微合金钢板坯二冷配水模型的应用和评价

结合两种二冷水冷模型，对微合金钢铸坯的微观组织、高温延塑性能、应力分析、鼓肚变形以及二冷水模型模拟、铸坯表面温度实测等进行了系统的研究。研究表明，铸坯表面温度落入钢的第三次脆性温度区是造成铸坯表面横裂的一个重要原因。提出了改善铸坯内部质量和表面质量的有效途径。     

提高热送连铸坯温度的试验研究

采用远红外非接触测温和射钉法对武钢三炼钢的板坯连铸机典型二冷模式下铸坯的表面温度及凝固坯壳厚度进行了研究，发现通过矫直区进入水平段之后铸坯表面温度持续降低，机尾附近铸坯表面温度仅为710～820℃。根据坯壳厚度变化得出的典型二冷模式下综合凝固系数K为24～27mm／min^1/2，根据凝固终点与K的关系，将浇铸低碳铝镇静钢时的拉速由1．1m／min左右提高到1．4～1．5m／min，使铸坯的凝固终点向机尾延伸，铸坯出机表面温度提高到了920～940℃。     

X65管线钢铸坯角部横裂纹的成因及控制措施

鞍钢2150ASP生产线生产X65管线钢时,在铸坯的角部经常出现横裂纹。对此类钢种铸坯的高温力学性能、二相粒子析出以及铸机矫直段铸坯的表面温度分布进行了检测与分析。结果表明,矫直段的铸坯角部表面温度处于该类钢种的脆性区间内,铸坯内部的二相粒子在晶界上呈带状分布,从铸坯的内部向角部逐渐细化,这是铸坯角部产生横裂纹的内因。通过调整二冷水配水对铸坯的表面温度进行优化,控制二相粒子的析出,明显改善了X65管线钢铸坯的表面质量,减少了铸坯角部横裂纹的产生。     

连铸板坯凝固传热过程的计算机模拟

建立了板坯连铸的凝固传热数学模型，充分考虑了弧形铸坯的几何特点，采用有限单元法求解控制方程。通过变参数φ来考虑铸坯内钢水和两相糊状区的导热系数，计算了参数φ、结晶热通量、拉速和二冷强度对铸坯表面温度和坯壳厚度的影响。结果表明，模型的准确性得到提高，拉速对固液界面有明显影响，二冷强度对铸坯表面温度影响非常大。     

中厚板坯表面红外测温试验

铸坯表面温度测量方法有接触和非接触两种方法,从测温特点、条件、范围、准确度、响应速度等方面对比了两者的不同。采用红外热成像仪对Q235B钢板坯表面温度进行测量,分析了二冷区铸坯表面温度的分布情况。试验结果表明:矫直段铸坯角部温度为931℃,表面温度达到1 022℃,基本能够避免矫直裂纹的产生。铸坯出最后一个扇形段,表面温度基本在900℃以上,有利于铸坯热送热装。     

小方坯连铸机结晶器凝固传热的分析

根据安钢德马克小方坯的现场数据，建立了小方坯连铸机结晶器的二维凝固传热模型，采用有限差分法对数学模型求解，得到铸坯在结晶器内的表面温度分布和坯壳的生长规律，同时讨论了拉速、过热度、结晶器冷却水强度对铸坯的表面温度和坯壳生长的影响．     

连铸二冷区铸坯表面测温综述

连铸工艺是从液态钢水到固态铸坯的传热凝固过程,温度是其中的一个重要控制参数。在二冷区,铸坯表面温度是设计二冷配水制度的重要依据,铸坯表面温度的控制是确保铸坯质量的重要手段。对现有的连铸二冷区铸坯表面温度测量方法进行了综述,着重介绍了红外测温的原理和方式,同时对红外点温仪的应用和红外热像仪的研究做了详细的分析和总结,并对未来发展方向提出了一些观点和看法。     

动态配水在方坯连铸机中的应用

在坯龄模型基础上,根据计算出的铸坯表面温度与目标温度的差值进行优化调节水量。设计了宣钢150t1#方坯连铸机二冷动态配水模型,实现了铸坯表面温度自适应控制。该模型使二次冷却更加均匀,减少了铸坯表面回温,以便达到控制铸坯组织和内部质量的目的。     

