基于输沙平衡度的河型成因理论假说及其验证

在建立冲积河流输沙平衡度公式的基础上,提出河型成因理论假说:冲积河流河型形成的内在成因是河流的输沙平衡度,外在成因是表达河床、水流和泥沙的物理量;河流系统中包含了河床系统、水流系统和泥沙系统3个二级系统;河道整治工程首先影响河型的外在成因,然后通过外在成因影响内在成因,不同的输沙平衡度过程形成了不同的河型。黄河下游的验证结果表明:依据冲积河流河型成因理论假说可以对河型进行分类,并有效地对河型进行预测,从理论上讲可以控制河型。     

入湖河流尾闾河段河型问题研究进展

回顾和总结了国内外入湖河流尾闾河段河型问题的研究进展,阐述了入湖河流尾闾河段范围的界定方法,分析了入湖河流尾闾河段的平面形态与演变特征,对比了入湖河流尾闾河段河型与冲积河流河型的异同,进一步探讨了不同类型尾闾河段的河型成因以及河型转化影响因素。针对目前入湖河流尾闾河段河型问题研究中存在的不足,指出今后可从入湖河流尾闾河段的河型特征、河型成因机理和河型转化影响因素的定量化等方面加强研究。     

冲积河流河型自然分类方法研究

借鉴植物分类学、动物分类学的理论和方法,提出了河型自然分类方法,并基于河流地貌学理论进行了逻辑推理。在地球内力一定的条件下,冲积河流河型是由河道水流对河道的侵蚀、堆积、不侵蚀不堆积3种作用过程所形成的;冲积河流河型是由冲积河流输沙平衡的状态过程所形成的。     

冲积性河流的河型分类及判别方法研究综述

冲积性河流的河型分类及判别是河型研究的重点问题之一,对于河床演变规律的认识及制定河道治理措施具有重要意义。根据已有研究成果,归纳和分析了国内外河型分类和判别方法。针对河型定量判别方法,总结和分析了现有J-Q判别法、河床稳定性判别法、来水来沙条件与河床边界条件判别法的思路、判别指标和标准。采用量纲分析的方法分析了影响河型的主要因素,对比了不同判别式所用参数的特性,最后指出了现有河型判别方法的不足和有待解决的问题。     

冲积河流河床综合稳定性指标研究

根据河床演变理论，利用已有的基本公式，导出了冲积河流河床绝对稳定应满足的水沙床无量纲数（量）条件，由此建立了由水沙床因素构成的实用冲积河流稳定程度函数公式。基于该公式建立了冲积河流河床综合稳定性指标以及对应的河型判别准则，然后利用黄河下游11年资料和渭河部分资料进行了初步验证。计算表明，建立的冲积河流河床综合稳定性指标以及对应的河型判别准则是合理和有效的，可以利用该判别方法预测大型河流因水沙条件改变而导致的河型变化趋势。     

长江源区河流地貌及水沙特性

长江源区河网密布,多数河流仍处于自然演变过程中,河谷地貌保存完整。基于实地踏勘资料,结合 SRTM3 DEM 对长江源区部分河流河谷地貌及水沙特性进行了分析。研究河流涵盖长江北源楚玛尔河、正源沱沱河、南源当曲、干流通天河及支流布曲、尕尔曲。根据河谷形态及河流地貌,可将这些河段归纳为3类:高原冲积型、丘陵坦谷型和高山峡谷型。其中:高原冲积型河道平面多呈游荡或多股分汊;丘陵坦谷型河道平面呈单一或分汊态势;高山峡谷型河道则为单一河道。研究时段内,长江源3个源头中,当曲流量最大,沱沱河流量大于楚玛尔河;输沙量则表现为沱沱河最大、楚玛尔河其次,当曲最小。泥沙分析发现:平面呈游荡状态的河流,其泥沙特征与其他河型有明显不同,具有悬移质含沙量大、粒径粗且均匀,床沙粒径较细的特点。相关分析显示河道宽度与水流含沙量呈正相关关系,初步说明了游荡河型产生的原因。     

黄河下游河型分类与判别模式研究

利用黄河下游11年资料的计算表明，本文在前人研究成果的基础上，根据泥沙运动基本理论、河床演变基本原理以及河流输沙强平衡概念建立的，以实用冲积河流稳定程度公式为理论和计算依据，由模糊聚类分析和判别分析方法构成的黄河下游河型分类与判别模式，可以为小浪底水库运用后黄河下游河型的分类与判别提供有力的理论依据和具体的计算方法，同时，也对其它冲积河流河型的分类与判别有一定的借鉴作用。     

河道调整研究现状及其对黄河下游游荡型河道调整的启示

系统梳理了河道调整研究现状,全面论述了与冲积河流调整相关的河相关系、不同边界下河道调整过程、冲积河流线性理论的研究现状及发展动态。新形势下黄河下游游荡型河道调整应重点研究水沙变化与有限控制边界对河道调整的耦合效应、河道断面自调整数理分析中断面形态假定、有限控制边界条件下游荡型河流主槽摆动幅度和频率等问题,这不仅有助于加深对游荡型河道河床演变规律的认识,而且对于河道调整趋势预测、河道整治等具有重要的理论意义。     

