两亲性无规共聚物MAA-SMA-PEGMA的表面活性研究

利用功能性单体甲基丙烯酸(MAA)、甲基丙烯酸十八烷基酯(SMA)和聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(PEG-MA)通过自由基共聚,合成了两亲性共聚物Poly(MAA-SMA-PEGMA)。研究了其结构、临界胶束浓度(CMC)和表面张力,探讨了由共聚物与低分子表面活性剂组成的复配体系。结果表明高低分子表面活性剂复配体系在质量比为5∶5后,体系的表面张力和临界胶束浓度都有所降低,接近于低分子表面活性剂。     

超声空化-表面活性剂水溶法提取RDX/Al/AP/HTPB炸药中的AP

为了对RDX/Al/AP/HTPB炸药的有效成分进行分离回收,研究了以超声空化-表面活性剂水溶法提取RDX/Al/AP/HTPB炸药中高氯酸铵(AP)的分离工艺,探讨了各工艺参数对AP提取率的影响。结果表明,表面活性剂浓度、提取时间和超声频率是影响AP提取率的主要因素,表面活性剂种类为次要因素,料液质量比和提取次数对AP提取率的影响很小。最佳工艺条件为:室温,提取时间40min,料液质量比1∶3,提取次数1次,超声功率3.0kW,表面活性剂为吐温80(质量分数2.0%)。     

表面活性剂对低渗透油藏自发渗吸影响研究

裂缝和基质中流体渗吸作用是低渗透裂缝性油藏开发的重要机理之一。在渤海B油田油藏条件下,评价了5种不同类型表面活性剂的渗吸效果,考察了表面活性剂质量浓度对渗吸采收率的影响,讨论了渗吸过程中的渗吸速度变化规律。实验结果表明:复合型表面活性剂AN-18具有最好的渗吸采油效果,其最佳使用质量浓度为2 000 mg·L~(-1)。通过测定表面活性剂在不同质量浓度下的油水界面张力和接触角,计算渗吸动力和黏附功,探讨了AN-18具有高效渗吸性能的原因。结果表明,AN-18体系具有较大的毛管力、较好的剥离油滴能力、较小的油滴运移阻力,在上述因素的综合作用下,其渗吸采油效果最好。通过渗吸过程中岩心的CT扫描实验进一步证实,AN-18可以侵入岩心内部,促使油相的运移和排出,达到最好的驱油效果。     

两亲性无规共聚物MAA-SMA-PEGMA的表面活性研究

利用功能性单体甲基丙烯酸(MAA)、甲基丙烯酸十八烷基酯(SMA)和聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(PEGMA)通过常规自由基无规共聚反应,合成了两亲性共聚物Poly(MAA-SMA-PEGMA)。对其结构、临界胶束质量浓度(CMC),表面张力等进行了研究,并对由共聚物与低分子表面活性剂组成的复配体系进行了探讨。实验结果表明:高低分子表面活性剂复配体系在质量比为5∶5后,体系的表面张力和临界胶束浓度都有所降低,接近于低分子表面活性剂。     

聚氧乙烯十二烷基醚类在石腊/水溶液界面上的吸附性质

本文以非离子型表面活性剂聚氧乙烯十二院基醚类水溶液为体系,测定溶液表面张力γ和对固体的接触角θ。根据Young方程和Gibbs等温吸附方程的关联,求取固/液界面吸附量,并得到Langmuir型吸附等温线。推算了饱和吸附量、平均分子面积以及石腊临界表面张力等数值,结果和文献值接近。因此,本法可用于活性较高(CMC值低)的非离子表面活性剂在各种低能固体表面吸附性质的研究。     

活性泡沫助排剂的研制及其性能评价

泡沫助排剂能有效提高低压低渗气藏施工残液的返排率、提高增产效果。本文以实验室自制的双烷基磺酸钠表面活性剂(GDS)、常规表面活性剂和氟碳表面活性剂为主要原料,采用罗氏-迈尔斯(Ross-Miles)方法和表面张力测定方法对表面活性剂的起泡能力、稳泡性能、表面张力等进行了测试,并通过正交实验复配优化出一种活性泡沫助排剂。室内实验结果表明,筛选出的表面活性剂之间具有协同效应,研制开发的泡排剂溶液起泡与稳泡能力强,表面张力为21.07 mN/m,助排效果好。     

论表面活性剂水溶液的最低表面张力

<正> 表面活性剂在生产、生活、科学技术各个领域中有着广泛而重要的应用。这是其他任何一类有机化合物所不能及的。它的许多重要应用都来自它能降低液体表面张力这一特性。而水是最重要的液体,故表面活性剂水溶液所能达到的最低表面张力是它的表面活性高或低的一种度量。那么,什么样的表面活性剂能使水表面张力降低最多?哪些因素影响表面活性剂水溶液的最低表面张力?这些都是既有理论意义又有实用价值的问题。表面活性剂水溶液所能达到的最低表面张力通常以临界胶团浓度(cmc)时的表面张     

