除草剂２,６—二氟苯胺的合成

以２,６-二氟苯酰胺,氯气和氢氧化钠为原料,采用苯甲醇为反应介质,经Ｈofmann酰胺降级反应,制得２,６-二氟苯胺,其最佳工艺条件为:n(酰胺):n(氢氧化钠):n(氯气):n(苯甲醇)=１:８.５６:１.２３:２.１９产品收率可达９２%, 纯度可达９０%.     

3-溴-2-氟苯甲酸的合成

以2-氨基-6-氟苯腈为原料,经溴化、水解和重氮化脱氨基反应合成3-溴-2-氟苯甲酸,产物的含量为99.20%(HPLC),总摩尔产率约38%。产物结构通过MS和1 H NMR验证。其中溴化反应的最佳条件为n(2-氨基-6-氟苯腈)∶n(NBS)=1∶1.05,n(2-氨基-6-氟苯腈)∶n(DMF)=1∶6,反应温度为5℃;水解反应的最佳反应条件为n(2-氨基-5-溴-6氟苯腈)∶n(NaOH)=1∶1.5,水解时间为8h,温度控制在回流状态下。该法具有生产成本低、反应条件温和、易于工业化生产的优点。     

4-乙氧基-2,3-二氟苯乙酸的合成及副产物研究

以4-乙氧基-2,3-二氟苯乙酮为起始原料,经Willgerodt-Kindler反应后,碱解、酸化得到质量分数99%以上的液晶中间体4-乙氧基-2,3-二氟苯乙酸,对目标化合物进行了1HNMR、IR和GC-MS表征。结果表明,当n(4-乙氧基-2,3-二氟苯乙酮)∶n(硫)∶n(吗啉)=1∶2∶4,反应温度为105～115℃,反应时间为2 h时,Willgerodt-Kindler反应效果最佳,主产物的质量分数为71.54%,4-乙氧基-2-吗啉-3-氟-苯硫代吗啉酰胺或者4-乙氧基-2-氟-3-吗啉-苯硫代吗啉酰胺副产物的质量分数为14.60%。根据1HNMR和GC-MS数据,对Willgerodt-Kindler反应过程中副产物的可能结构进行了推测。     

1-（2-氟苯基）-1-（4-氟苯基）环氧乙烷的合成研究

以2,4’-二氟二苯酮和锍盐(CH3)3SHSO4为原料,在碱性条件下反应生成1-(2-氟苯基)-1-(4-氟苯基)环氧乙烷。通过正交实验确定最佳工艺条件为:氢氧化钾、甲醇和2,4’-二氟二苯酮的物质的量比为6∶1.25∶1,反应温度45℃。以2,4’-二氟二苯酮计,产品收率为91.23%,含量为97.45%。     

2-溴-6-氟甲苯衍生物的合成

以2-溴-6-氟甲苯为原料,经溴化反应和氧化反应分别合成了2-溴-6-氟溴苄和2-溴-6-氟苯甲酸。再以2-溴-6-氟溴苄为原料,经水解和Sommlet反应分别合成了2-溴-6-氟苯甲醇和2-溴-6-氟苯甲醛,并对各工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,以HBr/H2O2为溴化试剂,2-溴-6-氟溴苄收率为90.3%;以乙醇为溶剂,2-溴-6-氟苯甲醇收率为92.8%;以KMnO4作为氧化剂,2-溴-6-氟苯甲酸收率为58.2%;当n(2-溴-6-氟溴苄)∶n(六亚甲基四胺)=1∶1.3时,2-溴-6-氟苯甲醛收率为79.0%。各产物结构经红外、核磁共振等技术得到了确证。     

4-乙氧基-2,3-二氟苯乙酮的合成与表征

以2,3-二氟苯乙醚和乙酰氯为起始原料,经傅克反应合成了质量分数99%以上的液晶中间体4-乙氧基-2,3-二氟苯乙酮,对目标化合物进行了1HNMR、IR和GC-MS表征。以二氯甲烷为反应溶剂,当n(2,3-二氟苯乙醚)∶n(三氯化铝)∶n(乙酰氯)=1∶1.14∶1.3,反应温度为-10～-5℃,反应时间为1 h时,反应效果最佳,产物质量分数为89.2%,2,3-二氟苯乙醚质量分数为4.83%,副产物4-乙酰基-2,3-二氟苯酚醋酸酯质量分数为0.12%,产物异构体未检出。根据实验结果对傅克反应副产物产生的原因进行了推测。     

对三氟甲氧基-N-羟乙基苯胺的合成

由对三氟甲氧基苯胺(Ⅰ)为原料通过与氯甲酸-2-氯乙酯进行酰胺化反应后,在氢氧化钠水溶液中水解重排,选择性地合成了单-N-羟乙基化反应产物对三氟甲氧基-N-羟乙基苯胺(Ⅲ),产物结构经1HNMR1、3CNMR、MS和IR表征.考察各因素对产物收率的影响,得到最佳反应条件为:酰胺化反应溶剂为二氧六环,反应温度50℃,n(NaOH)n∶(酰胺化物)=5∶1,反应时间7 h,Ⅲ的总收率可达93.7%.     

2′,6′-二甲基苯氧基乙酸合成工艺研究

以2,6-二甲基苯酚、氯乙酸为原料,无水乙醇为溶剂,在碘化钾催化下,经Williamson成醚反应合成了2′,6′-二甲基苯氧基乙酸。考察了原料摩尔比、氢氧化钠用量、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度对收率影响。结果表明:n(2,6-二甲基苯酚)∶n(氯乙酸)∶(氢氧化钠)=1∶1.5∶2.86;n(碘化钾)∶n(2,6-二甲基苯酚)=0.1;反应温度70℃;反应时间4 h条件下产率达54.7%。     

98%甲基嘧啶磷合成新工艺研究

在水解抑制剂及氢氧化钠的作用下,2-二乙基氨基-6-甲基-4-羟基嘧啶与O,O-二甲基硫代磷酰氯反应制备甲基嘧啶磷,优化工艺条件为:原料配比n(嘧啶醇)∶n(甲基氯化物)∶n(氢氧化钠)∶n(水解抑制剂)=1∶1.05∶1.2∶0.263,反应温度20~40℃,反应时间3h。此条件下产品收率94%,产品含量99%。     

2-甲硫基-4-三氟甲基苯甲酸甲酯的合成研究

以甲醇作溶剂,2-甲硫基-4-三氟甲基苯腈在98%浓硫酸存在下,一锅法合成了2-甲硫基-4-三氟甲基苯甲酸甲酯。探索了反应温度、反应时间、浓硫酸用量等因素对反应的影响,优化条件为n(浓硫酸)∶n(2-甲硫基4-三氟甲基苯腈)=2.8∶1.0,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为12 h,反应收率84.7%,含量96.3%。此法操作简单方便,适合工业化生产。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。