C/C预制体密度和反应温度对RMI法制备C/C-SiC复合材料力学性能和微观结构的影响

研究C/C预制体密度和反应温度对RMI法制备C/C-SiC复合材料密度、弯曲强度和微观结构的影响。实验通过化学气相渗透法(CVI)制备密度分别为1.2g/cm~3、1.4g/cm~3和1.6g/cm~3的低密度C/C多孔预制体,采用反应熔渗法(RMI)制备密度分别为2.21g/cm~3、2.18g/cm~3和1.82g/cm~3的C/C-SiC复合材料;将CVI制备的低密度C/C多孔预制体,采用RMI法在1500℃、1650℃和1800℃的反应温度下制备密度分别为1.79g/cm~3、2.18g/cm~3和2.41g/cm~3的C/C-SiC复合材料。结果表明:随着C/C预制体密度增加,C/C-SiC复合材料密度不断降低,弯曲强度呈先上升后下降的趋势,在C/C预制体密度为1.4g/cm~3时,材料的性能达到最优状态,材料的密度为2.18g/cm~3,弯曲强度为196.7MPa;随着RMI反应温度增加,C/C-SiC复合材料密度不断升高,材料弯曲强度呈先上升后下降的趋势,在反应温度为1650℃时,材料性能达到最优状态,材料密度为2.18g/cm~3,弯曲强度为196.7MPa。     

预处理温度对轴棒法C/C复合材料高温拉伸强度的影响

采用不同温度预处理的轴棒法4D预制体、煤沥青为前驱体,经过常压、高压相结合的液相浸渍-炭化的致密工艺,制备出高密度轴棒法C/C复合材料,观察了材料的金相结构,测试了材料2 800℃的高温拉伸强度。结果表明:高温预处理对轴棒法C/C复合材料界面性能产生影响,随着预处理温度升高,炭棒与基体之间的间隙越来越大;经过高温预处理的材料的高温拉伸强度远高于未经高温预处理的材料,预处理温度为2 100℃的材料高温拉伸强度相对较高。     

轴棒法C／C复合材料微观结构及性能分析

采用轴棒法4D预制体、煤沥青为前驱体,经过常压、高压相结合的液相浸渍一炭化的致密工艺,制备出高密度轴棒法C／C复合材料。研究了轴棒法C／C复合材料的微观结构及其对轴向室温、高温（2800℃）拉伸破坏形式的影响。结果表明：轴棒法C／C复合材料轴向增强体采用炭棒,出现了一个特殊的界面,即炭棒与基体的“间隙”,主要原因是炭棒内部结合较强和纤维、基体的热膨胀系数不匹配而引起的;间隙的存在,使得轴棒法C／C复合材料的轴向室温、高温拉伸破坏形式出现较大差异,室温拉伸由于界面结合强度弱而引起的炭棒完整的拔出,未起到纤维应有的增强作用;高温拉伸却由于受热膨胀,间隙愈合,界面结合变强,试样从有效部位断裂,纤维增强作用明显提高。     

预制体结构对三维编织C/C复合材料本征性能影响研究

分别对三维四向与三维五向编织C/C复合材料进行了弯曲和压缩试验,观测了两种材料在x向、y向与z向下的位移-载荷曲线,获得了弯曲和压缩的强度和模量数据。结果表明,三维五向C/C复合材料相比于三维四向C/C复合材料,因其本征结构的x向纤维分数增加和z向纤维分数减少使得x方向的弯曲和压缩的强度增加而z方向降低,两种结构的C/C复合材料均表现一种假塑性断裂行为。相比于预制体结构对压缩性能的影响,其对弯曲力学性能的影响更为明显。     