板坯连铸二冷制度优化

应用二冷区铸坯表面温度测定和连铸坯硫印、低倍检验等方法，分析评价了攀钢板坯连铸现行二冷制度对铸坯内部质量的影响，并在此基础上优化完善了连铸二冷配水制度。结果表明，采用增大二次冷却强度、增加二冷段后区铸坯冷却能力的配水制度对减轻铸坯中心偏析、扩大铸坯等轴晶率、提高铸坯内部质量有明显效果，为进一步完善连铸二冷控制制度提供了坚实的技术基础。     

提高热送铸坯温度的试验研究

采用远红外非接触测温和射钉法对武钢三炼钢的板坯连铸机典型二冷模式下铸坯的表面温度及凝固坯壳厚度进行了研究,发现通过矫直区进入水平段之后铸坯表面温度持续降低,机尾附近铸坯表面温度仅为710～820℃.根据坯壳厚度变化得出的典型二冷模式下综合凝固系数K在24～27mm/min1/2之间,根据凝固终点与K的关系,将浇铸低碳铝镇静钢时的拉速由1.1m/min左右提高到1.4～1.5m/min,使铸坯的凝固终点向机尾延伸,铸坯出机表面温度提高到了920～940℃.     

基于表面温度测量的连铸二冷动态控制模型

二冷动态控制以连铸坯温度的稳定控制为目标，对提高连铸坯质量的稳定性具有重要意义。二冷动态控制的核心内容是实现铸坯表面温度的闭环控制，其关键是实现基于在线凝固传热模型的温度反馈，模型的准确性则是保证二冷动态控制应用效果的基础。为此，提出一种基于表面温度测量，结合射钉修正凝固传热模型的方法，用于辨识凝固传热模型的参数以保证模型的准确性，并应用于二冷动态控制。特别对随机氧化铁皮干扰下的铸坯表面温度的测量方法进行了深入的研究，并开发了能够长期稳定运行于连铸现场的测温装置。     

Compensation Control Model of Superheat and Cooling Water Temperature for Secondary Cooling of Continuous Casting

In this paper, a compensation control model of secondary cooling process of billet continuous casting for quality steel has been presented. The effects on the spray control of the various parameters such as steel superheat, casting speed, cooling water temperature and chemical component of steel were considered. The parameters of control model were determined to associate with the two‐dimensional heat transfer equation and solved by finite‐difference method. Effects of steel superheat and cooling water temperature on surface temperature, solidification structure and solidifying end point were discussed. Results indicate that steel superheat significantly affects solidification structure and solidifying end point but has a little effect on slab surface temperature. Moreover, secondary cooling water temperature affects surface temperature and solidifying end point but has a little effect on solidification structure. The surface temperature and solidifying end point can be maintain stabilized through applying the compensation control model when steel superheat and cooling water temperature vary. The models have been validated by industrial measurements. The results show that the simulations are in very good agreement with the real casting situation.     

基于温度观测器的层流冷却路径控制

热轧带钢需要更加灵活的冷却控制策略,保证带钢能够按照设定的冷却路径冷却,以充分发挥冷却过程的相变、析出等强化功能。为此,提出了基于温度观测器的带钢温度控制方法,通过物理模型构造温度观测器在线观测带钢温度并根据测量温度在线修正观测器模型参数。在此基础上应用最优控制方法,实时优化各个冷却单元阀门设定,保证温度观测器估计值与目标温度分布曲线设定值偏差最小。实际应用结果表明,该方法能够较好的控制带钢温度,同时能够克服固定冷却制度的限制,实现冷却路径控制。     

Real-time simulation of heat transfer in continuous casting

A real-time heat-transfer model for continuous slab casting is presented. The model calculates the strand temperatures and the solid shell thickness profile along the machine as a function of the actual casting variables, strand geometry, and steel grade. The special requirements con-cerning the real-time use of the model and, in general, the accuracy of the model are also studied and discussed. The model has been tested by carrying out industrial trials. Some examples of the differences between the calculated and measured surface temperatures are presented. A spe-cial procedure to determine the boundary conditions for the secondary cooling zones from tem-perature measurements is also described.     

Evolution of Control Models for Secondary Cooling in Continuous Casting Process of Steel

Secondary cooling control is an important factor in the continuous steel casting process. This paper reviews popular control models and analyzes their principles and characteristics. On the basis of the review, this paper proposes a new concept called “effective‐superheat” and a new control model called “synthetical model dynamic control method based on online temperature measurement.” The model, which combines the advantages of the popular models reviewed, not only allows steady, accurate and dynamic control of slab surface temperature, but also provides the temperature profile and the end of the liquid pool. In addition, this paper also discusses the current problems with secondary cooling control and the related development trends, which may be helpful for further development of secondary cooling control technology and informationization of the continuous casting process.     

