电致变色玻璃研究及应用

电致变色玻璃可减少办公大楼和民用住宅等建筑物在夏季降温和冬季取暖而必须耗费的大量能源,是目前最有应用前景的智能材料之一。本文介绍了电致变色的材料及相关研究进展,对电致变色玻璃的应用进行了展望。     

浅析电致变色玻璃中的电致变色材料

介绍了电致变色玻璃的结构、工作原理及特性。电致变色材料是电致变色玻璃的核心部分,着重分析了其不同的种类、性能特点及反应原理。     

玻璃用WO3基电致变色材料的研究

电致变色玻璃是电致变色材料最典型的应用,WO_3是一种发现得较早、研究较为深入、应用最为广泛的阴极电致变色材料,本文介绍了电致变色材料的分类,并从WO3基电致变色薄膜和WO_3薄膜的制备两个方面对WO3基电致变色材料进行了研究。     

建筑用电致变色(EC)玻璃发展现状

电致变色玻璃在建筑上的应用,既可以减少制冷和供暖所必须消耗的大量能源,同时又能改善自然光照程度而提高舒适度,是节能建筑材料的重要发展方向之一。本文结合国内外文献,介绍了国内外电致变色玻璃的发展现状及市场前景。     

变色材料的研究与应用

介绍了光致变色材料、热致变色材料、电致变色材料和溶剂致变色材料的变色机理及其在信息、汽车、建筑、纺织服装和日用品等领域的应用。     

装饰玻璃种类介绍（一）

电致变色玻璃 两层玻璃之间夹填液晶材料，在电场的控制下，液晶的排列方向发生变化，达到对玻璃透明与不透明的光调节目的，称之为电致变色玻璃。     

VO_2-WO_3复合薄膜的制备及其热致变色-电致变色性能研究

智能玻璃是目前建筑节能重点研究方向。本研究将自制氧化钒纳米粉体均匀分散到钨溶胶体系,取上清液旋涂于ITO基板,经干燥、退火后制得VO_2(M)-非晶WO_3复合薄膜。实验结果表明,所制备的VO_2(M)-非晶WO_3复合薄膜兼具热致变色和电致变色性能,通电后薄膜表现典型的电致变色特征,可见光和近红外光透过率明显下降。退火过程中,部分W掺杂到VO_2中,使薄膜的热致相变温度降低10°C左右。复合薄膜在双响应条件下,其可见光透过率为32.6%、调控效率为18.8%。     

聚苯胺-乙烯三叔丁基过氧硅烷复合膜的制备及其电致变色性能的研究

采用恒电位法在氧化铟导电玻璃上电聚合制备了聚苯胺(PAn),利用溶液复合法合成了掺杂态聚苯胺-乙烯三叔丁基过氧硅烷复合电致变色膜,并对其结构和电致变色性能研究。结果表明,复合电致变色膜在稳定态时仅出现第二氧化峰,在外加电压下其颜色在绿色至紫色之间可逆变化,聚合物中加入偶联剂,可提高电致变色膜与导电玻璃基底的粘结性及改善复合膜的耐溶剂性能。     

有机硅改性聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯一聚苯胺复合材料的制备及其电致变色性能研究

本文采用溶液聚合法及乳液聚合法合成了可溶性聚苯胺,用光电子能谱、X－射线衍射对其本征态及掺杂态的结构进行了表征。以甲基丙烯酸甲酯－甲基丙烯酰丙基三甲氧基硅烷共聚物为基体,用溶液复合法制备了聚苯胺复合电致变色膜,并采用扫描电镜、循环伏安法等对其结构和电致变色性能进行研究。结果表明复合电致变色膜在稳定态时仅出现第二氧化峰,在外加电压作用下其颜色在绿色至蓝黑色之间可逆变化。共聚物中含有偶联剂组分可以提高电致变色膜与ITO导电玻璃基底的粘结性及改善复合电致变色薄膜的耐溶剂性能。     

三氧化钨变色性能的研究进展

三氧化钨具有优异的变色性能而受到广泛关注,尤其是在电致变色、光致变色和气致变色三方面有着很大的应用前景。概述了三氧化钨这三种变色性能的定义与机理;就近几年来有关变色性能的研究进展做综述性介绍,特别是在以薄膜和粉体为对象方面;最后分析了三氧化钨变色性能的研究趋势。     

氧化镍薄膜电致变色特性及机理研究

利用溶胶-凝胶浸镀法选择了合适的溶制和助剂及加料方式制得了稳定性高的溶胶,然后在ITO导电玻璃表面进行镀膜,通过对薄膜循环伏安曲线、透射率及X光电子能谱(XPS)的测定,分析了氧化镍薄膜的电致变色范围及薄膜的热处理条件,提出了氧化镍薄膜电致变色的机理。     

WOx:Mo薄膜的结构及电致变色性能研究

采用反应磁控溅射工艺,以纯钨和纯钼为靶材在ITO玻璃上制备Mo掺杂WOx电致变色薄膜,用薄膜的透射光谱和XRD衍射方法对掺杂后薄膜的电致变色性能和结构进行了分析,研究了Mo掺杂对WOx薄膜电致变色性能和微观结构的影响机理。实验结果表明：在一定掺杂范围内,Mo掺杂对薄膜电致变色性能有较大提高;掺杂越均匀,对薄膜电致变色性能的改善越显著。影响薄膜电致变色性能的相应掺杂量由溅射时间表示,相对掺量存在最佳值,即7．7％附近,薄膜的变色性能可得到最大的提高,按实验结果趋势分析掺杂量存在有效范围,超出有效掺杂范围,掺杂便会失效。XRD分析表明,掺杂Mo之后的WOx薄膜仍为非晶态,且非晶态有增强的趋势。     

