神木煤-CH_4微波共热解产物生成规律研究

以半焦作为微波吸收剂和CH4裂解催化剂,在固定床反应器上考察了CH4气氛下神木煤微波热解特性,对CH4气氛下神木煤-半焦混合物在不同温度(450℃~700℃)下微波热解产物的生成规律进行了研究,并与相同条件的N2气氛下微波热解结果进行了比较.研究表明,CH4气氛下神木煤的微波热解半焦产率比N2气氛下的半焦产率低;而焦油产率和热解水产率高于相同条件N2气氛下的焦油和热解水产率.在CH4气氛下煤-半焦混合物微波热解,H2和CO产率高于N2气氛下的结果,而CO2产率低于N2气氛下微波热解的CO2产率.综合对比两种气氛下热解产物的生成规律可知,在半焦催化作用下,CH4在微波加热条件下可以实现对神木煤的直接加氢,提高煤的热解转化率.     

桦甸油页岩的微波干馏特性

在自行设计的微波干馏装置上研究了桦甸油页岩、半焦及其混合物在微波场中的升温特性。发现油页岩本身是一种微波弱吸收物质,纯油页岩在微波场中升温能力较差;油页岩热解产物半焦在微波场中升温很快,可以作为油页岩微波干馏的微波吸收剂,将油页岩和半焦的混合物放入微波场中能达到良好的热解效果。实验研究了半焦和油页岩的混合比、微波功率、粒径等因素对微波干馏效果的影响,结果发现,随着半焦比例加大,产油率增加,半焦产率降低;在相同时间内,微波功率越大,产油率和气体损失产率越大,半焦产率降低;油页岩粒径对微波热解影响较小,但当粒径小于0.2mm时实验中出现了较严重的夹带现象。     

半焦催化裂解煤焦油试验研究

为了提高褐煤热解制得半焦对焦油的催化裂解效果,采用煤热解制备的半焦催化裂解煤热解过程中产生的煤焦油。采用两段式固定床反应器,在反应器上段放置煤样热解,下段放置半焦催化剂催化裂解上段产生的焦油。研究了制焦温度、半焦用量、经O_2活化后半焦对焦油催化裂解效果的影响。结果表明,增加褐煤的制焦温度,焦油产率明显下降,褐煤900℃制备的活化半焦1 g时的焦油产率仅6.3%,提高半焦制焦温度有利于焦油中的大分子芳香类物质催化裂解成少环物质和小分子气体组分;增加半焦用量对焦油脱除效果作用不明显,焦油产率缓慢减少。与未活化半焦相比,O_2活化后的半焦对焦油的脱除效果更好。半焦的比表面积及孔隙分析(BET)表明,活化后半焦的比表面积更大,且孔隙更丰富;能谱分析(EDS)发现,活化后半焦表面金属元素总量高于未活化半焦。     

印尼褐煤的热分解特性研究

采用热重分析和热解实验对印尼褐煤的热分解特性进行研究,探讨了印尼褐煤的热解机理、升温速率和热解终止温度对热解过程的影响.结果表明,印尼褐煤的热失重过程包括水分蒸发、挥发分析出和焦炭形成三个阶段;在温度低于300℃时,印尼褐煤以水分蒸发和脱除吸附小分子气体为主,300℃时开始微热解反应,400℃时热分解反应剧烈.在同一热解温度条件下,升温速率为10K/min～20K/min的慢速升温热解过程中,焦油产率维持在8.5%(质量分数)附近,升温速率对热解产物产率的影响较小;在400℃～600℃的低温热解范围内,热解终止温度对焦油产率影响较小,但热解气体产率随热解终止温度的增大而增大,而半焦产率却随之降低.     

大尺度褐煤的地下气化热解特性

为了考察地下气化过程中干馏和干燥作用对于气体产物组成的影响,以乌兰察布原煤为研究对象,采用大直径固定床反应装置进行了150℃～800℃范围内热解气体的形成与释放研究.结果表明,大粒径褐煤热解在400℃才开始有气体逸出,随着温度的升高气体总产率升高,平均孔径和孔容积呈现先增大后减小的趋势;不同粒度的块状煤有效气体析出规律大致相同,但5cm见方的褐煤呈现气体析出缓慢、产量较大的趋势;在慢速升温和中速升温过程中,5℃/min的升温速率可以明显增加大粒度褐煤热解失重率,提高气体产率.     

