喷气燃料的离心排油率达35.39%以上;PUF对喷气燃料和军用柴油的排油速率均随压强增大逐渐增大,油残存率则逐渐降低。当压强增大到6.23 k Pa时,PUF对两种油品的排油速率达到最大,油残存率均保持在40%以下。     

聚氨酯软泡的泡孔结构与吸油倍率

以聚醚多元醇和甲苯二异氰酸酯为原料,合成了两种孔径大小和开孔率不同的软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料(PUF),研究了它们对3号喷气燃料、甲苯和军用柴油的吸油倍率。结果表明,PUF的孔径大小和开孔率直接影响其吸油性能,孔径越大,开孔率越高,对油品的吸油倍率越大;同时,油品分子的大小也会影响其吸油性能,甲苯分子最小,其吸油倍率最高,3号喷气燃料中因含有较多的较大分子的环烷烃,其吸油倍率最小。     

聚硅氧烷表面改性二氧化钛粒子及超疏水性能

为了提高二氧化钛的疏水性，解决无机二氧化钛填料在有机溶剂中的分散性、相容性等问题，采用含氟含氢乙烯基聚硅氧烷（F-PMHS）对二氧化钛粉体进行表面改性，得到具有超疏水性能的改性二氧化钛。通过FT-IR、TGA、SEM、接触角测试、沉降实验等方法研究改性后二氧化钛粒子的结构，测试其超疏水性能，分析超疏水表面形成的机理。结果表明，F-PMHS相对二氧化钛粉体质量分数仅为8%时，改性后二氧化钛粉末涂层与水的静态接触角即可达152.4°，具有良好的超疏水性能，且二氧化钛粒子在有机溶剂中的分散性与相容性得到显著提高。     

疏水溶胀泡沫的制备及其吸油性能的研究

以氯铂酸为催化剂,通过五甲基二硅氧烷与端羟基聚丁二烯的硅氢加成反应,首次合成出以聚丁二烯为主链、侧链含硅氧烷的改性端羟基聚丁二烯。研究了硅氧烷改性的端羟基聚丁二烯作为聚氨酯软段对泡沫疏水性及吸油性能的影响。结果表明,硅氧烷接枝聚丁二烯作为聚氨酯软段可以有效地降低聚氨酯弹性体的表面能从而提高其疏水性,聚氨酯弹性体与水的接触角从未改性的84.6°提高到108°,硅氧烷接枝聚丁二烯制备的聚氨酯泡沫的与水的接触达到了158°;由于硅氧烷接枝聚丁二烯与甲苯、汽油和柴油的相容性较好,泡沫在吸附甲苯、汽油和柴油的过程中伴随着孔的填充的同时致使基体溶胀,从而可以有效地提高泡沫的吸附倍率。     

红麻芯基多孔吸油材料的制备及性能

红麻芯(KC)预处理后通过高速剪切分散形成水分散体系,经冷冻干燥,得到了红麻芯基多孔吸油材料(A-KC),再经甲基三甲氧基硅烷(MTMS)疏水化改性制备了具有多孔结构的吸油材料(MA-KC)。用SEM、FTIR、XRD、BET对材料的微观形貌、化学结构、热稳定性及孔隙结构进行了表征。结果显示:吸油材料具有超疏水特性(水接触角152?),材料密度仅为0.019 g/cm3,可漂浮于水体表面实现对油品及有机溶剂的快速吸附。考察了红麻芯粒径、碱浓度和悬浮液固含量等对多孔材料吸油性能的影响。结果表明:当红麻芯粒径为20~40目、Na OH和KC的质量浓度分别为40和10 g/L,m(MTMS)∶m(A-KC)=1∶10时,所得材料的吸油性能最佳,对二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、四氯化碳、柴油、原油等有机溶剂和油品的吸附倍率达20~45 g/g,并在30 s内迅速达到吸附饱和状态。     

