莱钢炼铁厂“600”创新管理实践

近几年来,莱钢炼铁厂的工艺技术和设备管理水平不断提高,设备运行状态长期稳定受控,为生产的连续、稳定、高效提供了坚实可靠的设备支撑;在推行 “121” 设备管理体系过程中,提出“600”的设备管控目标;抓好设备点检定修等基础管理工作,大力开展设备管理创新和技术创新,维修模式也实现了由“计划检修”向 “预知维修”的转变;高炉的休风率指标实现了持续优化提升,高炉的定修周期达到6个月,并且定修间隔内设备故障为零,为炼铁设备管理提出了新思路。     

以科技进步为基础、创新求发展——近几年铁矿粉造块技术发展综述

高炉炼铁技术的发展和进步,不仅仅依赖于装备和操作水平的提高,“精料技术”是高炉炼铁发展的基础。本文针对近几年来国内外铁矿粉造块的烧结、球团理论和工艺技术进步及发展进行了系统的总结分析。针对铁矿粉造块工艺所面临的资源、节能减排形势,提出了以科技进步为基础、创新求发展,促进我国铁矿粉造块技术的进步,为高炉炼铁“优质、高产、低耗、环保” 奠定良好的“精料水平”基础技术路线。     

基于青钢铁矿粉烧结基础特性的配矿原则探讨

为了给烧结生产优化配矿技术提供基础依据,更好地指导烧结生产,对青钢烧结常用的6种铁矿粉的同化性能、液相生成特性以及烧损和结晶水分解特性等高温基础性能和微观结构进行了研究,且运用评价模型对各铁矿粉进行了评分。结果表明,各铁矿粉的同化温度均未超过1 250℃,可以满足低温烧结的条件,同化性能最好的为铁矿粉E;1 240℃时6种铁矿粉的流动性指数较适宜低温烧结,1 280℃时流动性指数和液相生成量均较高;6种铁矿粉中铁矿粉E的烧损值和结晶水值均处于较高水平,其中铁矿粉F的结晶水含量是6种矿粉中最高的;6种铁矿粉的微观形貌差异较大,铁矿粉C和D表面较光滑,吸水能力差,从制粒的角度上来看,不利于改善制粒效果,而铁矿粉A和B的表面较粗糙,适宜制粒;基于评分的高低将铁矿粉划分为4个等级。     

中国特钢生产60年

 从特钢的概念入手,概述了新中国特钢生产的历史沿革,包括新中国成立之初的国民经济恢复时期、“一五”和“二五”期间中国特钢系统建成雏形时期,改革开放以后迎来特钢的大发展即装备大型化与工艺现代化时期。最后,讲了中国特钢在满足国民经济现代化和先进装备制造业方面的进展。     

钢铁行业知识产权工作回顾与“十二五”展望

统计分析了中国主要钢铁企业“十一五”期间专利申请情况，在国家大好形势的影响下，钢铁企业知识产权管理形势喜人。“十二五”期间钢铁行业应进一步完善知识产权管理机构、加强专业人员培训、加强专利技术实施转化、充分利用国内外专利文献和科技信息资源，使其在企业自主创新中发挥作用。     

过程工程与制造流程

 过程工程是指在开放的工程系统条件下,描述多因子、多尺度、多层次、多单元的过程及其系统行为并集成为动态运行系统的学问。在过程工程中,鲜明地体现为不同层次、不同尺度的过程之间的“纵向集成”,同时也呈现出“异质”的但又相关单元过程之间的“横向集成”。过程工程问题广泛地存在于冶金、化工、建材等流程制造业的生产运行和规划、设计之中。包括钢铁工业在内的流程制造业有着形式各异的企业,但这些企业有着共同的特征,即这些制造流程动态运行的物理本质是：“‘物质流’在‘能量流’的驱动和作用下,沿着设定的‘流程网络’,按照设定的‘程序’作动态-有序运行”。制造流程动态运行的要素是“流”、“流程网络”和“运行程序”。制造流程不仅涉及产品制造,还涉及能源转换和耗散、过程排放与环境-生态等。在理论阐述的基础上,讨论了钢铁制造流程动态运行的6条规则,这将对工程规划、设计,企业生产运行及其信息化、绿色化具有引导性。强调指出：制造流程是复杂的、动态的、整体性的工程系统,是多因子、多尺度、多单元、多层次整合-集成而成的整体,具有涌现性而非简单加和性。对制造流程而言,一切都是过程及其集成,一切都是开放-动态的过程并可形成结构不同的流程系统,其动态运行过程的实质是不同耗散结构中的耗散过程。     

