Quasi-cyclic LDPC codes for fast encoding

In this correspondence we present a special class of quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes, called block-type LDPC (B-LDPC) codes, which have an efficient encoding algorithm due to the simple structure of their parity-check matrices. Since the parity-check matrix of a QC-LDPC code consists of circulant permutation matrices or the zero matrix, the required memory for storing it can be significantly reduced, as compared with randomly constructed LDPC codes. We show that the girth of a QC-LDPC code is upper-bounded by a certain number which is determined by the positions of circulant permutation matrices. The B-LDPC codes are constructed as irregular QC-LDPC codes with parity-check matrices of an almost lower triangular form so that they have an efficient encoding algorithm, good noise threshold, and low error floor. Their encoding complexity is linearly scaled regardless of the size of circulant permutation matrices.     

一种高码率低复杂度准循环LDPC码设计研究

该文设计了一种特殊的高码率准循环低密度校验(QC-LDPC)码,其校验矩阵以单位矩阵的循环移位阵为基本单元,与随机构造的LDPC码相比可节省大量存储单元。利用该码校验矩阵的近似下三角特性,一种高效的递推编码方法被提出,它使得该码编码复杂度与码长成线性关系。另外,该文提出一种分析QC-LDPC码二分图中短长度环分布情况的方法,并且给出了相应的不含长为4环QC-LDPC码的构造方法。计算机仿真结果表明,新码不但编码简单,而且具有高纠错能力、低误码平层。     

A novel construction scheme of QC-LDPC codes based on the RU algorithm for optical transmission systems

A novel lower-complexity construction scheme of quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes for optical transmission systems is proposed based on the structure of the parity-check matrix for the Richardson-Urbanke (RU) algorithm. Furthermore, a novel irregular QC-LDPC(4 288, 4 020) code with high code-rate of 0.937 is constructed by this novel construction scheme. The simulation analyses show that the net coding gain (NCG) of the novel irregular QC-LDPC(4 288,4 020) code is respectively 2.08 dB, 1.25 dB and 0.29 dB more than those of the classic RS(255, 239) code, the LDPC(32 640, 30 592) code and the irregular QC-LDPC(3 843, 3 603) code at the bit error rate (BER) of 10-6. The irregular QC-LDPC(4 288, 4 020) code has the lower encoding/decoding complexity compared with the LDPC(32 640, 30 592) code and the irregular QC-LDPC(3 843, 3 603) code. The proposed novel QC-LDPC(4 288, 4 020) code can be more suitable for the increasing development requirements of high-speed optical transmission systems.     

光通信系统中基于伽罗华域乘群的QC-LDPC码的一种新颖构造方法

基于Galois域GF(q)乘群,提出了一种构造简单且编码容易实现的新颖准循环低密度奇偶校验(QC-LDPC)码构造方法,可灵活地调整码长、码率,且编译码复杂度低。用本文方法构造了适用于光通信系统的非规则QC-LDPC(3843,3603)码,仿真表明,与已广泛用于光通信系统中的经典RS(255,239)码相比,用本文方法构造的码具有更好的纠错性能,且其性能优于用SCG方法构造的LDPC码和规则的QC-LDPC(4221,3956)码,适合用于高速长距离光通信系统。     

改进型多元QC-LDPC码的构造及其在PDM-CO-OFDM系统中的应用

位长度相同的多元LDPC(NB-LDPC)码优于相应的二 元LDPC(B-LDPC)码,但是它的实现复杂度相对较高。为了降低NB- LDPC码的实现复杂度,提高系统的编码增益,利用置换多项式的方法对一般多元准循 环LDPC(NB-QC-LDPC)码进行改进,并将改进后的NB-QC-LDPC码应用于基于偏振复用的 相干光正交频分复用(PDM-CO-OFDM)系统中,详细研究了其传输性能。仿真结果表明:基于GF(4) QC-LDPC 编码的系统性能 明显优于相应的B-QC-LDPC编码的系统性能,而且基于改进型GF(4) QC-LDPC编码的 系统与 一般GF(4) QC-LDPC编码的系统相比,其误码性能可改善0.65dB, 频谱效率提高了2.16bit/s/Hz,抑制信道色散能力和运转复杂度也 均得到了改善。     

基于改进2-DGRS码的QC-LDPC码高效构造

利用GRS(generalized reed-solomon)码的生成多项式提出了基于改进的2-D GRS(two-dimensional GRS)码设计和构造QC-LDPC(quasi-cyclic low density parity-check)码的方法,使所构造的码具有较好的译码性能。同时在码的构造过程中,考虑到了准双对角线结构和合适的度分布。不同码率的LDPC码用于和新设计的QC-LDPC码进行测试和比较。实验结果表明,所提出的码构造方法可加快LDPC码校验矩阵的构造,同时基于所提出方法构造的QC-LDPC码可提高译码性能,并降低编码复杂度。     

High-Rate Quasi-Cyclic Low-Density Parity-Check Codes Derived From Finite Affine Planes

This paper shows that several attractive classes of quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes can be obtained from affine planes over finite fields. One class of these consists of duals of one-generator QC codes. Presented here for codes contained in this class are the exact minimum distance and a lower bound on the multiplicity of the minimum-weight codewords. Further, it is shown that the minimum Hamming distance of a code in this class is equal to its minimum additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) pseudoweight. Also discussed is a class consisting of codes from circulant permutation matrices, and an explicit formula for the rank of the parity-check matrix is presented for these codes. Additionally, it is shown that each of these codes can be identified with a code constructed from a constacyclic maximum distance separable code of dimension 2. The construction is similar to the derivation of Reed-Solomon (RS)-based LDPC codes presented by Chen and Djurdjevic Experimental results show that a number of high rate QC-LDPC codes with excellent error performance are contained in these classes     

