CaF2对褐铁矿型红土镍矿真空焙烧及碳热还原的影响

以CaF₂为添加剂，探究了褐铁矿型红土镍矿在真空条件下焙烧对产物物相及碳热还原的影响。通过XRD、SEM、EDS和化学分析等手段，对焙烧后产物的物相以及还原后富镍铁剩余物中物相的种类进行分析。真空焙烧结果表明：在10~50 Pa的真空条件下焙烧，物料的形态（即焙烧温度）对焙烧结果影响较大，在未熔化的物相中Ni和Fe的最大富集程度分别仅有1.84%和53.10%，而在物料熔化后聚集的NiFe₂O₄、Fe₂O₃中，Ni、Fe的最大富集程度分别达到67.35%和75.16%。热力学分析和还原结果表明：CaF₂在反应过程中会与原料中的Fe、Ni反应形成FeF₂、FeF₃、NiF₂等低熔点共熔体促进物料熔化，加速反应物的传质与传热，有效促进Ni、Fe的团聚，另外，添加CaF₂对真空碳热还原褐铁矿型红土镍矿剩余物的物相没有明显影响；褐铁矿型红土镍矿最佳的还原条件为还原温度1 450 ℃、CaF₂添加量5%，还原后Ni、Fe的回收率分别达到99.05%和88.23%。     

微波场中铌酸铁碳热还原反应等温动力学分析

本文将微波加热与铌酸铁碳热还原特性进行结合,探究铌酸铁在微波场中的还原反应等温动力学,通过分析微波升温至不同温度后的铌酸铁碳热还原产物,确定了不同温度下的还原反应步骤及还原产物微观样貌,并且通过热重分析及41中动力学模型函数对比拟合确定微波场中铌酸铁的反应机理函数,确定了其温度和反应速率的关系式。研究结果表明：微波加热下的铌酸铁的还原步骤为Nb₂O₅→Nb0₂→Nbc,微观组织样貌以球体或长方体的形式存在,通过动力学分析可知,微波场中铌酸铁碳热还原的表观活化能为134.6KJ/mol,反应模型为收缩球体模型：。     

褐铁矿微波还原焙烧-磁选单因素实验研究

针对褐铁矿铁品位难提高的问题, 采用“微波还原焙烧-磁选”工艺, 将褐铁矿还原成磁铁矿, 弱磁选后获得高品位磁铁精矿。采用SEM和XRD检测方法, 研究了褐铁矿微波焙烧过程中的矿相演变规律, 同时采用单因素实验方法, 重点考察了保温时间、焙烧温度、配碳量以及磁选电流和磨矿细度对焙烧矿磁选结果的影响。结果表明:随着温度升高, 褐铁矿逐渐还原为磁铁矿, 加热到570~650 ℃时, 生成大量磁铁矿, 750 ℃下焙烧矿烧结严重, 并产生大量弱磁性的硅酸亚铁, 不利于后续磁选。单因素实验结果及分析表明, 褐铁矿微波还原焙烧-磁选最佳工艺条件为:保温时间7.5 min, 焙烧温度650 ℃, 配碳量1.40%, 磁选电流0.6 A, 磨矿细度-0.044 mm。最终获得的铁精矿品位、回收率及产率分别为61.33%、75.11%和40.17%, 达到了炼铁生产入炉要求。     

微波还原对硫铁矿烧渣磁选的影响

用微波还原焙烧的方法对硫铁矿烧渣进行了磁化改性,考察了微波还原对后续烧渣弱磁选过程的影响。结果表明,微波还原焙烧比传统的碳热还原工艺更快捷高效,微波场中影响磁化改性的关键因素是还原温度和促进剂的用量,还原剂用量的影响不明显。当还原温度500 ℃、促进剂用量10%时,还原焙烧后磁选烧渣得到的精矿Fe品位可达61.56%、回收率86.13%,取得了较好效果。     

辉钼矿微波氧化焙烧法制备三氧化钼

为研究微波焙烧辉钼矿的可行性及氧化焙烧机理,选取品位为64.68%的高品位辉钼矿进行介电特性、微波焙烧工艺以及物相演变规律研究。采用谐振腔微扰法分析辉钼矿介电特性;采用XRF、XRD及SEM等分析手段分别对样品的成分、物相、微观形貌等进行表征。结果表明,辉钼矿为强吸波物质,焙烧过程中微波选择性地优先加热MoS_2和FeS;最佳工艺条件为焙烧温度550℃、保温时间120min、物料厚度4mm;在最佳工艺条件下,焙烧产物中Mo的含量达到84.25%,产物物相为MoO_3,焙烧过程中,物相变化遵循MoS_2→MoO_2→MoO_3的规律。该研究可为辉钼矿氧化焙烧提供新思路。     