粗煤气铁矿颗粒床高温除尘联产直接还原铁工艺及估算

在煤灰熔点高于直接还原铁还原温度200℃的条件下,以直接还原竖炉作为移动颗粒床除尘器为核心技术的3段连续除尘,以铁矿煤球团为直接还原铁原料和移动颗粒床除尘颗粒,粗煤气显热可以直接用于生产直接还原铁。粗煤气显热约占煤炭气化热值的13%,估算联产直接还原铁显热利用效率可达70%以上,与现有的粗煤气废锅发电比,综合热效率提高约2倍,直接还原铁能耗303kg（C）/t.Fe,可以实现温室气体近零排放,减排CO₂约1.7t/t.Fe。可以在不减少粗煤气化学热能（H₂+CO）,联产直接还原铁的同时解决粗煤气的高温除尘与净化问题。     

304不锈钢精密钢带表面“炉灰”缺陷分析

 在304不锈钢精密带光亮退火生产环节，钢带表面易出现金属粉的现象，导致产品表面质量存在不稳定性。针对304不锈钢精密钢带表面出现的“炉灰”缺陷，利用扫描电子显微镜观察其形貌，并用能谱仪对缺陷处局部成分进行了点扫描和面扫描检测。结果表明，304精密钢带“炉灰”缺陷微观形貌为白色微颗粒。结合能谱微区分析结果和相关研究分析，推测“炉灰”缺陷主要是由于304不锈钢基体组织中硼元素质量分数过高，钢带在光亮退火过程中硼原子易与保护气氛中分解的活性较高的氮原子结合，生成氮化硼析出而形成的。通过控制不锈钢基体中硼元素质量分数不大于0.001 5%，从而达到有效降低304不锈钢精密钢带“炉灰”缺陷的目的。     

流态化技术在熔融还原工艺中的应用

介绍了FINEX、FINMET、Circored和HIsmelt等几种典型熔融还原工艺采用流化床处理粉铁矿的技术及特点。总结了熔融还原中采用流化床处理粉铁矿应遵循的原则。参考国内外有关流化床处理粉铁矿的实践经验,提出了一种采用流化床处理粉铁矿的熔融还原炼铁新工艺流程,按照冶金功能分为4个系统:使用约800℃的还原煤气生产还原度约80%的DRI的流态化预热预还原系统;直接使用粉煤、高温高预还原度炉料、纯氧冶炼,二次燃烧率控制在20%左右的铁浴终还原系统;具有调节和变换终还原高温煤气和循环使用炉顶煤气功能的煤气改质系统;解决输出煤气利用的综合利用系统。     

氢气还原氧化铁动力学的非等温热重方法研究

 用非等温热重分析法对氢气还原不同粒度细微氧化铁的动力学进行了研究。研究表明：铁矿粉粒度越小,起始反应温度越低,反应速度越快,反应达到平台期时所对应的还原率越高;平均粒度为3.5 mm的铁矿粉在400 ℃还原反应开始,700 ℃左右开始反应加快,达到平台期时的还原率为77%,而平均粒度为2 μm的铁矿粉在100 ℃已经开始反应,350 ℃反应加快,达到平台期时的还原率为98%,而且在600 ℃时还原率就达到了100%;铁矿粉粒度从3.5 mm降到2 μm后,还原反应的表观活化能从73.3 kJ/mol降低到30.46 kJ/mol;同时通过分析氢气还原氧化铁的反应机理得出,内扩散和界面化学反应均对整个反应过程起限制作用。     

