建筑用玻璃与可伐合金润湿规律

为实现建筑用玻璃与可伐合金的可靠激光封接,本文针对影响封接质量的主要因素(温度、时间、粗糙度及氧化层)对两者润湿性能的影响开展了研究.当保温温度由800℃提高至900℃,液态玻璃黏度降低致使其在可伐合金表面的流动性增强,润湿角由69.5°降低至31.1°.在850℃下延长保温时间(5~40 min),液态玻璃在低黏度条件下有充分的时间铺展,润湿角降幅为30%.随着可伐合金表面粗糙度的提高,液态玻璃向四周扩散需要克服的势垒增加,当粗糙度值Ra由0.186μm升至0.563μm时,润湿角由46.9°升至69.5°.由于可伐合金表面氧化层可与液体玻璃发生扩散而形成较强离子键,使得两者润湿性能显著提高,润湿角降低幅度达到23.6%.因此,在实际激光封接过程中,增加保温温度和时间、降低钢板表面粗糙度及钢板预氧化处理将有效地提高玻璃与钢板的润湿性能.      

镓基低熔点合金复合材料研究进展

近年来,镓基低熔点合金或镓基液态金属复合材料显示出非常广阔的应用前景,镓基低熔点合金在室温下兼具液体的流动性和金属性,其双重特性提供了复合材料的多样性。本文综述了镓基低熔点合金及其复合材料的发展背景,说明了其复合材料的制备、性能及应用,总结和讨论了镓基低熔点合金复合材料与金属或非金属材料复合的方法和机理,介绍了室温镓基液态金属复合材料在智能传感电子皮肤、印刷技术和热界面材料等多个领域的最新研究进展。最后,展望了镓基低熔点合金复合材料的未来发展,为其进一步研究、应用与发展提供了强有力的支持。     

阳极氧化Ti-6Al-4V合金表面TiO_2多孔膜的制备及研究

在一定浓度的H_2SO_4溶液中对Ti-6Al-4V合金表面进行阳极氧化处理,通过改变阳极氧化处理的电压、氧化时间和电解液浓度,研究了预处理工艺参数对钛合金表面形貌、物相、润湿性及粗糙度的影响.试验结果表明:钛合金经过阳极氧化处理后,表面出现了二氧化钛(TiO_2)纳米多孔结构,多孔氧化膜由锐钛矿型和金红石型TiO_2组成;在0.5mol·L~(-1)H_2SO_4溶液中,随着阳极氧化电压的增加,多孔膜的孔径逐渐增大,基体表面与模拟体液(SBF)的接触角明显降低,经120V氧化处理的试样表面接触角由预处理前的52.8°降至16.9°左右,具有良好的润湿性;并且试样表面的粗糙度明显增加,在电压为120V时粗糙度达到0.56μm.在电压120 V时,随着阳极氧化时间或电解液浓度的增加,TiO_2多孔膜的含量和孔径尺寸逐渐增大,试样表面的润湿性和粗糙度也不断增加,在氧化时间10 min或电解液浓度0.5 mol·L~(-1)时达到最大,氧化时间大于10 min或电解液浓度高于0.5 mol·L~(-1)时,试样表面出现裂纹,多孔结构被破坏.     

Cu-Ti合金中Ti含量对C/C复合材料润湿性能的影响

利用超高温接触角测量仪、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪研究Ti含量对Cu-Ti合金与C/C复合材料润湿性的影响。结果表明,随Ti含量增加,Cu-Ti合金对C/C的接触角逐渐降低。当Ti的质量分数为4.8%时,接触角降低到90°以下,Cu-Ti合金与C/C复合材料部分润湿;当Ti的质量分数为8%时接触角降为0°,Cu-Ti合金与C/C复合材料完全润湿。润湿界面形貌与Ti含量相关,当Ti含量为8%时,界面出现宽大的层状剪切裂纹;当Ti含量为12%时,界面致密无裂纹,Cu-Ti合金能较好地渗入C/C复合材料中的孔隙;当Ti含量为16%时,界面出现数量较多的细小裂纹,Cu-Ti合金熔体中的钛元素向界面扩散形成富钛层,并与C/C复合材料中的碳元素反应生成厚度为3~5μm的连续TiC层,该TiC层可改善合金对C/C复合材料的润湿性能。     