贵州某红铁矿微波磁化焙烧试验

采用微波加热还原技术,对贵州某红铁矿进行了磁化焙烧试验,研究了焙烧温度、配碳量和焙烧保温时间对焙烧矿磁化率的影响。试验结果表明：在温度为700 ℃,配碳量为10%,焙烧时间为80 min的条件下,焙烧矿磁化率为2.324 7,接近理论值2.333 2。     

复合钠盐法处理印尼某红土镍矿研究

针对印尼某红土镍矿的组成及结构特点,运用还原焙烧—浸出—磁选法综合利用红土镍矿。在配料中使用添加剂硫酸钠和碳酸钠改善还原焙烧性能,并考察了硫酸钠和碳酸钠配比(S/C)、配煤量、焙烧温度以及焙烧时间对镍铁精矿中镍品位以及镍回收率的影响。结果表明,当红土矿、硫酸钠、碳酸钠和煤的质量比为100∶14∶8∶8,焙烧温度为1 200℃以及焙烧时间为80 min时,可以得到品位为4.59%,镍收率为88.58%的镍铁精矿。该工艺流程能够高效富集红土镍矿中的Ni、Fe、Al等有价金属元素,实现了红土镍矿资源的高效综合利用。     

辉钼矿介电特性及微波氧化焙烧工艺研究

为研究微波焙烧辉钼矿可行性及氧化焙烧机理,选取品位为64.68%的高品位辉钼矿进行介电特性、微波焙烧工艺以及物相演变规律研究。采用谐振腔微扰法分析辉钼矿介电特性;采用XRF、XRD及SEM对样品的成分、形貌、物相等进行表征。结果表明：辉钼矿为强吸波物质,焙烧过程中微波选择性的优先加热MoS2和FeS;最佳工艺条件为焙烧温度550 °C,保温时间120 min,物料厚度<4 mm,焙烧产物中Mo的含量达到84.25%;在最佳工艺条件下,产物物相为MoO3,焙烧过程中物相变化遵循MoS2→MoO2→MoO3的规律。本研究为辉钼矿氧化焙烧提供新思路。     

微波加热技术在典型冶金工艺中的应用研究进展

阐述了微波加热的基本原理,讨论了矿物在微波场中的升温特性和吸波特性。微波在矿物处理方面的应用研究进展,主要包括微波预处理、微波干燥、微波焙烧、微波碳热还原、微波辅助浸出等典型冶金工艺的研究现状。分析了目前微波加热技术在典型冶金工艺中的应用与研究进展,并对微波加热技术在冶金工艺中的应用前景进行了展望。     

氯化钙作用下镁质贫镍红土矿选择性富集镍的研究

采用还原焙烧-磁选工艺, 对氯化钙作用下镁质贫镍红土矿选择性富集镍进行了研究, 考察了还原温度、还原时间、还原剂用量和氯化钙用量对富集镍的影响。结果表明, 在还原温度1 200 ℃、还原时间40 min、还原剂和氯化钙用量均为8%的条件下, 可获得镍品位8.67%、回收率92.01%的镍铁精矿; 相比于直接还原焙烧-磁选, 加入8%氯化钙后使镍的富集比由3增加到11, 显著提高了镍的富集效果。磁选产品物相分析显示, 镍主要以铁纹石形式存在于精矿中, 通过磁选实现了对镍铁精矿与脉石的有效分离。     

Microwave carbothermic reduction roasting of a low grade nickeliferous silicate laterite ore

The known resources of nickel sulphide ores are quickly diminishing and in order to satisfy future nickel demands, nickel laterite deposits are being investigated as an alternative. Currently, expensive leaching and smelting processes are used to process the nickel laterite ores. The objective of the present research was to produce a high grade nickel concentrate via microwave carbothermic reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation. A thermodynamic model was developed for the roasting process in order to determine the optimum experimental conditions. The experimental variables investigated were: microwave energy and argon shrouding for the reduction tests and the magnetic field strength for the concentration stage. The behaviours of nickel and cobalt were studied in the reduction and magnetic separation processes. By optimizing the reducing and magnetic separation conditions, a high grade concentrate containing 9.2% nickel with a nickel recovery of 88.8% was achieved.     