改性三聚氰胺海绵的制备及吸油性能研究

利用正辛基三氯硅烷对三聚氰胺海绵疏水改性得到吸油材料。考察不同溶剂、硅烷溶液浓度和浸渍时间对于样品性能的影响。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜和接触角测试对改性前后样品微观形态、结构组成及水湿润性进行表征。重点研究材料的吸油性能,结果表明,对原油、润滑油、大豆油和柴油的吸附倍率可达74~95 g/g,可用准一级吸附模型描述材料对于4种油品的吸附动力学过程;样品在重复使用、油水分离和动态吸油测试中表现优异。改性三聚氰胺海绵制备简单、操作方便,是一种有潜力的吸油材料。     

Pulverized polyurethane foam particles reinforced rigid polyurethane foam and phenolic foam

Polyurethane consumption has been increasing in recent years, raising concerns about how to deal with the polymer waste. Post‐consumer rigid polyurethane foams or polyurethane foam scraps (PPU) ground into particles were utilized to strengthen mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam (PUF) and phenolic foam (PF). Viscosity of prepolymer with PUF was measured and PPU was well dispersed in prepolymer, as observed by optical microscope. Microstructures and morphologies of the reinforced foam were examined with scanning electron microscope (SEM) while cell diameter and density were measured by Scion Image software. Universal testing machine was employed to optimize compressive properties at various weight ratios of PPU. Both PUF and PF with 5 wt % PPU, respectively, exhibited considerable improvement in mechanical properties especially compressive property. The compressive modulus of PUF with 5 wt % PPU was 12.07 MPa, almost 20% higher than pure PUF while compressive strength of PF with 5 wt % PPU reached 0.48 MPa. The thermal stability of the reinforced foam was tested by thermal gravity analysis (TGA) and the result shows no obvious impact with PPU. The decomposition temperatures of PUF with PPU and PF with PPU were 280°C, because PPU has relatively weak thermal stability. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39734.     

Hydrophobically modified nano-SiO2 in situ loaded on polyurethane foam as a potential carrier for marine oil spill

In order to enhance the oil–water separation properties of polyurethane foam (PFU), hydrophobic silica nanoparticles (H-SiO₂ NPs) were firstly prepared by incorporating long alkyl chains into silica nanoparticles, and then, it was combined with PFU by in situ loading to fabricate a hydrophobic PFU (H-SiO₂ NPs/PUF). When the loading amount of H-SiO₂ NPs was 10%, the water contact angle of the modified foam H-SiO₂ NPs/PUF-10 reached 147 ± 1°, which proved it was highly hydrophobic. The elongation at break of the foam was increased by 202%, which indicated that it had better resilience and recyclability. In addition, the total pore area and porosity were increased to 16.24 m²/g and 88.43% from 5.46 m²/g and 2.11%, which provided more storage space for adsorption. The oil–water separation experiment showed that the adsorption capacity for most light oils was 11–13 g/g, and that for dichloromethane was as high as 40.5 g/g. After 10 adsorption–desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity only decreased from 15.6 to 14.5 g/g, which was still 93% of the initial adsorption capacity. H-SiO₂ NPs/PUF represents good adsorption capacity, recyclability, and recyclability, so it as a carrier has a potential application in the treatment of marine oil spills.     

The effect of superhydrophobicity of prickly shape carbonyl iron particles on the oil-water adsorption

The separation of oil spillage from marine environments has been discussed as a global concern. Recyclable superhydrophobic magnetic particles with micro-nano structures have been considered as a potential providing a safe, practical, and easy method for removing the oil from oil-water. In this research, the hydrophobicity of magnetic particles was enhanced to achieve the maximum adsorption capacity. For this purpose, reacted carbonyl iron (CI) with glucose was reacted with stearic acid under different condition of temperature, time, and concentration. Analytical tests were performed to confirm the reaction of stearic acid with CI@glucose. The prickly shape created on the surfaces of magnetic particles led to achieving the maximum superhydrophobicity. In this connection, the optimized superhydrophobic particles based on the maximum obtained water contact angle (WCA) of 169° at 75 °C, and 3.5 h and 10% concentration of stearic acid were selected for the oil-water separation. The results revealed that the superhydrophobic particles had acceptable stability within pH range of 2–12. The adsorption capacity of the modified particles for hexane, silicone oil, gasoline, and kerosene was 4.1, 2.5, 3.1, and 3.7 g/g, respectively, with a high adsorption efficiency ( > 99.7%) in the oil-water mixture. After ten cycles of using these particles, the adsorption capacity range was 2 to 4 g/g regardless of the number of recycling times, and no significant change was observed in the contact angle.     