一种全氟辛基两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂的复配研究

对一种全氟辛基两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂协同作用进行了研究,考察了该表面活性剂与无机盐、阴离子碳氢表面活性剂、阴离子氟碳表面活性剂和非离子氟碳表面活性剂的复配性能,并对结果进行了讨论。研究表明:该两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂自身表面张力为24.0 mN/m;电解质氯化钠对该两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂影响显著,可使表面张力下降到22.4 mN/m;阴离子碳氢表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)可使表面张力降至21.4 mN/m;阴离子氟碳表面活性剂全氟丁基磺酸钾和四乙基全氟辛基磺酸铵分别使表面张力降至20.9 mN/m和20.2 mN/m;而非离子氟碳表面活性剂N-乙基-N-聚氧乙烯(9)醚-全氟辛基磺酰胺能使表面张力降至20.9 mN/m。     

ATMP、IDPA等水质稳定剂的性能与其表面张力的关系

在室温下,用滴重法测定不同浓度的表面活性剂——ATMP(氨基三甲叉膦酸)、IDPA(亚氨基二甲叉膦酸)及PAA(聚丙烯酸)水溶液的表面张力,发现表面活性剂的阻垢性能、缓蚀性能、协同效应与其表面张力之间存在着一定的关系。测定添加表面活性剂后水的表面张力的变化,将有助于预测表面活性剂在工业水处理方面的应用。     

非离子氟硅表面活性剂的制备

在科学和商业上对低表面张力的水性表面活性剂的兴趣越来越大.传统有机表面活性剂降低水的表面张力的性能已经被有机硅表面活性剂和氟炭表面活性剂这两大类材料所超越,前者通常是基于甲基硅氧烷,能使水的表面张力达到20～21mN/m:后者可以把水的表面张力减少到20mN/m以下.有报道可低到13mN/m.     

Aging of Standard and Insensitive RDX Crystals Investigated by Means of X‐Ray Diffraction

Coarse particles of the high explosive RDX in different qualities (S‐RDX, I‐RDX, VI‐RDX) were aged artificially in air and argon, equivalent up to 25 years at 25 °C. The samples were investigated by means of X‐ray diffraction and rocking curves, revealing the behavior of microstrain during the artificial aging. The investigations revealed that the improved crystal quality of RDX survives artificial aging in contrast to a standard quality, where aging increases microstrain significantly. Besides aging details and mechanisms on a crystal level are described and discussed, such as eutectic mixtures with HMX impurities, crystal growth, defect healing, surface diffusion and smoothing, and reconstruction of crystal faces, edges and corners in rounded particles.     

军民两用乳化炸药的制备

为解决战争期间军用炸药短缺的问题,以民爆行业生产的乳化炸药为研究对象,通过添加乙二胺二硝酸盐(EDD)、钝化RDX等高能组分,增加其能量水平;通过高效乳化剂丙烯酰化Span 80及微乳化技术进一步提高乳化炸药的稳定性,形成高能乳化炸药。结果表明,当EDD和钝化RDX的质量分数均为10%时,乳化炸药的装药密度为1.57g/cm3,爆速为6 120m/s,威力(TNT当量)136%,爆热4 910kJ/kg。     

含硝胺和铝粉的少烟改性双基推进剂表面和界面性能

研究了不同含氮量的硝化棉(NC)和不同粒度填料(Al、RDX和HMX)的表面性能,NC与填料之间的界面性能,以及表面和界面性能对含硝胺和铝粉的少烟改性双基推进剂力学性能的影响.结果表明,随着RDX、HMX以及A1粉粒度的减小,其表面张力逐渐增大,RDX、HMX与NC之间的界面张力随着RDX和HMX粒度或硝化棉含氮量的减...     

Adhesive strength of fibre/polymer joints upon loading in liquids: effect of liquid surface tension

The effect of the surrounding liquid on the strength of the polymer/fibre interface was studied. For this purpose, the shear adhesive strength, τ, between an epoxy composition EDT-10 (based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) and a steel wire of diameter 150 μm was tested by the pull-out technique at 20°C. Loading of the speciments was made in water, ethanol, and in their mixtures of different composition, i.e. in polar liquids with different surface tension γ: (23.5γ72) mN m⁻¹. It was shown from loading the epoxy/steel wire joints in these liquids that their adhesive strength is lower than the adhesive strength of the specimens tested in air. The losses in adhesive strength do not depend on the surface tension of the surrounding liquids under investigation. The possible mechanisms of the strength decrease are discussed.     

