高效复合型氯盐融雪剂的制备研究

以氯化钙、氯化镁为主要原料,同时添加缓蚀剂,自制高效复合型融雪剂。以融雪剂的融雪能力、pH值和腐蚀性为评价指标,通过考察反应温度、物料配比等因素,确定了复合型融雪剂制备的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,自制复合型融雪剂的最佳制备温度为60℃;最佳物料配比为氯化钙∶氯化镁∶苯甲酸钠=10∶5∶1,其融雪能力比氯化钠型融雪剂的融雪能力高12.75%;不同浓度的融雪剂pH值均满足《道路除冰融雪剂标准》（GB/T23851-2009）的规定;对铁钉的腐蚀能力是：氯化钠〉市售融雪剂〉氯化钙〉自制融雪剂。     

环保型腐殖酸复合融雪剂的研究

实验采用复配方法,以醋酸盐、泥炭提取物腐殖酸为原料,配制了环保融雪剂。通过单因素实验和正交实验得到了含泥炭腐殖酸融雪剂的最佳配方:醋酸钾∶醋酸镁∶醋酸钙∶腐殖酸为17∶4∶2∶3(g∶g∶g∶g)。融雪剂性能测试表明,该融雪剂环境友好,有利于植物生长。     

利用电石渣与硼泥制备醋酸盐融雪剂的研究

以电石渣、硼泥两种固体废弃物为钙源和镁源,与醋酸进行反应,制备醋酸盐融雪剂。采用XRD、TG等方法分析融雪剂微观结构并对制备的融雪剂pH、溶解速度和相对融雪化冰能力进行测试,评价融雪剂的融雪性能。结果表明,电石渣为原料时醋酸盐物相以醋酸钙为主,掺入硼泥后产物为醋酸钙与醋酸镁的混合醋酸盐;随着原材料中硼泥比例的提高,醋酸盐的产出率明显下降,且醋酸盐融雪剂性能也下降。当电石渣∶硼泥质量比为8∶2时,醋酸盐融雪剂有较高的产出效率,且溶解速度、pH和相对融雪化冰能力三项技术指标均符合GB/T 23851—2017《融雪剂》标准。     

高效环保复合型氯化钙镁盐融雪剂的制备及性能研究

以氯化钙镁盐为融雪剂主物料,通过正交实验和失重法对缓蚀剂成分和复配比进行了筛选和优化,制备出了一种高效环保复合型氯化钙镁盐融雪剂,并通过菲尔极化曲线对融雪剂的缓蚀效果进行了考察。结果表明,氯化钙与氯化镁最佳摩尔比为7∶3,缓蚀剂成分最佳配比为:m(磷酸二氢钠)∶m(钨酸钠)∶m(钼酸钠)=6∶1∶2。缓蚀剂的添加可以显著提高融雪剂的防腐蚀性能。     

高效环保复合型氯化钙镁盐融雪剂的制备及性能研究

以氯化钙镁盐为融雪剂主物料,通过正交实验和失重法对缓蚀剂成分和复配比进行了筛选和优化,制备出了一种高效环保复合型氯化钙镁盐融雪剂,并通过菲尔极化曲线对融雪剂的缓蚀效果进行了考察。结果表明,氯化钙与氯化镁最佳摩尔比为7∶3,缓蚀剂成分最佳配比为:m(磷酸二氢钠)∶m(钨酸钠)∶m(钼酸钠)=6∶1∶2。缓蚀剂的添加可以显著提高融雪剂的防腐蚀性能。     

几种融雪剂的性能比较研究

分别研究了几种融雪剂的融雪性能、对植物生长的影响、对金属的腐蚀性并进行对比。结果表明:氯盐型融雪剂在对金属的腐蚀性、对植物的影响较大,乙酸钙型融雪剂对金属的的腐蚀性、对植物影响性较弱;乙酸型融雪剂与氯盐型融雪剂的融雪性能基本相当,通过对比几种融雪剂得出结论为筛选新型环保型融雪剂提供理论依据。     