高炉富氢冶炼时渣-焦界面的润湿行为

高炉富氢冶炼后焦炭的气化反应行为发生了较大变化,改变了渣-焦界面润湿性,这对高炉的透气、透液性有着重要影响。利用渣-焦界面接触角测定试验研究了不同条件对渣-焦界面润湿性的影响规律,利用激光共聚焦显微镜对焦炭表面的三维形貌进行表征并分析了渣-焦界面作用机理。结果表明,随着焦炭与H₂O反应时间的增加,焦炭表面孔隙率逐渐增大,熔渣在焦炭表面的润湿驱动力增强,使熔渣与焦炭表面的接触角、界面张力和界面反应速率均随之降低,界面黏附功增大,熔渣在焦炭表面的润湿性改善。随着熔渣碱度的降低以及w(FeO)的增大,熔渣与焦炭表面的接触角和界面张力降低,界面反应速率和界面黏附功增加,熔渣在焦炭表面的润湿性改善;碱度在1.1～1.3变化时渣-焦界面润湿性变化幅度相对较小,w(FeO)由5%增加至10%时润湿性改善最明显;熔渣碱度降低以及w(FeO)增大均使熔渣对焦炭表面的溶蚀作用增加,使焦炭表面孔隙率和孔隙深度均明显增大,大气孔增多,熔渣对焦炭的黏附作用增强,不利于高炉生产。     

炼铜炉渣与澳斯麦特炉喷枪的润湿性研究

采用座滴法研究氮气气氛下铜冶炼澳斯麦特炉水淬渣与澳斯麦特炉喷枪表面的润湿行为,并探讨保温时间、温度、喷枪材质(310S及316L不锈钢)及熔渣中Fe(Ⅲ)含量对润湿角大小的影响。单因素试验结果表明,1 200℃时澳炉渣与310S不锈钢基片的润湿角(20°)小于与316L基片的润湿角(26°),温度升高时,润湿角均减小,1 250℃时分别下降至5°和20°左右。熔渣与两种不锈钢材质之间的润湿角差异加大,由1 200℃时的6°增大到1 250℃时的15°。当水淬渣中加入质量分数3%Fe(Ⅲ)时,熔渣与不锈钢基体间的润湿角均会有所增加(1250℃时316L基片增加2°,310S基片增加9°),熔渣与基底之间的润湿性降低。在实际生产中,选择相对较高的熔炼温度(1 250℃),控制炉渣中较低的Fe(Ⅲ)含量,以310S作为喷枪枪身材质时,枪身挂渣效果会更好。     

低辐射膜系中(Al,Ti)N薄膜的研究

以制备出性能优异成本低廉的低辐射镀膜玻璃为目的.通过直流磁控反应溅射技术在玻璃(或单晶硅)表面制备(Al,Ti)N薄膜作为低辐射镀膜玻璃的内层介质层,在此基础上进行单因素变量分析铝靶功率、钛靶功率、氮气流量和溅射时间对薄膜可见光透过率、表面粗糙度的影响以及测定最优条件下薄膜的结晶状态、表面形貌和元素含量.结果表明,当铝靶功率为100 W、钛靶功率为80 W、氮气流量为2.5 ml/min、溅射时间为90 min时可见光范围内透过率均在96%以上,表面粗糙度11.3 nm,膜基结合力强,膜质优异适宜低辐射镀膜玻璃功能膜的附着.     

不同钛含量的钢与Al2O3和MgAl2O4界面润湿行为

高温下钢液中会生成大量的非金属夹杂物,对钢的浇铸工艺和钢产品性能产生不利影响。通过研究高钛钢与夹杂物的界面润湿行为,以期为高钛钢成分设计以及夹杂物的控制研究提供理论依据。以不同钛含量的钢样品以及Al₂O₃和MgAl₂O₄为研究对象,采用改进后的座滴法进行高温润湿试验得到表观接触角;通过电子探针对样品界面的微观形貌和元素进行表征,并结合热力学计算对钢与夹杂物的界面润湿行为进行解释。当钢中钛质量分数分别为0.01%、0.31%和0.68%时,Al₂O₃/钢润湿系统的表观接触角分别为96°、90°和112°,润湿后的样品界面均匀,无新反应相的存在和明显的元素富集。MgAl₂O₄/钢润湿系统的表观接触角分别为113°、106°和130°;低钛含量(w(Ti)=0.01%)时,界面无反应相生成,高钛含量时,界面存在不连续的反应层,为MgS、MgO、Ti₄S₂C₂     

哈氏合金表面粗糙度AFM测量中扫描尺度等问题研究

哈氏合金Hastelloy C276是一种被广泛应用的镍基合金,具有机械性能优良、抗腐蚀能力强等优势,在第二代高温超导导线的离子束辅助沉积(IBAD)技术路线中被用作金属基底,因此其表面抛光与粗糙度测量受到了广泛重视。哈氏合金的表面形貌和粗糙度测量一般采用原子力显微镜(AFM)方法,在该方法中扫描尺度对测量结果具有显著的影响。本研究对两个分别进行了电化学抛光和机械抛光的哈氏合金带材短样,在1~70μm范围内选取不同扫描尺度进行了AFM测量,从而对其表面形貌获得了全面的了解,并发现其表面粗糙度随着扫描尺度的变大出现了明显的增大,文中还在不同扫描尺度下考察了电化学抛光与机械抛光的作用区别。此外,本研究中分析了AFM图像的后处理中flatten阶数的影响,对从AFM图像中分割出小尺度局域计算粗糙度的方法进行了改进,并讨论了AFM测量粗糙度的可重复性问题。通过这些研究,对表面粗糙度的AFM测量方法在全面性和有效性方面进行了完善,提出了粗糙度描述时有必要给出的相关参数。     

