大坝工作性态安全评估模糊云模型及其应用

针对大坝安全评价问题,提出了一种基于组合赋权和正态云耦合的安全评价模型。选取变形、渗流、环境因素作为大坝安全评价指标体系,根据既定体系确定大坝安全评价指标标准,在此基础上确定云模型的特征参数和各评价指标的综合权重,由云模型正向发生器给出评价指标的在各评价等级下的隶属度,最后由各评价指标的综合权重矩阵和对应评价等级下的隶属度矩阵给出大坝安全评价结果。最后结合工程实例,运用该模型对某大坝进行了安全评价,结果表明,该方法可以得出准确的结果。     

基于组合赋权-正态云的大坝安全评价模型

针对大坝安全评价问题,提出了一种基于组合赋权和正态云耦合的安全评价模型。选取变形、渗流、环境因素为大坝安全评价指标体系,根据既定评价指标体系确定大坝安全评价标准,在此基础上确定云模型的特征参数和各评价指标的综合权重,由云模型正向发生器给出评价指标在各评价等级下的隶属度,最后由各评价指标的综合权重矩阵和对应评价等级下的隶属度矩阵得出大坝安全评价结果。运用该模型对某大坝进行了安全评价,结果表明,该方法可以得出准确的结果。     

基于单位约束组合赋权的混凝土坝性态安全评价云模型

针对大坝性态安全评价中梯阶逐层指标权重的不确定性、主客观组合赋权中合理配权及隶属区间模糊性等问题,提出基于单位约束组合赋权的混凝土坝性态安全评价云模型。以运行期混凝土坝为对象,在其已建性态评价体系的基础上,综合运用基于G1法和熵权法的组合赋权理论,构建了单位约束条件下性态指标组合权重寻优新方法;引入云模型概念,量化了大坝性态安全评价中评价指标的随机性与隶属区间的模糊性。将该模型应用到某实际混凝土坝工程中,其安全评价结果与其他评价模型的结果基本一致,且与大坝实际情况相符,从而验证了该模型的有效性与可行性。     

熵权-云模型在土石坝安全综合评价中的应用

提出了一种基于熵权-云模型的方法,借鉴云模型的特点,在构建评价层次结构模型时,采用改进层次分析法结合信息熵确定各评价指标权重,以克服运用模糊层次综合分析法时权重受人为主观判断影响较大和模糊概念会丢失部分不确定性等问题,改进隶属函数对土石坝进行综合评价,并以某均质土石坝为例评价了大坝安全状态,分析表明该方法具有可行性。     

基于赋权法比较的改进云模型应用研究——以汾河二库为例

针对传统模糊综合评价法具有评价指标权重矢量的确定主观性强、相对隶属度权系数易偏小、不能全面反映水库健康状态等缺陷,本文旨在优化水库健康评价方法,围绕水库健康评价指标体系,应用AHP、EWM、AHP-EWM、AHP-Cloud、AHP-EWM-Cloud共五种赋权方法进行权重分析比较。通过闵式距离确定最佳赋权方法,并以云模型确定隶属度函数,建立基于改进云模型的模糊综合评价模型对汾河二库进行健康评价。AHP-EWM-Cloud法被确定为用于汾河二库工程案例分析的最佳赋权法,水库整体评价等级为健康,但岸坡稳定与水质情况仍需改进。该结果与水库实际情况相符,验证了该方法的合理性与可行性。研究表明:基于AHP-EWM-Cloud法的改进云模型兼顾了数据的客观存在、决策者的主观意识以及模糊性与随机性,为水库健康评价提供了一种可行的新思路。     

基于赋权法比较的改进云模型应用研究——以汾河二库为例

针对传统模糊综合评价法具有评价指标权重矢量的确定主观性强、相对隶属度权系数易偏小、不能全面反映水库健康状态等缺陷,本文旨在优化水库健康评价方法,围绕水库健康评价指标体系,应用AHP、EWM、AHP-EWM、AHP-Cloud、AHP-EWM-Cloud共五种赋权方法进行权重分析比较。通过闵式距离确定最佳赋权方法,并以云模型确定隶属度函数,建立基于改进云模型的模糊综合评价模型对汾河二库进行健康评价。AHP-EWM-Cloud法被确定为用于汾河二库工程案例分析的最佳赋权法,水库整体评价等级为健康,但岸坡稳定与水质情况仍需改进。该结果与水库实际情况相符,验证了该方法的合理性与可行性。研究表明:基于AHP-EWM-Cloud法的改进云模型兼顾了数据的客观存在、决策者的主观意识以及模糊性与随机性,为水库健康评价提供了一种可行的新思路。     

某输水倒虹吸工程运行期稳定性监测分析

倒虹吸工程是现代水利工程经常采用的一种建筑物,其特点是受地形影响较大,不利于建成后运行期的安全监测。针对某输水倒虹吸工程,结合其运行期的安全监测数据及降雨、地下水等变化情况对该工程的稳定性进行分析和评价。结果表明,工程监测资料能够准确反映该输水工程建筑物的运行状态,且倒虹吸结构受力情况及变形量均在设计指标范围内,除此之外,工程运行期间存在6#管节钢筋应力持续增大的现象,有待进一步的监测及研究。     

基于模糊层次分析法的农村水库大坝安全二级模糊综合评价

基于《水库大坝安全评价导则》构建了农村地区水库大坝安全二级模糊综合评价体系,选取17个一级影响因素、5个二级影响因素作为评价指标。采用模糊层次分析法计算各指标一级权重和二级权重。该方法充分地体现了因素相对重要性比较的模糊性,有效地解决了传统的层次分析法的不足,明确了隶属函数的意义,对正态分布隶属函数进行修正,使隶属函数更加符合实际情况。采用多位专家评分的办法给出定性指标的量化值,以便得出单因素的隶属度使得因素隶属度更加合理和可信。最后,分别进行一级模糊综合评价和二级模糊综合评价。运用该方法对某农村地区水库大坝安全性进行评价,其结果合理,可供工程实践参考和借鉴。     

基于层次分析法和熵权法的堤防安全评价

文章结合大连市普兰店区境内碧流河堤防的实际情况,从护坡加固、堤防特性、荷载受力等方面选择影响堤防安全的代表性因素,然后建立了多因素、多层次评价体系;对各指标权重采用主客观相耦合的AHP-熵权法进行计算,结合普兰店区碧流河堤防工程的实际情况,对不同评价等级的隶属函数和评价集进行定义,综合评价了该河段堤防工程的安全程度。研究表明,该方法在堤防安全评价中具有良好的可行性和科学性,可为堤防工程的安全控制和河道整治提供一定决策依据。     

基于熵权-正态云模型的地下水水质综合评价

针对地下水水质综合评价问题,建立了基于熵权—正态云的地下水水质综合评价模型。选取氟化物、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、氯化物、总硬度、亚硝酸盐、硫酸盐、硝酸盐以及溶解性总固体9个指标作为水质综合评价指标,建立了相应的评价标准,采用云模型正向发生器计算水质分级评价指标的隶属度,采用熵权法给出各指标权重,根据隶属度矩阵和权重矩阵给出水质分级的确定度并进行综合评价。结合工程实例,选取模糊物元模型和投影寻踪模型对评价结果进行对比分析,结果表明:熵权—正态云模型评价结果和模糊物元模型、投影寻踪模型给出的评价结果基本一致;该模型在水质分级综合评价中应用是可行的,可作为一种新的水质分级模型。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。