测距式行波距离保护的研究（一）——理论与实现技术

阐明了测距式行波距离保护的特点，对测距式行波距离保护的动作性能进行了全面的分析讨论。就其核心部分——故障测距元件的构成、定时器控制量的选择、方向行波到达时刻的判定以及测量精度的考虑进行了全面的分析，指出了在实现距离测量元件、距离保护Ⅰ段和Ⅱ段中具体的技术关键，提出了有效的对策。为进一步研制测距式行波距离保护装置提供了理论和技术依据。     

一种考虑不同期合闸的行波合闸保护新方法

当线路末端故障时，行波在线路末端的反射情况比较复杂，反向电流行波的极性有可能与正向电流行波的极性相反，而此时测距结果又与线路无故障时相同。因此，会造成行波测距式与行波极性比较式合闸保护的不正确动作。根据行波的折、反射理论，分析出当线路无故障时正向电流行波仅在线路末端发生反射，且电流行波的反射系数为-1，而当线路存在故障时，正向电流行波将在故障点发生反射，无论故障是否在线路末端，电流行波的反射系数都不会是-1。根据这一特征，提出了一种新的行波合闸保护方法。从原理上保证了在各种情况下保护都可以正确动作，大量的电磁暂态仿真结果也证明了这一点。     

区分振荡与短路的新原理

本文介绍了区分振荡与短路的新原理。这种新原理构成的故障判别元件在振荡时不论振荡周期多么短都不会误开放保护。在振荡与短路同时存在时若两侧电势相位差角增大到距离保护Ⅰ段可能误动时能可靠闭锁保护，而在两侧电势相位差减小后能立即开放保护，线路两侧总有一侧距离Ⅰ段动作，迅速切除故障。这种新原理可以消除我国目前传统振荡闭锁方式的缺点，而获得广泛应用。     

一种新的相间行波距离保护方法

当对端母线上仅有1回进出线时，行波保护确定故障为正方向就可以动作；当对端母线上有2回进出线时，区外故障的行波测距结果大于被保护线路长度，根据测距结果，行波保护可以容易地区分区内、区外故障。当对端母线上有3回及以上进出线时，行波测距结果在某些情况下不反应故障点到保护安装处的距离，不能用测距结果区分区内、区外故障。对于这种情况，文中首先给出了根据行波测距结果和行波波头计算故障过渡电阻的方法，然后对区内、区外故障测得的过渡电阻进行分析，表明区内、区外故障测得的过渡电阻有很大不同，据此提出了一种区分区内、区外两相故障的方法。大量电磁暂态仿真表明，该保护原理正确而且适用于三相故障。     

一种T形高压输电线路故障测距新方法

对T形线路的故障测距，现有方法都是先判断故障支路，再将3端线路等效成2端线路进行测距。但在 T节点附近短路，尤其是经高阻短路时，现有的测距方法由于无法正确判别故障支路而存在一定范围的测距死区。针对上述缺陷，分别假设故障发生在某一支路，由假定正常的2段支路端的电压、电流推算求得 T节点电压和注入假定故障支路的电流，从而分别求得3个故障距离。经证明，求得的3个故障距离有且仅有1个在0和对应支路总长度之间，该距离就是真实的故障距离，故障发生在对应支路上。该方法无需事先判别故障支路即可测距，在 T节点附近经高阻故障时无测距死区。其测距精度理论上不受过渡电阻和故障类型影响，无需故障前数据，且对滤波无高要求。EMTP仿真结果表明该方法正确、有效，测距精度高。     

基于神经网络的自适应距离保护研究

超高压输电线路的距离保护必须具备足够的对过渡电阻的反应能力。在双侧电源条件 下,过渡电阻可能造成保护范围的伸长或缩短。提出了神经网络距离保护算法，通过对 样本的学习来获得保护的动作特性，具有内在的对过渡电阻和系统运行方式的自适应性。该 算法已在一实际的500 kV系统输电线路上仿真实现，考虑单相接地故障和Ⅰ段保护，在 设计的90％保护范围内具有稳定良好的保护性能。     

一种新的双回线单端相继速动保护的实现

分析了现有双回线单端保护的优缺点以及两回线间零序互感对接地距离继电器的影响，在现有双回线微机保护装置的硬件平台上实现了由几个改进元件共同组合构成的新的双回线单端相继速动保护判据，并经动模试验验证了该保护在区外故障时可靠不动作，区内除了母线出口处发生同名跨线故障时远故障端保护要以距离Ⅱ段延时动作外，其他跨线故障以及全线范围的单回线故障均能正确地快速动作。     

超高压电网线路距离保护延时段整定计算

按照逐级逐段配合原则整定超高压电网线路距离保护Ⅱ段会因多级同段配合而导致动作时延过长,这在线路故障主保护拒动时将严重威胁系统安全。提出了一种距离保护延时段整定计算方案,方案中距离保护Ⅱ段只与相邻线路纵联保护配合,若不能满足灵敏度要求,则采用灵敏度调整函数适当提高灵敏度使其能够反应本线路绝大部分故障,同时增加距离保护Ⅱ段延时以确保选择性;并从灵敏度补充的角度将距离保护Ⅲ段当成传统的距离保护Ⅱ段使用,由其确保灵敏度满足规程要求。算例分析表明了该整定方案能够保证距离保护的选择性和灵敏性,并能兼顾速动性,配合逻辑简洁,方便程序实现。     

基于参数识别的时域长线距离保护

对于传统距离保护用于远距离输电时受线路分布电容影响存在暂态超越的问题,给出了一种基于参数识别的时域距离保护新算法。在分布参数线路模型下,根据保护安装处电压、电流计算出保护整定点的电压、电流,再根据微分方程距离保护算法判别区内、区外故障,并利用插值法解决了长线距离保护在低采样频率下无法计算沿线电压、电流分布的问题。仿真结果表明,在特高压长线路末端故障情况下仍能够正确判别区内、区外故障,有效地防止了暂态超越。该方法对采样频率要求不高,不受线路分布电容和非周期分量的影响,提高了长线距离保护的动作可靠性。     

农村小水电过电流保护的问题分析与改进措施

一、农村小水电过电流保护存在的问题 在小水电站的设计中,有的为了节省投资,对10kV和35kV线路一般只采用简单的三段式电流保护,第Ⅰ段为电流速断保护,瞬时切断故障,动作跳闸;第Ⅱ段限时电流速断保护,0.5秒以内切除线路故障,动作跳闸;第Ⅲ段定时限过电流保护,延时动作跳闸.以Ⅰ、Ⅱ段保护作为线路的主保护,以Ⅲ段保护作为线路的后备保护.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。