海芒果叶提取物的抑菌活性初探

采用冷浸法和超声波提取法对海芒果叶进行提取。以生长速率法测定了各萃取物对9种病原真菌的抑菌作用。结果表明,海芒果叶的正丁醇萃取相的抑菌活性最好;正丁醇萃取相对番木瓜炭疽菌、柑橘炭疽菌、香蕉枯萎菌的EC50分别是1.3964mg/mL、1.7246mg/mL、1.3256mg/mL,其中提取物对香蕉枯萎菌的毒力最高,值得进一步研究。     

石榴皮抑菌活性物质的初步研究

研究了石榴皮初提物对黄瓜枯萎病菌的室内生物活性.结果表明:在甲醇、氯仿及正己烷提取物中,甲醇提取物的抑菌活性最为显著.采用生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定了石榴皮溶剂萃取物对黄瓜枯萎病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、玉米小斑病菌和棉花立枯病菌等4种病原菌的生物活性.在甲醇提取物的石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯及正丁醇萃取物中,以正丁醇萃取物的抑菌活性最强,在质量浓度为200 g/L时.对4种供试真菌的抑制率均大于70%,而对玉米小斑菌的抑制作用达90.67%,其EC50值为26.2 g/L.     

β-细辛醚和丁香酚酯对芒果炭疽病菌和香蕉枯萎病菌的抑制作用

文章研究了β-细辛醚和丁香酚酯对芒果炭疽菌抗药性菌株Colletotrichum gloeosporioides（zJR）、敏感菌株C．gloeosporioides（ZJS）和香蕉枯萎病菌（Fusariuvaowysporumf．sp．cubertse）的撺制作用。发现β-细辛醚和丁香酚对三种病菌有良好的抑制效果,§一细辛醚和丁香酚酯在1．00mg／mL浓度下对芒果炭痘病（抗药性和敏感）菌抑菌率均为100％;在0．50mg／mL浓度下β-细辛醚对芒果炭疽病抗药性菌株、敏感菌株抑菌和香蕉枯萎病菌的抑制率分别为91．2％、86.7％和57．97％。丁香酚酯在0．50mg／mL对芒果炭疽病抗药性菌株、敏感菌株抑菌和香蕉枯萎病菌的抑制率分别为36．20％、44．70％和61.93％。     

黄花蒿(Artemisia annua L.)提取物对两种病原真菌的生物活性

以石油醚Ⅰ(30℃～60℃)、石油醚Ⅱ(60℃～90℃)、乙醇和丙酮等4种溶剂对黄花蒿的根、茎、叶进行初步提取,采用生长速率法测定不同提取物对玉米小斑病菌、棉花枯萎病菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,黄花蒿提取物对玉米小斑病菌的生物活性好于棉花枯萎病菌;黄花蒿叶的提取物抑菌效果最好,根的抑菌效果最差;叶的石油醚(60℃～90℃)提取物对玉米小斑病菌EC50为156.32mg/L;而叶的丙酮提取物对玉米小斑病菌的EC50为82.37mg/L。     

几种杀菌剂对香蕉枯萎病菌的室内毒力测定

香蕉枯萎病是世界香蕉产区的重要病害之一，为了更有效的防治此病，我们选用11种药剂对香蕉枯萎病菌进行室内毒力测定，结果表明：18％保冶达乳油抑菌效果最好，EC50为0.13mg／L；15％三唑酮可湿性粉剂的抑菌效果最差，EC50为201．40mg/L。     

4种中药提取物抑菌作用及在肌肤洗涤剂中的应用

通过最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、抑菌圈、抑菌率等试验方法,分析研究和验证五倍子、甘草、黄芩、白鲜皮4种中药提取物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌性能,及其复方提取物与肌肤洗涤剂配伍后的抑菌效果。结果显示:4种提取物均对供试菌具有一定的抑菌活性,五倍子、黄芩对供试菌抑菌的MIC范围为25～100 mg/mL,甘草、白鲜皮对供试菌抑菌的MIC范围为50～200 mg/mL,五倍子和黄芩的抑菌效果较优于甘草和白鲜皮;单方提取物以2:1:2:1的质量比例复配,能有效提高提取物的抑菌活性,起到协同作用;并以复方提取物为基础,按3%～12%(质量分数)的比例添加至肌肤洗涤剂(洗手液、沐浴露)中,得到具有明显抑菌效果的抑菌洗手液,以及具有较强抑菌效果的抑菌沐浴露。     

9种植物提取物对植物病原真菌的生物活性筛选

以苹果腐烂病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、柑橘炭疽病菌和黄瓜枯萎病菌为供试菌种。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了9种植物乙醇提取物对6种植物病原真菌的抑制作用,结果表明,浓度为5mg/mL时,荆条花乙醇提取物对6种植物病原真菌均有一定程度的抑制作用,其中对苹果腐烂病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、苹果轮纹病菌和黄瓜枯萎病菌的抑菌率分别为91.07%、72.97%、64.54%和63.20%。采用抑制孢子萌发法测定了9种植物乙醇提取物对2种植物病原真菌的抑制作用,结果表明,浓度为20mg/mL时,雪松叶和仙鹤草叶乙醇提取物对黄瓜枯萎病菌和柑橘炭疽病菌的孢子抑制率为100%。     