MPCF增强的C/C复合材料及其在高超音速飞行器的应用

介绍了中间相沥青基碳纤维(MPCF)增强的碳/碳(C/C)复合材料在美国的研制及其在高超音速飞行器上应用概况。MPCF非均衡织物结构可实现2D-C/C复合材料单方向更高的热导率,K321 MPCF增强4∶1结构2D-C/C可达到X向室温368 W/(m˙K)的热导率。P30X MPCF 3∶1非均衡织物、转化法Si C及化学气相沉积Si C和HfC 3层涂层结构C/C复合材料用于X-43A马赫数(Ma)10飞行器C/C鼻锥部件,实现了2 200℃的临近空间环境中高超音速零氧化烧蚀。MER公司研制Ma 10飞行器鼻锥C/C时织物预处理温度是2 500℃,采用沥青碳和酚醛碳混合基体致密,C/C复合材料最终石墨化温度是2 800~3 000℃。     

先驱体转化-热压单向Cf/SiC复合材料的高温弯曲力学行为

研究了采用先驱体转化－热压烧结制备的单向C1／SiC复合材料室温,1573,1723,1923K温度下力学行为,并从显微结构的特征分析了单向Cf/SiC复合材料高温力学行为的变化原因,结果表明：C1/SiC复合的室温,1573,1723,1923K温度下弯曲强度分别为550,392,394,574MPa,弯曲模量分别为157,148,132,83GPa,Cf/SiC复合材料破坏时,其破坏方式将从室温和573K的分层断裂向1723K,1923K的脆性断裂转化,Cf/SiC显微结构的分析表明,在纤维周围和大晶粒间存在着大量的有一定结晶程度的玻璃相,它在高温时的软化对Cf/SiC复合材料的高温强度和弯曲模量变化规律起到重要的支配作用。     

C/C多孔体热处理温度对C/C-SiC复合材料微观结构和热学性能的影响

以针刺网胎无纬布为预制体,采用化学气相渗透(CVI)、压力浸渍树脂/炭化(PIC)及反应熔体浸渗法(RMI)等组合工艺快速制备C/C-SiC复合材料。研究了C/C多孔体的高温热处理温度对C/C-SiC复合材料微观结构和热学性能的影响,结果表明:多孔体经高温热处理后密度有所减小而孔隙率增大;相较于1800℃热处理,多孔体经2200℃热处理后制备的C/C-SiC复合材料密度更大(ρ=2.12g/cm3),孔隙率更低(η=2.7%),SiC基体含量更高(ω=41.11%);C/C-SiC复合材料的比热容和平均热膨胀系数随着温度的升高而增大,而热扩散系数和导热系数随着温度的升高不断减小;多孔体经2200℃热处理后制备的C/C-SiC复合材料X-Y向具有更大的导热系数和更小的热膨胀系数,其室温下的导热系数为83.120W/(m·K),室温~1000℃的平均热膨胀系数为1.608×10-6/℃。     

变密度预制体C/C复合材料压缩性能的研究

采用平均密度不同的预制体制备变密度预制体C/C复合材料,并对应制备了常用的恒密度预制体C/C复合材料.研究了不同结构和不同平均密度的预制体对C/C复合材料压缩性能的影响.实验结果表明,变密度预制体C/C复合材料的压缩强度远远大于相同平均预制体密度的恒密度预制体C/C复合材料,并且随预制体平均密度的增大呈先增大后下降的趋势.由于预制体内部纤维含量的不同分布状态,变密度预制体C/C复合材料的压缩破坏同时呈现出压溃和剪切破坏模式.     

C/C-SiC-HfC复合材料的微观结构及力学性能研究北大核心

采用炭纤维和陶瓷粉末混编技术将HfC粉引入到炭纤维预制体中,制备了含有HfC超高温陶瓷粉末的炭纤维预制体;随后采用化学气相渗透(CVI)和先驱体浸渍裂解工艺(PIP)制备了密度高达1.94 g/cm^(3)的C/C-SiC-HfC复合材料,分析了复合材料的微观结构及力学性能。结果表明,制备的复合材料主要由C、SiC及HfC等物相组成,复合材料的平均弯曲强度达到了78.3 MPa,平均压缩强度为127.9 MPa;断裂过程中,断口处出现明显的裂纹扩展、纤维拔出及脱粘现象,从而使得材料呈现出一定的假塑性断裂特征。     