利用固滴技术对氧化基片上液态Fe-Cr合金润湿性的研究

本文的目的是研究三种不同的氧化基片(氧化铝、氧化镁及白云石)的润湿特性,以检验Fe-Cr合金在这些基片上的粘附功。利用固滴技术在H2气氛中1823 K下,对氧化基片上液滴(Fe-Cr合金)的接触角进行了研究。随着Cr浓度的增加在氧化铝和白云石基片上的接触角会稍微减小,但不会像在氧化镁基片上变化那么大。在测试基片中,氧化铝基片接触角最大,白云石基片接触角最小。因此,白云石的粘附功最大,这与实际工艺中观察到的结果相符。     

Interaction of silicon-containing melts with single-crystal aluminum oxide

The sessile droplet method is used to study the wettability of aluminum oxide (single-crystal Al₂O₃, i.e. sapphire) by melts of Au-Si, Cu-Si, Ni-Si, Pd-Si, and Ge-Si in relation to silicon concentration, temperature and exposure time. Addition of silicon to melt leads to a fall in the wetting angle from 120–140° for Au, Cu, Ni, Pd and Ge to 70–90° for an alloy with 30–70 at.% Si. The adhesion activity of silicon (a nontransition element) is lower than for transition metals (for example, Ti, Zr). In the systems Au-Si and Pd-Si a phenomenon of dewetting (the wetting angle increases after the initial spreading) is observed. Interphase chemical processes responsible for the wetting angle are studies by mass spectrometry, microscope and profilographic analyses for metal alloys and the surface of solid sapphire.     

Infiltration and wetting of alumina participate preforms by aluminum and aluminum-magnesium alloys

The infiltration and wetting of alumina participates by Al and by Al-Mg alloys was studied through pressure infiltration experiments. In these experiments, a noninvasive capacitance technique was used to determine the infiltration front position as a function of time. An unsaturated slug flow model was used to interpret the infiltration results and determine capillary pressures characteristic of the infiltration process. The characteristic capillary pressures for Al, Al-2Mg, and Al-3Mg at 750 °C and Al-2Mg at 850 °C were not significantly different. Therefore, contrary to usual belief, Mg did not significantly aid the pressure infiltration process. At 750 °C, the maximum values of the contact angle calculated from these capillary pressures were 106 deg for Al and 105 deg for Al-2Mg and Al-3Mg. These contact angle values indicate substantial removal of the oxide layer on the surface of the liquid metal during the infiltration process. The small difference in the contact angles indicates that magnesium had little effect on the wetting of alumina by aluminum. The small effect of Mg on the wetting may be due to absence of reactive wetting at the infiltration speeds present in the experiments and to partial disruption of the oxide layer on the surface of the liquid metal during the infiltration process.     

Controlled undercooling of liquid iron in contact with Al2O3 substrates under varying oxygen partial pressures

The objective of this study was to determine the conditions under which alumina can act as a heterogeneous nucleant to initiate the solidification of undercooled liquid iron. The undercooling of a pure iron sessile droplet in contact with Al₂O₃ substrates was measured under controlled oxygen partial pressures by observing droplet recalescence. The experimental results indicated that the undercooling of liquid iron, in contact with an Al₂O₃ substrate, did not have a unique value, varied from 0 °C to 290 °C, and was significantly affected by the oxygen content of the gas phase and the degree of interaction between the oxide and the metal. Deep undercoolings are possible at low oxygen potentials, provided the oxygen potential is such that substantial substrate decomposition does not occur. The measured undercooling was a strong function of gas phase oxygen content and a maximum in undercooling of 290 °C was measured at PO₂=10⁻¹⁹ atm. The variation in undercooling was related to the wetting of the substrate by the liquid metal, where the deepest undercoolings occurred when the highest contact angle between the substrate and the liquid droplet was achieved.     

