莱茵河保护的国际合作机制

莱茵河流域通过有效的国际合作，较好地实现了航运、发电、供水、旅游、防洪、灌溉、生态保护等多项河流服务功能，维持了河流生态系统健康，实现了水资源的可持续发展。介绍了莱茵河流域的国际合作框架、莱茵河流域的合作机制、莱茵河保护国际公约等方面取得的成功经验。     

国际河流的开发

在整个历史进程中，多瑙河，莱茵河，圣劳伦斯河、尼罗河，印度河和许多其它河流是所流径国家的重要资产，成为财富和社会发展的源泉。     

国外跨界水污染治理的经验与启示

介绍莱茵河、五大湖、多瑙河等跨国界河流以及美国田纳西河、英国泰晤士河、意大利波河等跨省界河流的水污染治理机制,分析国外跨界水污染治理的发展趋势:从整体上把握水污染治理,建立一种跨界综合管理模式;进行以流域为单位的水资源综合规划,注重流域水环境容量与经济发展的相互关系;设立流域水资源管理协调与咨询机构,鼓励公众参与管理;水资源开发利用市场化。国外跨界水污染治理从4方面为我国的水污染治理提供借鉴:①水污染治理机构组成的多元化;②水资源管理体制的多层次;③消费者协会参与水资源管理;④公众参与水资源保护。建议中国的跨界水污染治理可从以下几方面着手:①建立统一管理、垂直领导的流域管理体制;②加快流域立法进程;③流域投资运行机制市场化;④建立流域企业化管理体制;⑤优化流域管理机构内部结构。     

河流生态修复的国际经验及对长江大保护的启示

为推进长江大保护,针对长江流域河流生态修复的需求,梳理了美国杜瓦米什河、欧洲莱茵河和德国德莱萨姆河等河流生态修复的实践做法:重视立法和标准化建设,严格制度管理,健全工作机制,强化科技支撑,鼓励全民参与等;分析了长江大保护现状与面临的挑战:政策法规和行业标准不完善,顶层设计与整体谋划不足,工作机制和监管体系不完善,修复工作难点较多且科研能力薄弱,社会力量参与长江生态修复的主体意识不强;提出了长江流域开展河流生态修复工作的建议:健全法规、完善制度、强化机制、创新技术、立体宣传。     

黑龙江水环境监测站建设探讨

文章以中俄界河黑龙江为例,指出建立国际河流水环境监测站、进行水环境监测的必要性和可行性,并对机构的建设、监测工作和管理等提出了建议。     

国际河流重大突发性水污染事故处理--莱茵河、多瑙河水污染事故处理

水污染是指水体因某种物质的介入,而导致其化学、物理、生物或者放射性等方面特性的改变,从而影响水的有效利用,危害人体健康或者破坏生态环境,造成水质恶化的现象。按污染源排放时间分,水污染有持续性污染(包括间歇性污染)和瞬时性污染。持续性污染是指长时间持续性地向水体中放排污染物造成的水体污染;瞬时性污染是指短时间大排量地向水体倾倒污染物造成的污染,这种污染会造成重大突发性水污染事件。国际河流重大突发性水污染事故并不多见,其中莱茵河水污染事故和多瑙河水污染事故是少数之中的典型。1莱茵河水污染事故莱茵河是一条著名的…     

莱茵河流域行动计划及其对我国维护河流健康的启示

莱茵河是一条国际河流，是欧洲的重要水道和沿岸国家的主要供水水源地。洪水灾害一直是危及莱茵河社会和经济功能的一个大问题，是莱茵河治理中面临的重要挑战。在1998年1月22日第十二届莱茵河流域部长级会议上，决定启动“莱茵河防洪行动计划”，这项行动计划的目标是到2005年使洪灾危险下降10％，到2020年使洪灾危险下降25％。“莱茵河防洪行动计划”强调了洪水管理与非工程措施的重要性，因为继续靠过去那种不断加高堤防的手段来提高防洪能力在现实中已经不太可行了。人类对河流的干预、流域内土地利用的急剧改变以及对沿河地区土地的侵占，使得洪水泛滥的危险进一步增加。防洪工程措施带来的“安全”假象，使沿河地区的人们往往难以认清所处的洪水危险，也不知道如何应对突发洪水。对有效的防洪来说，洪水管理与非工程措施比单纯的工程措施防洪手段更为重要。     

