发电机相间后备保护整定配合分析

根据缅甸瑞丽江电站送缅方机组的运行特点,对发电机相间后备保护的定时限复合电压启动过电流保护在满足灵敏度要求前提下,完善其与线路保护配合的整定。     

浅析吉牛水电站距离保护行为

吉牛水电站的距离保护是高频通道的纵联保护,对被保护线路全线任何地点的任何故障均能瞬时有选择性地切除。详细分析了吉牛水电站允许超出的高频保护方案,从物理概念出发,分析了线路保护在允许超出的保护方案中其摇摆过程的距离保护行为,表明该方案能够满足在稳定摇摆过程防止跳闸,同时在不稳定暂态下跳闸。依据该方案,从电气设备及电力系统稳定角度出发,得到了距离保护正常切除故障的典型故障切除时间。     

扩大单元接线发电机选择性复压过流保护研究

现有发电机复压过流保护应用于扩大单元接线方式发电机上存在无选择性的不足。基于异步法发电机选择性复压过流保护原理,判断为发电机区内故障时,复压过流保护按整定延时跳闸,判断为区外故障时,复压过流保护在延时定值基础上增加短延时跳闸,有效解决了扩大单元接线发电机复压过流保护的选择性问题。动态模拟试验结果验证了该方案的有效性。     

距离保护第Ⅲ段整定计算的探讨

作者介绍了距离保护第Ⅲ段整定计算方法的探讨,对灵敏度之间配合问题进行分析,得出结论。     

桐柏抽水蓄能电厂机组负序电流保护改进

介绍了桐柏抽水蓄能电厂大容量发电电动机负序电流保护整定配合,讨论了其在实际运行中存在的问题.针对桐柏电厂机组内桥接线方式下的特点,提出符合系统需求和机组特性的负序电流保护整定改进方案,以满足大容量机组对保护选择性、灵敏性和可靠性的要求.     

基于工频量补偿算法的长线距离保护

特高压长线路的分布参数特性使传统距离保护的测量阻抗不与故障距离成正比，容易造成保护的超越或拒动。文中分析距离保护正确动作的条件:测距误差不大于故障距离与整定距离之差，提出将保护安装处的电流、电压补偿到距离Ⅰ段末端测距。仿真表明，该算法提高了距离Ⅰ段末端的测距精度，符合保护正确动作的条件，使保护正确动作。     

含分布式电源配电网的馈线保护新方案

分布式电源（DG）接入配电网后,改变了原有网络的短路电流流向,会导致原有馈线保护出现灵敏度降低、拒动、误动等问题。提出了2种含DG配电网的馈线保护新方案:一种方案是在现有方向电流保护的基础上,将DG上游每条馈线保护的Ⅰ段与其下一级馈线保护的Ⅰ段构成一个通信单元,依据新的整定原则及两级保护动作结果的综合判断将故障快速地隔离在最小范围内;另一种方案是利用广域网将每条线路末端方向元件检测到的功率方向信息和DG上游第1条出线上装设的电流保护的区段判别结果结合起来,精确地区分故障区段,保证上游保护的选择性和快速性。PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果验证了所提出的方案的有效性。     

小型水电站35kV输电线路保护方法的适用性分析

以丁当水电站35kV输电线路保护问题的解决方案为例,对两种输电线路保护方法的适用性进行了比较研究。分别对三段过流保护方法和三段距离保护方法的原理、整定计算和时限特性进行了分析比较,结果表明,与三段过流保护方法相比,三段距离保护方法具有灵敏度高、迅速动作范围长、保护范围与选择性不受系统运行方式影响等优势,适宜在小型水电站35kV输电线路保护中应用。     

电力系统智能型接地距离保护整定计算程序

详细介绍了电力系统智能型接地距离保护整定计算程序的计算数学模型、主要功能及其智能化的特点，分析了线路零序互感对保护整定计算的影响。该程序不仅能完成接地距离保护各段定值及相关参数的整定计算，而且能输出汉化整定方案、全网定值表及定值通知单，实现对接地距离保护的智能管理。     

五段式线路保护方案

传统的线路保护一般采用三段式保护方案。为了进一步提高线路保护的性能，提出了一种五段式线路保护新方案。不灵敏Ⅰ段用于提高Ⅰ段保护的动作速度，灵敏Ⅰ段用于提高灵敏度，不灵敏Ⅱ段用于提高区内短路的抗过渡电阻能力和提高动作速度，灵敏Ⅱ段用于提高Ⅱ段保护的灵敏度和提高作为下一线路远后备的动作速度;Ⅲ段保护作为本线路Ⅰ段、Ⅱ段保护的近后备保护，并作为下一线路的远后备。介绍了五段式线路保护方案的优缺点与性能特征。分析表明，在线路保护装置由微机构成的条件下，不增加微机保护硬件的条件，就可提高线路保护的性能。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

浅淡溢洪道改扩建方案与选择

溢洪道改扩建和进行溢洪道方案布置，要择优选取溢洪道进口型式、防冲消能工，以使其工程量省、施工快、运行管理方便     

Intangible Flood Damage Quantification

Flooding is a natural disaster that may cause tremendous tangibleand intangible damage to the national economy. The tangible damage assessment, i.e. the monetary value of all direct and indirect physical damages, has already been studied, whileintangible damages have not yet been taken into account. Thisarticle, therefore, is the first systematic attempt to assess bothtangible and intangible damages. The new proposed Anxiety-Productivity and Income Interrelationgship Approach (API) has been developed to quantify the intangible damage in monetary terms. The Bangkok area has been selected as the research area because several severe flood events have occurredthere over the last two decades. The 1983 Bangkok flood caused 6600 million baht in damage, according to estimates by the National Statistical Office (NSO). This article examines the totalflood damage (including the intangible damage) at different flood magnitudes. Case studies with and without flood mitigation projects are studied and compared. Furthermore, thisarticle also discusses the improvements over the conventional approach offered by the new API methodology.