Reactive wetting of SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> substrates by molten Al

The reactive wetting behavior of SiO₂ substrates by molten Al was investigated at temperatures between 800 °C to 1250 °C in a purified Ar-3 pct H₂ atmosphere of about 0.11 MPa using an improved sessile drop method. The time dependence of the changes in contact angle and droplet geometry was monitored and the wetting kinetics was identified. The initial equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium contact angles are generally larger than 90 deg and do not significantly vary with temperature. The subsequent remarkable decrease in the contact angle mainly results from the progressive decrease in the droplet volume rather than the advance of the solid-liquid interfacial front. The significant effect of temperature on the wetting kinetics is essentially related to its effect on the reaction and molten Al penetration progress. For systems with a considerable decrease in the droplet volume during reactive wetting, a criterion for evaluation of the true wetting improvement was proposed.     

氟化改性硅树脂制备的超疏水涂层防覆冰性能

研究具有超疏水表面特性的疏水涂层实际防覆冰效果.首先理论分析了水滴在固体表面浸润性影响因素,利用不同硅烷水解缩合反应制备出低表面能的含氟硅树脂,之后引入分形理论在含氟硅树脂中添加二氧化硅微粒制备疏水涂层.观察掺杂微粒的涂层表面微观结构,并测试水滴在不同涂层表面的接触角;为直观分析涂层防覆冰效果,将不同涂层涂覆试验件后在结冰风洞中进行覆冰测试.结果显示掺混不同量级微粒的疏水涂层表面形成复合粗糙结构,有着更好的粗糙度;含氟硅树脂表面水滴接触角较普通硅树脂提升10°,含有不同量级粒径微粒的涂层表面水滴接触角较单一粒径微粒掺混的涂层提升近20°,达到超疏水表面效果;具有复合微观结构的疏水涂层涂覆的试验件在5 m·s-1和15 m·s-1的风速下较无涂层表面覆冰减少率分别达到35.6%和25.9%,较只有一级粗糙结构的表面有效防覆冰时间长,具有较好的防覆冰能力.结果表明本文设计的超疏水涂层达到超疏水表面效果,且具有较好的防覆冰性能.      

Wetting of the (0001) <Emphasis Type="Italic">α</Emphasis>-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Sapphire Surface by Molten Aluminum: Effect of Surface Roughness

The wetting of molten aluminum on the “c”-plane (0001) of single-crystal α-Al₂O₃ (sapphire) was studied by the sessile drop technique from 800 °C (1073 K) to 1200 °C (1473 K). Systematically increasing the (0001) surface roughness by SiC abrasion increased the wetting contact angle, resulting in reduced wetting. The surface roughness factor R originally defined by Wenzel, was determined as a function of the abrasion, temperature, and time. The wetting decreases as the surface roughness increases. Rough surfaces also create time and temperature effects on wetting, changing those for a smoothly polished surface. The existence of a high-temperature surface structural transition for (0001) of α-Al₂O₃, which has been previously suggested, was confirmed. Increased roughness R accents the effect of the surface structural transition, increasing the wetting contact angle changes during the transition.     

超声滚压处理7B85合金的显微组织和力学性能

采用不同压下量（0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4 mm）对7B85合金进行超声滚压处理，利用光学显微镜、表面粗糙度测量仪、显微维氏硬度计、拉伸实验、扫描电镜、X射线衍射和电子背散射衍射对经过超声滚压处理的7B85合金的微观组织和力学性能进行研究。结果表明，当下压量为0.2 mm时，超声表面滚压处理后7B85合金的表面粗糙度、显微硬度以及抗拉强度达到较优值。滚压处理后合金的断口形貌呈现出大量较深的韧窝，其主要以韧性断裂形式为主。同时，超声表面滚压处理后合金中大部分η析出相溶解到铝基体中，其表层晶粒的平均晶粒尺寸约为（25.22 ± 6.46）nm。滚压后合金力学性能的提高主要归因于合金表面细晶强化和应力强化的共同作用。      

Assessment of Heat Transfer During Solidification of Al–22% Si Alloy by Inverse Analysis and Surface Roughness Based Predictive Model

Heat flux transients were estimated during unidirectional downward solidification of Al?C22% Si alloy against copper, die steel and stainless steel chills. The chill instrumented with thermocouples was brought into contact with the liquid metal so as to avoid the effect of convection associated with the pouring of liquid metal. Heat flux transients were estimated by solving the inverse heat conduction problem. Higher thermal conductivity of chill material resulted in increased peak heat flux at the metal/chill interface. Peak heat flux decreased when 100???m thick alumina coating was applied on the chill surface. The lower thermal conductivity of alumina based coating and the presence of additional thermal resistance decreases the interfacial heat transfer. For uncoated chills, the ratio of the surface roughness (R_a) of the casting to chill decreased from 6.5 to 0.5 with decrease in the thermal conductivity of the chill material. However when coating was applied on the chill, the surface roughness ratio was nearly constant at about 0.2 for all chill materials. The measured roughness data was used in a sum surface roughness model to estimate the heat transfer coefficient. The results of the model are in reasonable agreement with experimentally determined heat-transfer coefficients for coated chills.