Reduction behaviour of agglomerated iron ore nuggets by devolatisation of high-ash,high-volatile lignite coal for pig iron production

High-quality coking coals all over the world are gradually approaching extinction. These days, steel industries are trying to focus more on the utilisation of non-coking grades of coal. The present work involving high-ash, high-volatile lignite coal can be used indirectly in iron-making processes. Direct use is not possible due to low amount of carbon and high value of ash. High ash content leads to huge sulphur content, and this leads to high cost involvement in secondary processes. On the other hand, huge amount of iron ore fines are generated during mechanised mining, sizing, screening, transportation, beneficiation and sintering processes. Iron ore nuggets are formed from inferior quality iron ore fines using suitable binders with the applied pressure. Mechanical properties of iron ore nuggets are also assessed through shatter and abrasion test. A furnace was designed, to indirectly utilise high-ash, high-volatile lignite coal, for pre-reduction iron ore nuggets. Iron ore nuggets were partly reduced by CO, H₂ and fine carbon produced from volatilisation of coal. Optimized pre-reduced nuggets, having high mechanical stability was directly charge in the raising hearth furnace for pig iron production.     

Utilisation of low-grade raw materials for preparation of reactive catalysed-coke for blast furnace application

In this work, a method for producing highly reactive catalysed coke from medium and non-coking coal using low-grade iron ore fines as a catalyst through two different alternate routes, namely carbonisation in a stamp charge coke oven and carbonisation in a horizontal tube furnace was attempted. Phenolic resin and petroleum pitch were individually experimented as a binding material to get adequate strength. Effect of process parameters such as coal-to-iron ratio, briquetting load, binder quantity and coking to non-coking coal ratio on the coke properties such as reactivity and mechanical strength was investigated. The SEM and petrography analysis of catalysed coke were used to study the microstructure and its effects on reactivity.     

煤粉含碳球团炼铁半工业试验

作者提出一种以非焦煤和含煤球团为原料,用煤粉化铁炉连续生产铁水的方法。该工艺由煤粉,空气在前炉中旋转燃烧供热,燃烧产生的高温煤气经过火道进入竖炉,逆流预热预还原冷固结含煤球团,预还原后的球团在竖炉下部和火道中熔化,过热并进行终还原,最后流入前炉完成渣—铁分离。在已完成的半工业试验中,冶炼耗煤量为916 kg/t铁水,耗电量为80 kwh/t铁水,生产率为6 t铁水/(m~3·d)。本工艺可发展成一种只用非焦煤和铁精矿粉生产铁水的生产工艺。     

Kinetics of Reaction between Iron Ore Fines and Coal or Char Fines

Iron ore fines and coal fines can be made to react to produce direct reduced iron (DRI) fines. There are three ways to achieve the reactions, namely, (a) using homogeneous mixtures, (b) arranging the ore and coal fines in separate but adjacent layers and (c) by fluidizing a mixture of iron ore fines and coal fines by air. This paper mainly discusses the work done by the author and his coworkers on the kinetic aspects of reactions in such systems.     

Dissolution Kinetics of Iron from Low-Grade Mn Ore and Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology

In this study an attempt has been made to increase Mn/Fe ratio in dump Manganese ore fines so that it can be used for the production of ferromanganese. For this purpose non-coking coal was used as reductant and dilute hydrochloric acid as leaching medium for the roasted ore. The effects of acid strength, leaching time, leaching temperature, stirring speed, ore particle size and pulp density have been studied. The dissolution of iron follows the kinetic model 1 ? 2x/3 ? (1 ? x)^2/3 = k_dt. Thus product layer diffusion is the controlling mechanism and the activation energy has been determined to be 26.23 kJ/mol at 40–95 °C. Another set of experiments have been conducted according to 2³ full factorial design, and regression equation for iron dissolution has been developed.     