基于协调发展度的河流健康评价方法研究

为评价河流系统的健康和协调发展状况,首先,从影响河流生态完整性要素和社会服务要素的角度出发,构建了包括水文资源、物理结构、水质、生物和社会服务功能等多个准则层的河流健康评价指标体系的统一框架;然后,借鉴社会经济与环境的协调发展度理念,建立了河流系统的协调发展度评价模型,并探索性地提出了基于河流健康管理的协调发展度等级标准;最后,以滦河为研究对象,对2011年滦河健康状态与协调发展状况进行了实证研究。结果表明,协调发展度模型既能评价河流系统的健康程度,又能衡量河流自然属性与社会属性的协调发展状况。     

冲积河流温排水数值模拟研究现状及需要解决的关键问题

从温排水数值模拟研究的意义出发,主要从控制方程、离散方法、网格生成、边界处理等方面对温排水数值模拟研究现状进行了论述,最后结合冲积河流河相特征对冲积河流岸边温排放数值模拟研究中的一些关键技术问题进行了探讨.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Site modelling methods for detecting hydrologic alteration of flood frequency and flood duration in the floodplain below the carlyle dam,lower Kaskaskia River,Illinois, USA

Reports concerning the influence of dams on river hydrology vary among researchers, interest groups and government agencies. These often contradicting statements may occur because changes in hydrology caused by dams are distinct for each dam and river watershed. The objective of this research was to use site specific techniques to determine if the 1967 installation of the Carlyle Dam, lower Kaskaskia River, Illinois, altered flood frequency and duration within the forested floodplain located below the dam. Results indicated a decrease in flood duration and frequency, and a decrease in annual flood frequency variation at a site 6.4 km below the dam. Pre‐dam versus post‐dam differences in flood frequency and duration at the site 32.2 km below the dam were related to climate rather than dam effects. Although dam impacts are a concern, this research shows that distance downstream from the dam and downstream tributary and watershed characteristics should be considered before assuming that the dam has changed hydrologic parameters for portions of rivers. This research also indicates that areas of the lower Kaskaskia River may still maintain hydrologic ecological integrity, and could be targeted for restoration and adaptive management purposes. Hydrologic modelling combined with river gage and on‐site well measurement techniques presented in this study could provide detailed flood frequency and duration information for land use, sociological and geomorphological questions in focus areas within river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．     

掺MgO混凝土的宏细观试验研究

利用MgO膨胀剂的延迟微膨胀效应能显著提高大体积混凝土的力学性能,产生的预压应力还能有效提高大体积混凝土抵抗温度开裂的能力,但目前对其微观机理研究不多。采用宏观与微观相结合的方式,研究了不同活性指数、不同掺量的MgO混凝土的力学性能,利用SEM/EDS微观分析手段揭示了MgO对混凝土性能影响的作用机理。试验结果表明：MgO取代部分水泥掺入混凝土中,混凝土的力学性能降低;掺量为4%~5%时,活性指数为100s的MgO混凝土的膨胀率大于活性指数为50 s的MgO混凝土;MgO混凝土的膨胀特性与Ca,Si,Mg,Al等元素的分布情况有关,掺入的MgO将改变界面区Ca,Si,Mg元素的富集特性,Ca元素和Mg元素更易于在界面区富集,导致混凝土宏观力学性能的降低。     

Statistical tools for thermal regime characterization at segment river scale: Case study of the Ste‐Marguerite River

Suitable thermal fish habitats are constrained by both maximum and minimum temperature tolerances. A multivariate and geostatistical approach was developed to estimate stream thermal characteristics at the river segment scale. Data from 22 temperature‐monitoring stations during summer 2007 were used to estimate monthly maximum temperature as well as thermal characteristics such as the number of events, the cumulative degree–days and the associated duration over specific temperature thresholds of 19 and 21°C. The probability of exceeding these temperature thresholds has also been interpolated. The methodology relies on the construction of a multivariate space using physiographic and hydrological characteristics of gauging stations as inputs in a canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A geostatistical interpolation technique, ordinary kriging, was subsequently used to perform interpolation in the physiographical space constructed using CCA. Results from this study were obtained for thermal characteristics estimated into two different interpolation spaces: (1) a 7 metrics space, and (2) an 8 metrics space. Cross‐validation technique has been performed and satisfactory results were obtained. Kriging thermal characteristics (magnitude and duration) into the 7 metric space for a 19°C threshold exceedance leads to best results with Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) ranging between 9.66 and 15.08%. The study shows that kriging in a multivariate space is a promising tool for water resources managers, especially in cases where risk mapping for lethal or sub‐lethal temperature thresholds may be required for a specific fish species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.