Cohesive Hamaker Constants and Dispersive Surface Energies of RDX,PETN, TNT,and Ammonium Nitrate‐Based Explosives

Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was used to characterize dispersive surface energies γ_S^D and cohesive Hamaker constants A_ii for RDX, PETN, TNT, ammonium nitrate (AN), and AN‐based explosives at 303 K. The γ_S^D for RDX at 303 K is compared to previous studies and generally found to be in good agreement, substantiating the use of NESTT training materials to characterize explosives via IGC. Additionally, the effect of the amount of fuel in the AN mixtures on γ_S^D is examined using simple linear regression. Finally, the IGC‐predicted A_ii values are compared to Lifshitz estimations for A_ii of RDX, PETN, TNT, and AN.     

RDX和HMX单晶的压痕断裂韧性

使用纳米压痕仪在HMX、RDX单晶表面进行压痕实验,并用不同压痕方程计算了单晶的断裂韧性.计算得到HMX晶体(010)面与RDX晶体(020)、(210)面间断裂韧性分别力0.092543、0.097387、0.10072 MPa·m1/2.结果表明,实验单晶的KIC值遵循Palmqvist系裂纹系统shetty方程,...     

胆碱类低共融溶剂在CO2捕集与分离中的应用

胆碱类低共融溶剂是一种新型的离子液体。它不仅具有传统离子液体的优点,还具有价格低廉、低毒、生物可降解等优势。对胆碱类低共融溶剂在CO₂捕集与分离中所涉及的物理性质,如气体的溶解度、CO₂的吸收-解吸、密度、稳定性、黏度和表面张力等进行考察,并分析了胆碱类低共融溶剂的结构对各物性的影响。通过与传统离子液体的对比,胆碱类低共融溶剂在CO₂捕集与分离中的应用具有一定的优势,如CO₂溶解度高,黏度低。然而,胆碱类低共融溶剂在气体的选择性分离、表面张力等的研究还不足,且热稳定性方面还存在瓶颈,因此,其在CO₂捕集和分离中的应用还有待进一步探讨。     

Contact angle measurements and interpretation: wetting behavior and solid surface tensions for poly(alkyl methacrylate) polymers

Low-rate dynamic contact angles of a large number of liquids were measured on a poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) polymer using an automated axisymmetric drop shape analysis profile (ADSA-P). The results suggested that not all experimental contact angles can be used for the interpretation in terms of solid surface tensions: eight liquids yielded non-constant contact angles and/or dissolved the polymer on contact. From the experimental contact angles of the remaining four liquids, we found that the liquid-vapor surface tension times the cosine of the contact angle changes smoothly with the liquid-vapor surface tension, i.e. γlv cos ζ depends only on γlv for a given solid surface (or solid surface tension). This contact angle pattern is again in harmony with those from other methacrylate polymer surfaces of different compositions and side-chains. The solid-vapor surface tension of PEMA calculated from the equation-of-state approach for solid-liquid interfacial tensions was found to be 33.6 ± 0.5 mJ/m2 from the experimental contact angles of the four liquids. The experimental results also suggested that surface tension component approaches do not reflect physical reality. In particular, experimental contact angles of polar and nonpolar liquids on polar methacrylate polymers were employed to determine solid surface tension and solid surface tension components. Contrary to the results obtained from the equation-of-state approach, we obtained inconsistent values from the Lifshitz-van der Waals/acid-base (van Oss and Good) approach using the same sets of experimental contact angles.     

EAK分子间炸药的热分解

通过 Ｄ Ｓ Ｃ分析研究了 Ｅ Ａ Ｋ（乙二胺二硝酸盐硝酸铵硝酸钾）低共熔物分子间炸药的热分解特性,测定了 Ｅ Ａ Ｋ 的分解动力学参数。研究表明氧化剂 Ａ Ｋ 和还原剂 Ｅ Ｄ Ｄ 相互作用的结果导致 Ｅ Ａ Ｋ 表现为快速的自催化分解。     

Modifying the Wettability of Nitramine Explosives using Anionic,Cationic and Nonionic Surfactants

Wetting behavior of energetic materials surface including cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) and hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) using nonionic (Triton‐X), anionic (SDS), and cationic (TTAB) surfactants has been studied by contact angle tensiometry. Results show that TTAB more significantly reduces the contact angle and improves wettability as compared to SDS and Triton‐X. The liquid‐vapor surface tension was measured as a function of TTAB surfactant concentration in aqueous solutions and used to construct a Zisman plot to determine the critical surface tension of RDX, HMX and CL‐20. The results show that HMX displays the highest degree of wettability while RDX is most difficult to wet. The computed values of the work of spreading complement the previously discussed results where contact angle decreases with increasing surfactant concentration. They also indicate that RDX appears most impacted by the addition of TTAB surfactant. However, the addition of TTAB also has a significant impact on improving the wettability of HMX and CL‐20. This wettability study plays an important role in the formation of well‐wetted energetic surfaces needed for efficient wet milling, coating and granulation processes.