Interrelation between kinetics of reduction and volume change during formation of directly reduced iron rod

A kinetic study on reduction has been carried out by heating a central column of blue dust (a fine variety of iron ore) surrounded by a concentric layer of non-coking coal fines in the temperature range of 1173- 1323 K. The temperature of the periphery of blue dust column is kept constant at the temperature of experimentation, however, the temperature of the interior of the cylindrical column increases with time of residence and the change in volume of the reaction mass occurs. The loose column of blue dust gets reduced, consolidated and sintered to produce directly reduced iron rod (DRIR). The work also comprises studies concerning the effect of volume change on the reduction kinetics. The reduction phenomena are very much influenced by the change in volume of reaction mass. The kinetics of reduction shows an agreement with Ginstling-Brounshtein model whereas the kinetics of change in volume is interpreted using Johnson-Mehl equation. The rate constants k₁ and k₂ derived from kinetic analysis of reduction and volume change respectively are shown to be linearly interrelated till the change in volume with respect to the original volume becomes more or less constant.     

配加铁矿粉对铁焦微观结构及性能的影响

 为了研究在炼焦过程中配加铁矿粉对焦炭性能的影响,在气煤中配加0、5%和10%的铁矿粉炼制铁焦,采用I-型转鼓、差热分析仪、SEM、XRD和光学显微镜对铁焦的强度、反应性、微观结构、微晶结构和光学组织进行研究,并采用Coats-Redfern方法计算气化反应的动力学参数。结果表明,在气煤中配加铁矿粉可以有效提高铁焦的转鼓强度及反应性,随着铁矿粉配比的增加,铁焦的堆垛高度[Lc]值逐渐减小,石墨化程度降低,并且铁焦的气孔逐渐减小,且附着于气孔表面的铁原子密度增大,出现成片含铁区域,焦炭结构中各向同性结构和镶嵌结构减少,残炭结构增多。根据动力学分析可知,配加0、5%和10%的铁矿粉制得的铁焦,其活化能分别为228.4、235.5和256.7 kJ/mol,并且发现表观活化能与指前因子具有动力学补偿作用。     

Kinetics of Reduction of Iron Oxide in Mixtures of Oxide and Carbon: A Critical Appraisal

In the area of alternative ironmaking, processes using mixtures of fines of iron ore with fines of carbonaceous material (coal/char/coke) have become popular and are growing. For about three decades the present author and his co-workers carried out several investigations on kinetics of various aspects of reduction of iron oxide and gasification of carbon, including reduction in mixtures and in composite pellets of fines of iron oxide/ore and graphite/char/coal. The present paper is a brief and critical review, primarily on the basis of the above studies. It is contended that the issues focused here are relevant even now.     

利用高含碳金属化团块实现高炉炼铁的节焦

 高炉炼铁是主要的铁水生产工艺,低焦比炼铁一直是高炉节能的重要指标。研究了高含碳金属化团块在高炉中的应用,以达到节约焦炭的目的。利用超细氧化铁粉和非焦煤煤粉为原料在管式加热炉中通过直接还原制备了碳质量分数为15.6%的高含碳金属化团块;在模拟高炉环境的条件下,考察了团块质量变化、团块部分反应后抗碎强度变化和团块微观结构变化;利用自制的热重装置考察了团块内碳的气化动力学;以试验结果为基础,结合高炉数学模型,对利用高含碳金属化团块实现高炉炼铁节约焦炭的效果进行了定量分析。试验结果表明,在高炉环境下,团块部分反应后抗碎强度可以保持在1 200 N/个以上,团块的反应主要为碳溶损反应,且团块有较高的CO₂反应性。对2 500 m3高炉的模拟结果表明,在高炉的含铁炉料层中添加质量分数为5%的高含碳金属化团块,生产率可以提高419 t/d,生产1 t铁水可以节约焦炭11.3 kg,且高炉的操作参数不需要进行调整。     

Smelting reduction in iron baths

A joint venture between Klöckner-Werke and CRA was formed to work out the application of coal injection into the iron bath to smelting reduction. In the Hlsmelt process of CRA smelting reduction of prereduced fine ore is to be carried out directly in the iron bath. Post combustion, different coal grades, and metallurgical reactions were investigated in a pilot plant. Reduction of iron ore fines to wustite was tested in laboratory scale.