Transmission properties for individual electrochromic layers in solid state devices based on polyaniline, Prussian Blue and tungsten oxide

In order to investigate the transmission properties in the whole solar spectrum for individual electrochromic layers in solid state devices incorporating polyaniline (PANI), Prussian Blue (PB) and tungsten oxide (WO3), the devices were fabricated with and without holes in the electrochromic coatings in several combinations. Both PANI and WO3 were deposited electrochemically on indium–tin oxide (ITO) glass substrates, while PB was deposited on top of the PANI coatings or directly on the ITO glass plates. Solid state devices were made by gluing the glass plates together with the solid polymer electrolyte poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propane-sulphonic acid) (PAMPS), and thus, with and without holes in the three electrochromic coatings in different combinations, enabling us to study the optical properties of PANI, PB and WO3 separately, that is, the hole method. This method gives good qualitative, and to a certain degree quantitative, information, which may be of valuable help in designing electrochromic devices with specific tailor-made optical properties.     

All-Printed Electrochromic Stickers

Displays are one of the most mature technologies in the field of printed electronics. Their ability to be manufactured in large quantities and at low cost has led to their recent uptake into the consumer market. Within this article this technology is extended to electrochromic display stickers. This is achieved using a recent reverse display architecture screen printed on textile and paper sticker substrates. The electrochromic stickers are comparable to plastic control substrates and show little performance difference even when adhered to curved surfaces. The electrochromic display technology is extended to sticker labels for authentication applications by patterning either the dielectric or the graphical layer. A proof-of-concept prototype emulating a wax seal on an envelope is presented to show that other colors can be implemented in this technology.     

Preparation of electrochromic Ni1−xO and TiO2 coatings from pigment dispersions and their application in electrochromic foil based devices

Thin (100–400 nm) electrochromic TiO₂ and Ni_1−xO coatings providing transmissive light modulation were made from an anatase pigment dispersion obtained by co-grinding nanocrystalline titanium particles (6–10 nm in size) with trisilanol heptaisobutylsilsesquioxane as dispersant, while Ni_1−xO based pigment dispersions were made by milling pre-prepared Ni_1−xO pigment with nickel oxyhydroxide (NiO_xH_y) dispersant. Dispersions were obtained by milling the pigments with zirconia beads of various sizes (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mm) and the particle size was determined with the dynamic light scattering technique (DLS). Pigment dispersions were deposited by spin-coating on glass and plastic (PET) film and thermally treated at 150 °C to obtain thin TiO₂ and Ni_1−xO pigment coatings. SEM and AFM were used for determination of the surface morphology, revealing their homogenous structure and low surface roughness (up to 20 nm). The optical transmittance and haze of the coatings deposited on glass and PET film were determined from the UV–vis spectra. Their electrochromic effect was analyzed by electrochemical charging/discharging the coatings in a LiClO₄/PC electrolyte. The results demonstrated a convenient, simple and robust technique for making “electrochromic paint” coatings. Pre-prepared TiO₂ and pigments were used for construction of foil-based electrochromic devices with transmissive modulation of light.     

A solid-state electrochromic device based on complementary polypyrrole/polythiophene derivatives and an elastomeric electrolyte

A device was assembled using optically transparent glass electrodes and combining two complementary electrochromic polymeric materials, poly(4,4-dipentoxy-2,2-bithiophene) and poly(N,N-dimethyl-2,2-bipyrrole). As electrolyte we used an ionically conductive polymer; poly(epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene oxide) containing a lithium salt. The optical contrast in the visible/near infrared region, stability to repeated redox cycles and electrochromic efficiency are reported and discussed.     

氧化石墨烯复合TiO2-B薄膜的制备及其电致变色性能

目前具有一维纳米结构的TiO₂薄膜在电致变色领域应用主要受限于材料光调制幅度小、响应时间长、循环稳定性差等缺点。为了解决上述问题,本文采用沉积法将B型二氧化钛纳米管（TiO₂-B）与氧化石墨烯复合,以TiO₂粉末为原料,采用水热法得到钛酸纳米管后,利用沉积法在氟掺杂的氧化锡玻璃（FTO）基底上制备了高透明度、大光调制范围以及优良循环性能的氧化石墨烯复合B型二氧化钛纳米管电致变色薄膜（GO/TiO₂）。借助XRD、XPS、Raman、FESEM、HR-TEM等分析手段研究了氧化石墨烯用量对GO/TiO₂复合薄膜电致变色性能的影响。研究结果表明,当GO与钛酸纳米管的质量比（GO/钛酸）为7％时,GO/TiO₂复合薄膜离子扩散系数为1.46×10^-8cm²/s,着色效率值为38.1cm²/C,具有良好的电致变色性能。在-1.6V、633nm处,GO/TiO₂电致变色薄膜的光调制幅度可达77％,GO/TiO₂薄膜的着色和漂白时间分别为28.6s和4.8s,100次循环后的光调制幅度保持率为96.1％。