醋酸废液资源化综合回收利用合成有机盐融雪剂的技术研究

针对当前醋酸合成过程中废液处理现状,提出了一种采用醋酸废液直接合成有机融雪剂的利用途径。以醋酸废液为主要原料分别制备了A、B、C三种有机融雪剂,并将三种融雪剂进行了复配得到复合型有机融雪剂,采用正交实验对复合型有机融雪剂的配方进行了优化,筛选出了较优的复合型融雪剂配比;最后分别考察了缓蚀剂和丙二醇对复合型融雪剂性能的影响。结果表明:以醋酸废液为主要原料直接合成融雪剂的思路是可行的,A、B、C三种融雪剂均有一定的融雪能力,将A、B、C三种有机融雪剂以适当比例进行复配后的融雪性能优于单一融雪剂,三种融雪剂较佳的配比为A∶B∶C=2∶3∶2;此外,缓蚀剂的添加能够改善融雪剂防腐蚀性能,其中磷酸二氢钠性能较显著,而丙二醇的添加能够改善复合融雪剂的融雪能力。     

季节性冻土区沥青路面融雪剂凝冰点测试

我国西北大部分地区在公路自然区划中属于季节性冻土区,由于冬季气温较低,雨雪天极易造成沥青路面积雪凝冰,路面积雪凝冰严重威胁着行车安全,研究如何快速高效地融雪除冰对于提高冬季路面行车安全有较高的社会实用价值.通过自行设计的融雪剂凝冰点测试装置,首先对自来水和蒸馏水的凝冰点进行测试以验证试验方案的可行性;其次,采用双通道数字测温仪对四种不同浓度(5％,10％,15％和20％)下常用的氯盐类和非氯盐类融雪剂的凝冰点进行测试,并与根据稀溶液依数性规律对浓度为5％时的单一型融雪剂计算的理论凝冰点进行对比;最后基于单一型融雪剂的凝冰点测试结果配制了三种不同掺配比例(3:7,4:6,5:5)下的六种新型复配型融雪剂,并对其凝冰点进行了测试.研究结果表明:浓度为5％时的单一型融雪剂的实测凝冰点数据与计算的理论凝冰点数据相符;氯盐类融雪剂和非氯盐类融雪剂以及复配型融雪剂的凝冰点降低均符合稀溶液依数性规律;八种单一型融雪剂的凝冰点较低的为氯化钠和氯化钙,表明氯盐类融雪剂的融雪除冰效果整体优于非氯盐类融雪剂;复配型融雪剂的凝冰点大小顺序为:氯化钠-乙二醇<氯化钠-1,2-丙二醇<氯化钙-乙二醇<氯化钠-尿素<氯化钙和1,2-丙二醇<氯化钙和尿素.综合考虑融雪剂的凝冰点、经济性和环保性,建议选用氯化钠-乙二醇复配型融雪剂作为季节性冻土区低温期沥青路面融雪除冰用融雪剂.     

有机环保型融雪剂的研制

介绍了环保型融雪剂的融雪化冰机理及评价标准。针对融雪剂对环境的污染等问题，开发了一种有机环保型融雪剂，其配方如下：m[OP-10(离子表面活性剂)]∶m(丙二醇)∶m(醋酸钾)∶m(尿素)∶m(水)=0.1∶1.0∶0.7∶1.0∶7.2时，该融雪剂在-25℃,具有很好的防冻效果。     

一种低成本环保型融雪剂的制备与性能研究

选择可生物降解的、低成本的醋酸废液（木醋液）为原料,研究了制备低成本的CMA类融雪剂的工艺方法,所得产品为低碳混合羧酸钙镁盐,通过对融雪剂的一系列性能试验表明,其融雪温度低（最低可达-34℃）,融雪效率高（可达208.3 cm^3雪/g融雪剂）,对金属、花草等基本无腐蚀和损害,各方面的性能均优于氯化钠等氯盐融雪剂。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.