ZrC/SiC多组元改性C/C复合材料的微观结构及力学性能研究

以炭毡作为纤维增强体,采用化学气相渗透工艺研制出低密度C/C复合材料,进而以低密度炭/炭复合材料为预制体,采用聚碳硅烷和有机锆前驱体作为复相陶瓷前驱体,采用先驱体浸渍裂解工艺成功制备出ZrC/SiC多组元改性C/C复合材料试样。借助万能电子试验机和扫描电镜进行材料的力学性能和微观结构分析。结果表明:包含ZrC颗粒的SiC相双组元弥散分布在C/C复合材料基体中,且随着前驱体中有机锆含量的增加,力学性能出现先升后降的趋势,当有机锆前驱体质量分数为25%时,改性C/C复合材料弯曲强度和弯曲模量较优,分别为241 MPa和17.25 GPa。。     

Friction behaviors of carbon/carbon composites with different pyrolytic carbon textures

Friction and wear properties of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites with a smooth laminar (SL), a medium textured rough laminar (RL) and a high textured RL pyrolytic carbon texture were investigated with a home-made laboratory scale dynamometer to simulate airplane normal landing (NL), over landing (OL) and rejected take-off (RTO) conditions. The morphology of worn surfaces at different braking levels was observed with scanning electron microscopy. The results show that C/C composites with RL have nearly constant friction coefficients, stable friction curves and proper wear loss at different braking levels, while friction coefficients of C/C composites with SL pyrolytic carbon decrease intensely and their oxidation losses increase greatly under OL and RTO conditions. Therefore, C/C composites with a high and medium textured RL pyrolytic carbon may satisfy the requirements of aircraft brakes. The good friction and wear properties of C/C composites with RL are due to the properties of RL, which leads to a uniform friction film forming on the friction surface.     

Melt mixing of carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes incorporated polyurethanes

Polyurethane composites filled with carbon fibers (CF) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were prepared by mixing and injection molding, and its mechanical as well as their thermal properties were investigated. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), and thermal conductivity tests were done, and the properties were evaluated as a function of the filler concentration. The storage modulus of the composites increased with fillers concentration, which also mean the increase of the stiffness, suggest a good adhesion between the polyurethane matrix and the fillers. Addition of more CF and CNT to the composites broadened and lowered the peak of tan δ specifies that the polyurethane composite became more elastic because there is a good adhesion between the fillers and the matrix. The addition of carbon fillers improves the thermal stability of the polyurethane. The inclusions of CNT show a better thermal stability when compared with CF. The addition of carbon fillers also increased the thermal conductivity of the polyurethane composites. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

CO与CO2甲烷化反应研究进展

介绍了甲烷化反应的催化剂,尤其是Ni基催化剂的研究进展,综述了助剂、载体以及制备方法对甲烷化催化剂催化性能的影响,不同催化剂上CO和CO2甲烷化反应过程的机理。     

Oxidation microstructure studies of reinforced carbon/carbon

Laboratory oxidation studies of reinforced carbon/carbon (RCC) are discussed with particular emphasis on the resulting microstructures. This study involves laboratory furnace (500-1500 °C) and arc-jet exposures (1538 °C) on various forms of RCC. RCC without oxidation protection oxidized at 800 and 1100 °C exhibits pointed and reduced diameter fibers, due to preferential attack along the fiber edges. The 800 °C sample showed uniform attack, suggesting reaction control of the oxidation process; whereas the 1100 °C sample showed attack at the edges, suggesting diffusion control of the oxidation process. RCC with a SiC conversion coating exhibits limited attack of the carbon substrate at 500, 700 and 1500 °C. However samples oxidized at 900, 1100, and 1300 °C show small oxidation cavities at the SiC/carbon interface below through-thickness cracks in the SiC coating. These cavities at the outer edges suggest diffusion control. The cavities have rough edges with denuded fibers and can be easily distinguished from cavities created in processing. Arc-jet tests at 1538 °C show limited oxidation attack when the SiC coating and glass sealants are intact. When the SiC/sealant protection system is damaged, attack is extensive and proceeds through cracks, creating denuded fibers in and along the cracks. Even at 1538 °C, where diffusion control dominates, attack is non-uniform with fiber edges oxidizing preferentially.     