某褐铁矿微波磁化焙烧-弱磁选试验

以河南义马褐煤为还原剂,对印尼某褐铁矿进行微波磁化焙烧-弱磁选试验,主要考察了焙烧时间、焙烧矿磨矿细度及磁场强度对精矿指标的影响。试验结果表明：在还原剂配加量为5.4%、微波功率为1 kW的固定条件下,当焙烧时间为45 min（终点温度840 ℃）、焙烧矿磨矿细度为-200目占97.17%（-325目占82.03%,-400目占64.15%）、磁场强度为150 kA/m时,可获得铁品位为57.28%、铁回收率为83.95%的铁精矿。试验中发现,微波焙烧产品可以很容易就被磨得很细。     

赤铁矿微波还原焙烧-弱磁选工艺研究

以活性炭为还原剂, 氩气为保护气, 采用微波还原焙烧的方法, 将3种低品位赤铁矿还原为磁铁矿, 并研究了微波还原焙烧温度、碳含量、保温时间及微波输出功率对其磁选指标的影响规律。结果发现: 相同质量3种赤铁矿进行微波还原焙烧, 随配碳量的增加, 其升温速率加快, 且3种赤铁矿具有相似的微波还原焙烧规律, 即: 在570～650 ℃、理论配碳量、微波输出电压220 V及保温10 min的条件下, 其还原产物弱磁选后的品位和回收率均达到最佳, 且磁铁精矿经细磨-二次磁选后, 铁品位均能提高到60％以上。该研究对开发低品位赤铁矿的选冶技术新流程有重要的指导意义。     

Microwave pretreatment of a double refractory gold ore

Double refractory gold ores, such as Barrick’s Goldstrike ore, contain both pyrite and carbonaceous matter and the latter results in the loss of gold from solution during cyanide leaching. One possible remedy is to roast the ore and thus oxidize the pyrite and remove the organic carbon. In this research, microwave roasting of a double refractory gold ore was investigated as an alternative method and the results were compared to those obtained by conventional roasting.The compositional changes of the ore during roasting were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Also, both the real and the imaginary permittivities, which determine the amount of energy absorbed by the ore and the heating rate of the ore respectively, were evaluated. In addition, the microwave heating behaviour was studied. Conventional and both direct and indirect microwave roasting tests were performed and in all the cases, the pyrite was readily converted into hematite. Direct microwave roasting could not remove the organic carbon. Indirect microwave roasting was conducted using magnetite as a susceptor and preg-robbing was eliminated when about 94% of the organic carbon was removed. For both conventional and indirect microwave roasting, gold recoveries of over about 98% were achieved after cyanide leaching. For microwave roasting, both the total carbon removal rates and the heating rates were higher and the specific energy consumptions were lower than the corresponding values for conventional roasting.     

微波焙烧在难选铁矿中的应用前景

由于微波加热具有加热速度快、反应灵敏、加热均匀、热效率高等优点,近几年在化学、化工和矿业方面的应用正逐渐开展。随着我国对铁矿石资源的需求越来越大,微博能在矿冶领域中潜在的重大作用越来越引起人们的高度重视。结合当前微波应用现状,阐述了微波焙烧在难选铁矿中的研究,重点介绍了微波在赤（褐）铁矿中研究现状,并指出微波在难选铁矿中的发展前景及研究趋势,同时对微波应用的前景进行展望。通过批量生产和技术提升大幅度降低工业用微波源的生产成本,从而降低微波高温设备的制造成本,微波高温设备将取代传统高温设备的市场,逐渐成为主流。      

Microwave roasting of a carbonaceous sulphidic gold concentrate

Gold ores containing carbonaceous matter and sulphidic minerals are generally referred to as double refractory. Extraction of the gold from such ores usually requires an oxidation step to both liberate the ultra-fine gold from the matrix of the sulphides and remove the carbon that preg-robs the dissolved gold. In this investigation, a double refractory flotation concentrate was microwave roasted to oxidize both the sulphides and the carbonaceous matter. The concentrate was characterized by thermogravimetric and infrared analysis and the microwave absorbtion characteristics were quantified by determining the permittivities. The microwave heating behaviour studies showed that the sample temperature increased with increasing incident microwave power, processing time and sample mass. Due to the hyperactive response of the concentrate to the microwaves, a low incident power of 600 W was found to be suitable for roasting, as higher powers resulted in sintering and melting of the concentrate. The gold extraction values after cyanidation were over 96% and these were similar to those obtained by conventional roasting. The main advantages of microwave roasting were that both the total carbon removal rates and the heating rates were higher and the specific energy consumptions were lower than in conventional roasting.     