海芋甲醇提取物的抑真菌作用

采用生长速率法测定了海芋的不同部分甲醇提取物对水稻纹枯病菌等15种植物病原真菌的生物活性。结果表明：海芋叶、茎和叶柄的甲醇提取物对荔枝霜疫霉病菌、稻瘟病菌和白菜黑斑病菌等有一定的活性；在10mg／mL的浓度下，海芋叶、茎和叶柄的甲醇提取物对水稻纹枯病菌菌丝生长的抑制率分别为53．45％、43．15％和41．14％；海芋叶甲醇提取物对水稻纹枯病菌的EC50值为8．52mg／mL。海芋叶甲醇提取物的石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取组分对水稻纹枯病菌的活性研究表明，氯仿层的活性最高，抑制率为89．12％。海芋叶甲醇提取物的氯仿萃取物对水稻纹枯病菌的EC50值为2．13mg／mL.     

杀菌剂对番木瓜胶孢炭疽茵的室内毒力测定

胶孢炭疽菌引起的炭疽病是番木瓜最主要的田间及采后病害,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了20种杀菌剂对胶孢炭疽菌的室内毒力.结果表明:咪鲜胺、苯醚甲环唑、氟硅唑、腈菌唑+醚菌酯、丙环唑、戊唑醇、烯唑醇、吡唑醚菌酯8种药剂的抑菌效果较好,EC50值在0.01～0.47 mg/L之间;其中咪鲜胺对病菌的EC50值最低,抑菌效果明显高于对照多菌灵,成为最具潜力的替代使用药剂,氟硅唑、戊唑醇和丙环唑3种药剂EC50值也较低,抑菌效果仅次于咪鲜胺.     

金银花水溶性抗菌物质的提取及其抑菌效果研究

目的确定从金银花中提取天然抗菌物质的最佳工艺条件及抗菌效果。方法以绿原酸为评价标准,通过正交试验法确定最佳工艺条件,用滤纸片法检测提取物的抑菌效果。结果最佳工艺条件是物料比1∶10,浸提温度80℃,浸提时间40min。提取物绿原酸含量为0.2642mg/ml,用7520分光光度计测得金银花水提取物的最高吸收峰出现在327nm。金银花提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌、青霉、黄曲霉、黑曲霉的抑菌浓度分别为30%、60%、50%、80%、80%和60%(相当于绿原酸含量为7.926、15.852、13.210、21.136、21.136和15.852mg/100ml)。加热处理可强化金银花提取物的抑菌效果。结论已确定了最佳工艺条件,所提金银花提取物抑菌效果显著。     

藜芦乙醇提取物对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性研究

通过测定藜芦的乙醇提取物以及各萃取部分对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,寻找藜芦中的农用活性物质,为其综合开发利用提供科学依据。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了藜芦球茎和根乙醇提取物对6种植物病原菌的抑制作用。试验结果表明,当供试浓度为5.0 mg/mL时,对苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)、棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)和苹果轮纹病菌(Physalospora piricola nose)的抑菌率比较高,分别为96.4%、78.1%和74.3%。藜芦乙醇提取物的不同极性溶剂萃取物的抑菌活性较高,乙酸乙酯萃取物对苹果腐烂病菌和苹果轮纹病菌的EC50分别为0.161 mg/mL和0.551 mg/mL;正丁醇萃取物对苹果腐烂病菌和苹果轮纹病菌的EC50分别为0.190 mg/mL和0.451 mg/mL。乙酸乙酯萃取物是进一步研究的重点。     

Antifungal Activity of Leaf Essential Oil and Extracts of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Metasequoia glyptostroboides</Emphasis> Miki ex Hu

Plant diseases constitute an emerging threat to global food security. Many of the currently available antifungal agents for agriculture are highly toxic and nonbiodegradable and cause extensive environmental pollution. Moreover, an increasing number of phytopathogens are developing resistance to them. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the antifungal efficacy of the leaf essential oil and the leaf extracts of Metasequoia glyptostroboides against Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Phytophthora capsici, Colletotrichum capsici, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani. The oil (1,000 μg/disc) and the extracts (1,500 μg/disc) revealed a remarkable antifungal effect against the tested plant pathogenic fungi with a radial growth inhibition percentage of 41.3–66.3% and 13.4–54.4%, respectively along with their respective MIC values ranging from 62.5 to 1,000 μg/ml and 500–4,000 μg/ml. The oil had a strong detrimental effect on spore germination of all the tested plant pathogens along with the concentration as well as time-dependent kinetic inhibition of Botrytis cinerea. Also, the oil exhibited a potent in vivo antifungal effect against Phytophthora capsici on greenhouse grown pepper plants. The results of this study indicate that the oil and extracts of M. glyptostroboides leaves could become natural alternatives to synthetic fungicides to control certain important plant fungal diseases.     