国际河流信息共享方法研究——以澜沧江-湄公河为例

信息共享是国际河流途经各国开展合作的重要基础。在梳理流域管理信息共享一般方法的基础上，通过分析莱茵河、多瑙河等国际河流案例，探讨国际河流信息共享的特性和问题；以澜沧江-湄公河为例，分析澜湄各国需求，为建立水资源合作信息共享平台、打破国际河流合作的囚徒困境，提出非对称水信息共享机制，设计了集门户网站、数据汇集与交换、交流与共享于一体的共享系统。研究表明：在国际河流信息共享工作中，协调机构和信息共享机制是工作开展的基础，非对称水信息共享权是信息流动的驱动力，水信息内在联系和各国需求差异是影响共享效果的关键因素；设计的澜湄水资源合作信息共享平台功能丰富，可提供优质的水信息服务。研究成果对澜湄水资源合作具有促进作用，可为其他国际河流开展信息共享提供参考。     

我国国际河流水资源合作开发机制研究

基于我国国际河流水资源开发现状,分析我国国际河流水资源开发机制存在的问题,结合全球治理理论,通过合作开发主张、合作开发原则、合作开发主体和类型以及合作开发的内容等层面构建我国国际河流水资源合作开发机制的框架。     

中国国际河流管理问题分析及建议

介绍中国国际河流管理的现状,分析中国国际河流管理存在的主要问题,并针对这些问题提出以下建议:实现合作共享、优势互补,可持续与环保,带动区域经济发展是中国国际河流合作开发管理的宗旨;中国国际河流管理应向多边合作、区域综合合作、流域整体开发和管理的方向发展;健全、完善并创新现有与国际河流管理有关的法律法规,促使各法律法规协调运行;建立多层次、多主体参与的国际河流管理协商机制。     

An Integrated Decision Support Framework for Incorporating Fairness and Stability Concerns into River Water Allocation

Self-enforceable and sustainable management strategies for transboundary rivers necessitate synchronously considering fairness and stability, which involves synthesizing the multidimensional nature of hydrology, environment, and socio-economy. Based on the equitable and reasonable principles of international resource distributions defined by the UN Watercourses Convention, this study proposed an integrated decision support framework by combining the multi-criteria decision making, the bankruptcy theory, and the power index with the aim of managing transboundary rivers fairly and sustainably. Subsequently, an optimization model based on this new framework was established by introducing the linear interval function to formulate the utility objective for all agents. Finally, using the Dongjiang River Basin in China to illustrate the availability of the proposed framework and optimization model. The results showed that the proposed methods could provide insights for transboundary river management through simultaneous consideration of the fairness and stability criteria.

     

Use of bankruptcy methods for resolving interprovincial water conflicts over transboundary river: Case study of Indus River in Pakistan

Sustainable transboundary water governance is often challenged by conflicts between agents, which necessitates the design of cooperative and self‐enforcing alternatives to facilitate equitable water distribution. A pervasive and critical problem related to many transboundary rivers is that the total allocation or demand of riparian states is usually much more than that of the total available water. This problem is a major cause of disputes, both nationally and internationally. A key challenge concerns how to allocate the available water among riparian states with competing and often conflicting needs under an uncertain supply–demand gap. To address this pervasive allocation problem related to transboundary rivers, the bankruptcy method is used. The bankruptcy method distributes water among riparian states when their total demand exceeds the total available water. We investigate the utility of this method in the Indus River – a river that is shared among the four provinces of Pakistan, namely, Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) – using five commonly used bankruptcy rules and the Shapely value. Two new bankruptcy rules namely the “groundwater‐based rule” and “the proposed rule” are also proposed to address the usage of groundwater: the land affected by salinity and the gross domestic product (GDP) of each province. Additionally, this paper introduces a new method to compare and contrast the bankruptcy rules, the Shapely value and the two proposed rules. The findings suggest that the groundwater‐based rule has the lowest dispersion and is the preferred method for water allocation in the Indus River Basin. The use of the bankruptcy rules, the Shapely value and the two proposed methods has the potential to address the supply–demand mismatches of shared rivers. The proposed framework for selecting the best rule is recommended as an effective tool to facilitate negotiation over practical water allocation within transboundary river basins.     

The river-border complex: a border-integrated approach to transboundary river governance illustrated by the Ganges River and Indo-Bangladeshi border

International rivers are conventionally understood as watercourses that cross national boundaries, while borders themselves are taken to be static and given – passive features over and across which riparian processes unfold. Employing such straightforward framings of international rivers and borders, academic studies and policy analyses of transboundary water governance perpetuate problematic ideas about the relevant scales and actors involved in international river conflicts and crises. Through a historical examination of the Ganges River and the Indo-Bangladeshi border, I introduce the ‘river-border complex’ as a new framework for reconceptualizing international rivers and borders as synergistic, co-constitutive and interdependent.     