胜利褐煤快速热解特性

为考察热解温度对热解产物品质及挥发分残留的影响,在10 kg/h自制褐煤快速热解提质试验设备上,以胜利褐煤为试验原料,考察了400~900℃热解提质温度对热解产物产率、气体产物组成、半焦微观结构以及残余挥发分的影响。结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,半焦产率逐渐降低,气体产率升高,焦油的产率先升高后降低,700℃时焦油产率最大;热解气体中的CO_2随着热解温度的升高逐渐降低,H_2和CO含量随着热解温度的升高而增加;随着热解温度的升高,挥发分不断释放导致半焦含氧官能团以及高活性的小的缩合芳环减少;热解温度≥700℃,半焦残留的挥发分较低,固定碳较多,基本满足电石用焦的要求。     

烘焙稻壳与不同煤化程度的煤共热解特性

稻壳在250 ℃/30 min条件下烘焙后,与无烟煤、烟煤和褐煤3种不同煤化程度煤进行不同比例的混合,混合物分别进行热重分析和高温共热解特性研究。结果表明：热重分析中,添加烘焙稻壳有利于提高无烟煤和烟煤的转化率,其提高率低于5%,但是不利于提高褐煤的转化率;高温共热解实验中,随着烘焙稻壳添加比例的提高,无烟煤和烟煤与烘焙稻壳共热解固体产物减少,气体产物增加,而褐煤与烘焙稻壳共热解固体产量增加,气体产量略有下降;烘焙稻壳的添加有利于共热解产气中H2组分的增加和CO2组分的减少,通过改变烘焙稻壳在混合物中的比例可以对共热解气体组分进行调节。     

褐煤与生物质混合快速热解半焦特性研究

研究了褐煤、生物质及其不同配比混合物在快速热解条件下,热解产物半焦的产率、工业组成、热值以及表面结构等特性,探讨了其随热解温度和原料组成的变化规律.结果表明,由于受褐煤和生物质各自组成和性质的影响,褐煤与生物质混合快速热解过程,生物质配入比例和热解温度对半焦的产率、工业组成、热值及表面结构的影响较为复杂.总体趋势是,控制适宜的热解温度和适宜的生物质配入量(生物质配入比例50%),可获得高的半焦产率和半焦热值,同时降低半焦中灰分含量.生物质掺混比例为50%,热解温度为600℃时,热解产物半焦产率为52.1%,半焦热值可达23.75 MJ/kg.由于生物质的引入,混合物热解产物半焦的表面结构比褐煤单独热解时半焦的表面结构有所改善,半焦孔隙增加,有利于增加半焦的吸附性和反应性.     

工艺条件对煤—废塑料在焦炉气气氛下共热解特性的影响

将先锋褐煤与５％聚乙烯（ＰＥ）混合加入１０ｇ固定床反应器中通入焦炉煤气在不同压力、升温速率及终态温度下共热解。结果表明,在实验压力范围内（０．１ＭＰａ￣３ＭＰａ）添加废塑料可实现煤－焦炉气常压热解达到甚至超过高压（３ＭＰａ）下不加ＰＥ时热解的焦油收率,同时增加半焦收率,明显降低热解水分。降低升温速率可明显增加焦油收率,降低水分。添加废塑料还可实现煤－焦炉气低温热解达到甚至超过高温热解时的焦油收率,     

煤与生物质共热解特性初步研究

初步研究了煤与生物质共热解时的协同作用,热解实验研究了大雁煤、木屑和两者混合物三个样品的热解特性,木屑与大雁煤热解特性相比,热解产物产率随温度变化特性形似,但热解的起始温度和热解温度区间有一定差别,两者混合物共热解时出现了协同作用,结果是半焦产率降低,焦油和气产率增加,热解气组成中H2和CH4 降低,CO和CO2增加.     

Kinetics of reactions involved in pvrolvsis of cellulose II. The modified kilzer-bioid model

At temperatures below 300°C, it has been shown that the pyrolysis of cellulose can be modeled in terms of a modified Kilzer-Broido ((K-B) Model. According to this model, cellulose decomposes via two competitive reactions, a dehydration reaction to form anhydrocellulose and a depolymerization reaction to form levoglucosan. Anhydrocellulose later decomposes to chars and gaseous products via two competitive reactions. Arrhenius parameters and a technique of estimating empirical constants from experimental data for the K-B type reactions are presented. Comparison of the ability of the modified K-B model and the three reaction model to predict weight loss, product yields and heat pretreated results are also made.     