Efficacy of organophosphorus derivatives containing chalcones/chalcone semicarbazones against fungal pathogens of sugarcane

Ten newly synthesized organophosphorus derivatives containing substituted chalcones and substituted chalcone semicarbazones were tested for their antifungal efficacy against Colletotrichum falcatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Curvularia pallescens (all sugarcane pathogens). The O,O-diethylphosphate derivatives containing 2-chlorochalcone and 2-chlorochalcone semicarbazone exhibited 70-85% mycelial inhibition against all the test fungi at 1000 ppm. The screening results were correlated with structural features of the tested compounds.     

D-氨基葡萄糖Schiff碱的制备及抑制真菌性能研究

以D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐与对甲氧基苯甲醛、对甲基苯甲醛反应合成了两种新的D-氨基葡萄糖席夫碱(对甲氧基苯甲醛缩D-氨基葡萄糖席夫碱、对甲基苯甲醛缩D-氨基葡萄糖席夫碱),收率分别为67.9%、74.6%。使用UV1、HNMR和IR对产物进行了结构表征。测试了两种席夫碱甲醇饱和溶液对香蕉炭疽病菌、芒果炭疽病菌、芒果蒂腐病菌、芒果焦腐病菌、番木瓜炭疽病菌等植物病原真菌的抑菌性能。结果表明,对甲氧基苯甲醛缩D-氨基葡萄糖席夫碱对香蕉炭疽病菌、芒果蒂腐病菌、芒果焦腐病菌具有很强的抑菌活性,对甲基苯甲醛缩D-氨基葡萄糖席夫碱对香蕉炭疽病菌、芒果炭疽病菌具有很强的抑菌活性。     

紫花地丁不同方式提取物抑菌效果研究

采用索式提取和微波2种方式分别对紫花地丁进行提取,并运用生长速率法测定了各提取物对植物病原真菌的抑制作用。实验结果表明:在4.0 g/L时,微波提取物的抑菌活性(最高86.9%)明显高于索式提取物的活性(最高64.7%)。丙酮提取物对棉花枯萎病菌、柑橘炭疽病菌和小麦全蚀病菌的EC50分别是3.04,2.90,2.78 g/L。     

Composition and Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil of the Brazilian Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

The antifungal activity of essential oil (EO) from the Brazilian epazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.) was evaluated by the poison food assay at concentrations of 0.3%, 0.1%, and 0.05% with eight postharvest deteriorating fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceous, Colletotrichum gloesporioides, Colletotrichum musae, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium semitectum). EO components were tentatively identified by Kováts retention indices (RIs) using gas chromatography and gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Growth of all fungi was completely inhibited at 0.3% concentration, and by 90% to 100% at 0.1% concentration. The following 13 tentatively identified compounds (relative percent) accounted for 90.4% of the total volatile oil: alpha-terpinene (0.9), p-cymene (2.0), benzyl alcohol (0.3), p-cresol (0.3), p-mentha-1,3,8-triene (0.2), p-cimen-8-ol (0.6), alpha-terpineol (0.5), (Z)-ascaridole (61.4), piperitone (0.9), carvacrol (3.9), (E)-ascaridole (18.6), (E)-piperitol acetate (0.5), and (Z)-carvyl acetate (0.3). Autobiographic thin layer chromatography of the EO to separate the principal fungitoxic fraction yielded only one fraction that completely inhibited the growth of all test fungi at a concentration of 0.1%. This fraction was characterized by RIs and GC-MS presenting a composition (%) of p-cymene (25.4), (Z)-ascaridole (44.4), and (E)-ascaridole (30.2). The results suggest ascaridoles were the principal fungitoxic components of the EO.     

植物源农药的筛选及补骨脂抑菌活性

以水稻稻瘟病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌、黄瓜炭疽病菌为靶标菌，通过孢子萌发试验对12种植物提取物的抑菌活性进行粗筛。结果表明，植物粗提物在100mg／L质量浓度下，补骨脂提取物对水稻稻瘟病菌和辣椒疫霉病菌孢子萌发的抑制率均为100％，虎杖和黄柏提取物对水稻稻瘟病菌孢子萌发的抑制率均为100％。然后，采用菌丝生长速率法将补骨脂提取物对11种植物病原菌的抑菌活性进行了测定，结果表明，补骨脂粗提物对苹果腐烂等11种植物病原菌均具有抑制作用，其中，对苹果腐烂病菌、黄瓜炭疽病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、水稻稻瘟病菌的EC50分别为17．669、73．136、77．294、32．141mg／L。