Preparation and characterization of water‐absorbing polyurethane foam composites with microsized sodium polyacrylate particles

This article introduces the preparation of rigid polyurethane foam (PUF) and studies the effect of various mass percentages of sodium polyacrylate (PAAS, microsized) on PUF hydrophilicity. The characterization of PUF (with 0–5.5 wt % PAAS) was conducted via scanning electron microscopy, contact angle analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and pore size distribution. All modified foams showed an improvement in their water sorption and water maintenance capacities, and the PU foam content of 5.5 wt % PAAS showed a water absorption of 891%, and the water retention performance was 408% (96 h) compared to the pure PU foam. Through contact angle measurements, the relationship between the hydrophilicity of the modified foams and PAAS content was investigated. The compression strength of the samples was also tested. When the PAAS is 2.6 wt %, the compression strength of the composites decreased about 50% compared with the pure PU foam. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46702.     

蓖麻油交联改性阳离子型聚氨酯乳液

以甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)、聚乙二醇(PEG)和N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)等为主要原料,以蓖麻油(C.O.)作为部分聚醚多元醇的替代物,采用PU(聚氨酯)预聚体法制备出具有一定交联结构的亲水性阳离子型WPU(水性聚氨酯)乳液。结果表明:当体系交联度较低时,C.O.对WPU的改性效果不明显;当体系交联度较高时,WPU乳液稳定性及其胶膜耐水性等均随C.O.比例增加而提高;当n(PEG)∶n(C.O.)=7∶3时,WPU胶膜的耐水性(吸水率约6%)相对最好,其静态接触角(约82°)相对最大。     

超亲水天然多酚改性膜的制备及其油水分离性能

为研发绿色环保、制备工艺简单的油水分离材料，以单宁酸(TA)和聚乙二醇(PEG)为改性剂，聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜为基底，通过简单浸渍法，制备了超亲水复合膜(TAPE膜)。采用SEM、AFM、FTIR、XPS和接触角测定仪对TAPE膜进行了表征和分析，并考察了TAPE膜的油水分离性能、耐磨性能和稳定性。结果表明，TAPE膜具有多孔微纳米粗糙结构，当TA含量为蒸馏水质量的1.75%时，该膜的水接触角和水下油接触角分别为0°和156°，表现出超亲水性和水下超疏油性。在0.09 MPa工作压力下，TAPE膜分离水包油乳液的膜通量为1146.4 L/(m²·h)，是原始PVDF膜的30倍，该膜对油水混合液和水包油乳液的分离效率均可达99.9%。此外，TAPE膜具有良好的稳定性，膜表面经砂纸(320目)磨损(100 g载重)25次后水接触角仍高达152°。     

Two in One: Modified Polyurethane Foams by Dip‐Coating of Halloysite Nanotubes with Acceptable Flame Retardancy and Absorbency

Poor flame retardancy of polyurethane foam (PUF) limits its practical application in many fields. Here, flame‐retardant performance of PUF is improved by a simple dip‐coating method. Halloysite nanotube (HNT) coating can be uniformly bonded to PUF surfaces via hydrogen‐bonding interactions, which is confirmed by element mapping and X‐ray photoelectron spectra. Density and mechanical properties of PUF increase with the concentration of HNT suspension, while porosity of the foam decreases with HNT loading. Weight ratio of HNTs to PUF in the composite can be achieved as high as 65.2%. Surfaces of PUF transfer from hydrophobic to super‐hydrophilic after HNT coating, and the water contact angle decreases from 116° to 0° after HNT coating. As a result, methylene blue adsorption capacity of HNTs‐coated PUF increases from 0.02 to 0.15 mg g^?1, and adsorption efficiency can reach 98% after 10 s. HNT coating can prevent PUF from burning and dripping, which suggests that flame‐retardant performance of PUF is significantly improved by HNTs. This work establishes a general procedure for improving flame retardancy and dye absorbency of polymer materials by simple dip‐coating of environmental‐friendly clay nanotubes, which shows great potential in high‐performance polymer and functional composite materials.