钢液连铸二次冷却先进工艺模型的发展与研究

 钢液连铸二次冷却的效果直接影响连铸坯质量,为了合理地控制二次冷却过程,多种静态和动态控制工艺模型被提出。系统综述了目前二冷静态和动态控制工艺模型的发展,包括二冷区各回路水量与拉速呈一次线性或二次曲线关系的二冷控制工艺模型、基于修正有效拉速的二冷动态控制工艺模型和基于在线传热计算的二冷动态控制工艺模型等,以及基于钢液过热度和二冷进水温度的二冷控制先进工艺模型和基于在线温度测量反馈调节各回路水量的二冷动态控制工艺模型。随着二冷控制工艺模型的发展,其控制的实时性、可靠性、准确性以及运行的稳定性也逐渐提高,从而为高质量铸坯生产及智能化二冷控制奠定了基础。     

A transient simulation and dynamic spray cooling control model for continuous steel casting

A two-dimensional heat-transfer model for transient simulation and control of a continuous steel slab caster is presented. Slab temperature and solidification are computed by the model as a function of time-varying casting speed, secondary spray cooling water flow rates and temperature, slab thickness, steel chemistry, and pouring and ambient temperatures. Typically, the solidification path, temperature-solid fraction relationship, is prescribed. However, if these data are not available, a microsegregation solidification model that approximates the effects of steel chemistry and cooling rate is incorporated in the caster model. Measured slab surface temperatures recorded from an operating caster are compared with predictions from the transient model. These demonstrate that the model typically can predict the temperature response at the slab surface within 30 °C. Results of several simulations are given to demonstrate the effects of changing casting conditions on the slab thermal profile, end of liquid pool, and solidification end point. A control methodology and algorithm suitable for online control of a continuous casting machine is described, and the ability to control the surface temperature profile by dynamically adjusting secondary spray cooling flow rates is demonstrated by simulation. Results from a preliminary version of the model that is capable of running in real time are presented and are compared with the slower, but more realistic, version of the model.     

立弯式奥氏体不锈钢220 mmx220 mm铸坯动态二冷控制和应用

根据奥氏体不锈钢的热物理参数和二冷区各区出口目标温度,建立了不锈钢220mm×220 mm铸坯动态二冷综合控制模型和末端拉速电磁搅拌-拉速优化模型。304奥氏体不锈钢连铸生产应用结果表明,在该钢正常工作拉速0.8~1.1 m/min,根据目标温度（足辊1080℃,一区1 070℃,二区1060℃,三区1045℃,进拉矫机980℃）制定相应比水量（0.30~0.33 L/kg）,模型实时计算表面温度与目标温度对比,进行在线控制,铸坯温度均匀、稳定,冶金质量良好。     

宝钢在线二冷控制模型的研发与应用

针对连铸生产过程中的二冷配水问题,建立了铸坯的凝固传热数学模型。通过实时模拟计算铸坯的温度场,并与PID控制技术相结合,开发了在线二冷控制模型。模型能自动根据钢种、铸坯规格及工艺参数的变化动态调整二冷控制水量,将铸坯的表面温度控制在工艺目标值附近。通过设计合理的控制系统架构,确保了二冷控制系统的稳定性及可靠性。在线测温结果表明,模型具有很高的计算精度。当拉速、浇注钢水过热度变化时,模型能快速将水量调整到目标值,速度快且超调小,从而确保铸坯的表面温度跟踪误差始终限制在较小范围内;当浇注过程处于相对稳态时,铸坯的表面温度保持在目标值。目前,模型已经应用于宝钢内外的多台连铸机,应用效果良好。     

圆坯连铸凝固传热数学模型及应用

建立了34Mn5V钢Φ400 mm圆坯连铸过程中的凝固传热数学模型,运用该模型计算得到的二冷各区控制点的表面温度与现场实测结果一致。用该模型计算得出,钢水过热度对铸坯表面温度影响较小,拉速和二冷区冷却强度对铸坯温度影响较大。生产实践表明,当生产Φ400 mm铸坯的拉速达到0.4～0.6 m/min时,自动控制的二次冷却制度能满足工业连铸要求,可得到优质铸坯。