Borate treatment of carbon fibers and carbon/carbon composites for improved oxidation resistance

Carbon fibers and carbon/carbon composites have been treated with borate additives and then cured at 500–600°C to produce a continuous film of boron oxide on all exposed surfaces.This treatment has been found to be highly effective in retarding oxidation of the carbonaceous substrate for extended periods in flowing air at temperatures up to 1000°C. At higher temperatures, and in the presence of water vapor, borate species were appreciably volatile and the oxidation protection provided by the coatings was less effective.     

Active carbon from scrap tyres

The possibility of producing active carbon by activation at 850 °C of the char obtained from the pyrolysis (at 450 and 600 °C) of scrap tyres has been studied. The activated char showed good adsorbing characteristics, similar to those of typical commercial grades. The yield and the desired adsorbing capacity depend on the activation time. However, the ash content and friability are quite high; therefore the activated char is suitable for applications in powder form in which the ash does not cause problems.     

Material advancements in supercapacitors: From activated carbon to carbon nanotube and graphene

The electrochemical capacitor (EC), also known as supercapacitor, is an energy storage device possessing a near infinite life‐cycle and high power density recognised to store energy in the double‐layer or through pseudocapacitance as a result of an applied potential. Fundamental principles of charge storage in relation to the important physical and chemical characteristics of electrode materials are addressed in the following review, with carbon‐made electrodes, specifically activated carbon, carbon fibres and aerogels, carbon nanotubes and graphene emphasised in regards to their enhancement of the characteristic energy and power densities of ECs. Pseudocapacitive materials, notably transition metal oxides and nitrides, and conducting polymers are remarked by the potential to further improve EC performance through synergistic effects and asymmetric design. Research towards gaining a better understanding of charge storage in sub‐micropores, material design and improving the performance of alternative electrolytes are expected to greatly enhance the capabilities of these devices in the near future.     

熔盐电解还原二氧化碳制碳技术

通过电解高温熔融Li0.896Na0.625K0.479CO3混合碳酸盐制取碳燃料,并由中间产物Li2O、Na2O、K2O吸收空气中CO2使碳酸盐电解质再生,从而构筑一个完美的良性循环,最终将CO2转化为C物质。实验通过极化曲线、循环伏安曲线对反应的电化学性能进行了研究,考察了电极材质、电解温度以及相同电量下不同电流强度和电解时间对反应结果的影响,并借助SEM-EDS、TG/DTA、XRD等手段对提纯后的产物进行表征。结果表明：Fe作阴极、Ni作阳极时的电势值较低、电极稳定性较好;随温度的升高,电势的绝对值降低,温度为500 ℃时对反应较有利;1 A?h的电量下,电流强度1.0 A、电解时间1 h时,反应的电流效率较高,可达65.98%;电解产物为无定形碳,含碳量可达80%以上。本研究为二氧化碳的资源化利用提供了一种新途径。     

碳中和目标下海螺水泥减排二氧化碳的实践

水泥行业是二氧化碳排放大户,其排放主要来自碳酸盐的分解、燃料的燃烧和电力消耗。在生产工艺碳减排(如替代原料、熟料替代技术等)、生产能耗碳减排(如替代燃料、富氧燃烧技术、高效粉磨、余热发电等)、新技术碳减排(如水泥窑二氧化碳捕集利用)及新能源技术等方面加强技术研发力度和推广力度,可实现水泥行业绿色转型发展,为达到碳中和目标作贡献。