东江流域河长制下跨省界联防联控对策

河长制是以属地管理为主的河湖管理保护创新制度,流域统筹与跨省界联动不足是当前全面推行河长制工作的薄弱环节。以珠江流域典型跨省界河流——东江为例,采用座谈交流、资料收集和实地考察等方式,梳理了东江流域河长制推行现状,系统总结了东江流域跨省界联防联控工作的主要经验与存在的问题,并从加强流域统筹、加快跨省界联防联控制度建设、加强跨省界联合监测、联合执法、信息共享能力等方面,提出了河长制下东江流域跨省界联防联控的政策建议。研究成果可为国内其他跨省流域整体性管理保护提供借鉴。     

Grundlegende Erkenntnisse im Rahmen des Pilotprojekt Bad Deutsch-Altenburg – Die Bedeutung der Stromsohle und Uferzonen für ökologische Prozesse und Artengemeinschaften an einem stark regulierten Fluss,der Donau

To ensure a long-term ecological stability, rivers need areas that are available at different discharge situations as highly productive habitats which are connected with the river. These retention areas or biologically active zones are important for the riverine communities as refuge (e.g. benthic macroinvertebrates and fish) or the development of benthic algae communities as basis for the riverine food web as well as retention zones to perform various ecosystem services (e.g. nutrient retention). Especially during low water level situations, the river shorelines and the river bed itself are of significant importance, but highly degraded in intensely regulated river systems such as the Danube River. A basic understanding of the processes and functional correlations is required to avoid negative consequences of engineering measures applied and to improve the ecological conditions. In the framework of the pilot project Bad Deutsch-Altenburg in the Danube River east of Vienna not only monitoring the implementation of engineering measures is required, but also scientific knowledge gained about basic ecological relationships and potential responses of riverine communities. This article presents results of several years of investigations on the distribution and development of three organism groups (benthic algae, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish) along different riparian structures and in the river bed of the Danube River.     

莱茵河流域水环境管理的经验对长江中下游综合治理的启

以欧洲莱茵河流域近 5 0年的综合治理经验 ,尤其是近 10年相继开展的一系列流域管理行动计划的成果 ,介绍莱茵河从传统的单一流域水管理向以生存质量可持续发展为目标的可持续综合管理转变过程 ,即流域有关国家跨国协调的经验 ,流域内各国为共同治理莱茵河签署的控制化学污染公约、控制氯化物污染公约、防治热污染公约、2 0 0 0年行动计划、洪水管理行动计划等一系列协定 ,由此展望莱茵河流域可持续管理的未来。建议我国在长江三角洲经济发达地区尽快采用严格的欧洲环境管理标准 ,严密监测 ,强化监督 ,依法治理。     

流域视角下京津冀水污染协同治理路径探析

京津冀协同治理水污染是海河流域建设的核心与立足点,探寻三地联防、联控、联治措施与协同机制是解决水污染问题的关键。在系统梳理三地分治水污染的局限性和区域协同治理的有效性的基础上,提出"扎实区域协同、迈向流域共治"的流域化治理理念。通过剖析海河流域治理瓶颈,发现瓶颈主要在于:资源型缺水和水质型缺水的双重水资源压力,流域权威机构和顶层立法缺失的管理矛盾,以及局部性工程和阶段性补偿的治理局限。针对上述问题,从流域资源保障、管理机制和治理模式方面提出一体化实现路径,即从统筹配置水资源量、制定流域水环境目标、重塑流域管理机构、确立统一流域法体系、发展一体化治理模式、深化多元长效补偿机制6个方面,解决跨区域水环境治理工作中合作不彻底的问题。流域一体化理念及其实现路径的研究可为海河及类似跨界流域的水环境治理提供参考。     

河道渠化治理研究

阐述人工裁弯、缩窄河床和固化河岸等河道渠化治理措施对河流的有利和不利影响以及控制渠化河床冲刷下切的措施 (修建拦挡坝、抛石护底、衬砌护底和人工加沙 ) .提出渠化河道设计的两个重要参数─—渠化河宽和平衡比降的确定方法 .介绍美国密西西比河与密苏里河、德国莱茵河和中国涝河的渠化治理     

Structure of interstitial assemblages in a regulated channel of the river rhine (France)

The interstitial assemblages of the River Rhine were studied in the Rhinau sector (France). The studied area is located in aVegulated channel of the river, controlled by a hydroelectric dam. Twenty stations were sampled in September 1988. Ten litres of interstitial water were pumped at 50 cm depth in each station using the Bou-Rouch technique. Interstitial waters were poorly oxygenated and the hyporheic fauna had three major characteristics: (1) microcrustaceans were dominant, (2) the insects were rare and (3) the stygofauna was absent. The richest stations were well oxygenated and did not correspond to any particular geomorphological features. These findings contrast with the situation observed on other large European rivers (Rhǒne, Danube) where the interstitial assemblages appear to be locally more diversified and rich in stygofauna.