Use of oxidation roasting to control NiO reduction in Ni-bearing limonitic laterite

Use of limonitic laterite as an iron source in conventional ironmaking is restricted due to its gangue composition and small particle size. Even direct reduction cannot effectively produce direct reduced iron (DRI) because NiO would be reduced together with iron oxide to form Fe–Ni. A small amount of Ni (about 2 wt.%) in DRI degrades the physical properties of final steel products. The current study investigated how oxidation roasting of limonitic laterite ores affected NiO reduction, with the goal of producing Ni-free DRI and Ni-bearing slag. Ni-bearing slag can be a good secondary Ni resource. Oxidation roasting made NiO inert under H₂ reduction at 900 °C by forming Ni-olivine. Optimum roasting temperature was proposed by examining phase transformation of limonitic laterite ores during heating and by FactSage calculation of the equilibrium Ni fraction in Ni-bearing phases. Furthermore, the effect of Mg–silicate forming additives on the control of NiO reducibility was clarified to maximize the suppression of NiO reduction. Among various additives such as MgSiO₃, Mg₂SiO₄ and Fe–Ni smelting slag, Ni-free olivine-typed flux was found to be the most effective form of Ni-olivine because Ni–Mg ion exchange between Ni-bearing phase and Ni-free olivine occurs more readily than other Ni-olivine formation schemes. Finally, the mechanism of Ni-olivine formation during roasting was studied using a diffusion couple test. Calculated diffusivity values of Ni in Mg₂SiO₄ indicated that the two major routes of Ni-olivine formation while roasting limonitic laterite ore are (1) Ni partitioning within Mg–Ni silicate before crystallization and (2) Ni diffusion from spinel to Ni free olivine after crystallization.     

Thermodynamic analysis of the carbothermic reduction roasting of a nickeliferous limonitic laterite ore

As the sulfide ore deposits become less economically viable as a source of nickel, increasing attention is being paid to the nickeliferous laterite ores. However, in contrast to the sulfide ores, these oxide ores cannot be as easily concentrated by current technologies. Consequently, considerable research effort is being directed at developing new techniques for beneficiating the nickeliferous laterites. The pyrometallurgical production of a high-grade ferronickel alloy using a low cost carbonaceous reductant at relatively low temperatures is particularly attractive. In the current research, a thermodynamic model has been developed to aid in the understanding of the carbothermic reduction roasting process as a potential upgrading method for the nickeliferous limonitic laterite ores. The effects of process parameters such as temperature and reductant to ore ratio on the grade of the ferronickel alloy produced and the nickel recovery in the alloy have been studied. The thermodynamic predictions are shown to be in general agreement with the experimental results currently available in the literature.     

Activation pretreatment of limonitic laterite ores by alkali-roasting method using sodium carbonate

Activation pretreatment of Cr-containing limonitic laterite ores by Na₂CO₃ roasting to remove Cr and Al, as well as its effect on Ni and Co extraction in the subsequent pressure acid leaching process were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric (TG), and scanning electron microscopy/X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/XEDS) techniques were used to characterize the laterite ores and the water leaching residues of alkali roasting and found that goethite is the major Ni-bearing mineral and chromite the minor one. Alkali-roasting pretreatment breaks the mineral lattices of the laterite, exposing their Ni and Co, which leads to higher extraction of these two metals under milder operation conditions in the subsequent pressure acid leaching process. Experimental results showed that the leaching of Cr and Al were up to 99 wt% and 80 wt%, respectively, under optimal alkali roasting and water leaching conditions. Compared with the direct pressure acid leaching of the raw laterite ores, leaching of Ni and Co increased from 79.96 wt% to 97.52 wt% and 70.02 wt% to 95.33 wt%, respectively, after alkali-roasting activation pretreatment was performed. Meanwhile, the grade of acid leaching iron residues increased from 55.31 wt% to 62.92 wt%, and these residues with low Cr content could be more suitable as the raw materials for iron-making.     

基于BP神经网络技术的红土镍矿还原焙烧-磁选工艺条件的优化

还原焙烧—磁选工艺可有效提取红土镍矿中的镍和铁等有价金属，由于影响红土镍矿还原焙烧—磁选效果的因素较多，导致工业生产中的选矿指标不稳定。为进一步提高还原焙烧—磁选工艺处理红土镍矿的效果，本研究以青海某镍矿为原料，采用正交试验与BP神经网络相结合的方法，对还原焙烧—磁选工艺的还原剂用量、焙烧温度、料层厚度、焙烧时间及磁场强度等因素进行了优化。结果表明:通过BP神经网络模型优化后的试验条件为还原剂用量9.5%、焙烧温度1 070℃、料层厚度10.0 mm、焙烧时间65 min及磁场强度2.5 kA·m-1，在此条件下可获得产率为30.29%的镍粗精矿，比采用正交试验最优因素组合条件所得的镍粗精矿产率提高了2.83%。