Kinetics of reactions involved in pyrolysis of cellulose I. The three reaction model

Kinetics of reactions involved in pyrolysis of cellulose has been modeled in terms of a three reaction model. In this model it is assumed that cellulose decomposes to tars, chars and gaseous products via three competitive first-order reactions. Arrhenius parameters have been obtained to describe the rate constants of these reactions. The three reaction model predicts the weight loss data reasonably well. Product yields of tars, chars and gases predicted by the three reaction model are compared over the temperature range 250 to 360°C. In this communication a technique for analyzing experimental data of a solid state reaction is presented.     

平朔煤的热解试验研究

对平朔煤在不同温度下进行了热解研究,考察了热解温度对煤热解产物产率和热解气性质的影响规律。研究表明,对上述煤样,随煤的热解温度升高,半焦产率下降,干馏气产率增加;液体率在一定温度范围内先增后降,在600℃左右达到最高。热解温度升高,热解气中H2的含量就越高,热解气中CH4的含量在热解温度550～650℃左右达到最高。随热解温度的升高,CO2的含量显著降低,烃类组分随温度升高是先升后降,峰值出现在600℃左右。     

生物质热解反应装置研究现状及展望

生物质热解是实现生物质能源化利用的重要途径,对解决日益严重的能源问题有着重要意义。着重介绍了几种典型的生物质热解反应器的研究现状,并列举了近期开发出的几种新型热解反应装置,总结了不同种类的热解反应器的工作原理及各自优缺点和适用情况。对催化热解和生物质原料预处理及反应器进行了综述,指出开发新型高效、高活性热解催化剂和加大对原料预处理技术的基础理论探索力度是未来生物质热解研究的发展方向。     

Kinetics of the pyrolysis of utah tar sands

Utah tar sands have been pyrolyzed experimentally in a tubular furnace into a stream of nitrogen. Various condensate products have been collected and analyzed, and the pyrolyzed sands have been analyzed for coke and unreacted bitumen. The kinetics of the pyrolysis appeared to be second order under conditions of approximately constant temperature and in experiments with continuously changing temperatures. A lighter product with less sulfur, nitrogen, and arsenic was produced when more rapid heating rates were used. Other characteristics of the reaction and products are presented.     

Kinetic study of fast pyrolysis of sawdust in a conical spouted bed reactor in the range 400–500 °C

An original reactor (a conical spouted bed reactor) is used for the kinetic study of Pinus insignis sawdust pyrolysis in the range 400–500 °C under the usual conditions of this reactor for pyrolysis in a continuous regime. The equipment meets the requirements for pyrolysis kinetic study (bed isothermality, high mass and heat transfer between phases and short residence time of gaseous products). The results of yield of products are evidence of the good performance of the conical spouted bed reactor for obtaining a liquid product, with a maximum yield of 70 wt% in the range 440–460 °C. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Kinetic studies of the pyrolysis of sewage sludge by tga and comparison with fluidized beds

The pyrolysis of sewage sludge was examined by thermogravimetric analysis using different heating rates, particle sizes and final temperatures. A semi-empirical model was developed with four global consecutive/competitive reactions to volatile and solid products including also a heat balance. This model was extrapolated to isothermal reactor conditions and compared to experimental data on fluidized bed pyrolysis. Depending on the particle size and reactor temperature, about 90% of the maximum conversion in a fluidized bed takes place under external heat transfer control, the rest under kinetic control. Incomplete conversion occurs at short particle residence times, which were calculated approximately by the model.     

煤热解制焦油的工艺研究进展

煤热解是一种重要的煤炭分质利用技术,中低温热解焦油是制取液体燃料和化学品的重要原料。本文从对煤进行预处理、改变热解气氛、催化热解与催化加氢热解、煤与其它物质共热解、新型耦合热解工艺等方面综述了煤热解制焦油的工艺研究进展,探讨了影响煤热解过程焦油产率的因素及机理,并对各工艺进行了评价。     

二次反应对煤热解产品组成的影响

煤的热妥是煤炭转化过程中的第一步，通过热解可以产生高质量的热解煤气及珍贵的液体产品。然而在实际过程中，对热解产品的组成有不同的要求。因此，研究煤热解二次反应对实际过程有着重要的指导意义。     

Kinetic modelling of the pyrolysis of biomass and biomass components

The kinetics of the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials was studied with a view of providing simple kinetic models for engineering purposes. Experimental data obtained by means of thermal analysis techniques suggest that the pyrolysis of fine particles (below 1 mm) can be considered to be controlled by pyrolysis kinetics. The rate of pyrolysis of one biomass type can be represented by the sum of the corresponding rates of the main biomass components (cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose). The kinetics of each of these components was simulated by a kinetic scheme capable of predicting the pyrolysis rate and the final weight-loss for a wide range of pyrolysis parameters including various heating conditions.