Quasi-cyclic LDPC codes using overlapping matrices and their layered decoders

Quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have the parity-check matrices consisting of circulant matrices. Since QC LDPC codes whose parity-check matrices consist of only circulant permutation matrices are difficult to support layered decoding and, at the same time, have a good degree distribution with respect to error correcting performance, adopting multi-weight circulant matrices to parity-check matrices is useful but it has not been much researched. In this paper, we propose a new code structure for QC LDPC codes with multi-weight circulant matrices by introducing overlapping matrices. This structure enables a system to operate on dual mode in an efficient manner, that is, a standard QC LDPC code is used when the channel is relatively good and an enhanced QC LDPC code adopting an overlapping matrix is used otherwise. We also propose a new dual mode parallel decoder which supports the layered decoding both for the standard QC LDPC codes and the enhanced QC LDPC codes. Simulation results show that QC LDPC codes with the proposed structure have considerably improved error correcting performance and decoding throughput.     

LDPC block and convolutional codes based on circulant matrices

A class of algebraically structured quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and their convolutional counterparts is presented. The QC codes are described by sparse parity-check matrices comprised of blocks of circulant matrices. The sparse parity-check representation allows for practical graph-based iterative message-passing decoding. Based on the algebraic structure, bounds on the girth and minimum distance of the codes are found, and several possible encoding techniques are described. The performance of the QC LDPC block codes compares favorably with that of randomly constructed LDPC codes for short to moderate block lengths. The performance of the LDPC convolutional codes is superior to that of the QC codes on which they are based; this performance is the limiting performance obtained by increasing the circulant size of the base QC code. Finally, a continuous decoding procedure for the LDPC convolutional codes is described.     

Efficient encoding of low-density parity-check codes

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes can be considered serious competitors to turbo codes in terms of performance and complexity and they are based on a similar philosophy: constrained random code ensembles and iterative decoding algorithms. We consider the encoding problem for LDPC codes. More generally we consider the encoding problem for codes specified by sparse parity-check matrices. We show how to exploit the sparseness of the parity-check matrix to obtain efficient encoders. For the (3,6)-regular LDPC code, for example, the complexity of encoding is essentially quadratic in the block length. However, we show that the associated coefficient can be made quite small, so that encoding codes even of length n≃100000 is still quite practical. More importantly, we show that “optimized” codes actually admit linear time encoding     

Construction of nonsystematic Low-Density Parity-Check codes based on Symmetric Balanced Incomplete Block Design

This paper studies the nonsystematic Low-Density Parity-Check（LDPC）codes based on Symmetric Balanced Incomplete Block Design（SBIBD）.First,it is concluded that the performance degradation of nonsystematic linear block codes is bounded by the average row weight of generalizedinverses of their generator matrices and code rate.Then a class of nonsystematic LDPC codes constructed based on SBIBD is presented.Their characteristics include：both generator matrices and parity-check matrices are sparse and cyclic,which are simple to encode and decode;and almost arbitrary rate codes can be easily constructed,so they are rate-compatible codes.Because there are sparse generalized inverses of generator matrices,the performance of the proposed codes is only 0.15dB away from that of the traditional systematic LDPC codes.     

High-Rate Nonbinary Regular Quasi-Cyclic LDPC Codes for Optical Communications

The parity-check matrix of a nonbinary (NB) low-density parity-check (LDPC) code over Galois field GF(q) is constructed by assigning nonzero elements from GF(q) to the 1s in corresponding binary LDPC code. In this paper, we state and prove a theorem that establishes a necessary and sufficient condition that an NB matrix over GF(q), constructed by assigning nonzero elements from GF(q) to the 1s in the parity-check matrix of a binary quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC code, must satisfy in order for its null-space to define a nonbinary QC-LDPC (NB-QC-LDPC) code. We also provide a general scheme for constructing NB-QC-LDPC codes along with some other code construction schemes targeting different goals, e.g., a scheme that can be used to construct codes for which the fast-Fourier-transform-based decoding algorithm does not contain any intermediary permutation blocks between bit node processing and check node processing steps. Via Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrate that NB-QC-LDPC codes can achieve a net effective coding gain of 10.8 dB at an output bit error rate of 10^-12. Due to their structural properties that can be exploited during encoding/decoding and impressive error rate performance, NB-QC-LDPC codes are strong candidates for application in optical communications.     

NEW CONSTRUCTIONS OF LDPC CODES BASED ON CIRCULANT PERMUTATION MATRICES FOR AWGN CHANNEL

Two new design approaches for constructing Low-Density Parity-Check （LDPC） codes are proposed. One is used to design regular Quasi-Cyclic LDPC （QC-LDPC） codes with girth at least 8. The other is used to design irregular LDPC codes. Both of their parity-check matrices are composed of Circulant Permutation Matrices （CPMs）. When iteratively decoded with the Sum-Product Algorithm （SPA）, these proposed codes exhibit good performances over the AWGN channel.     

Novel construction of quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check codes with variable code rates for cloud data storage systems

This paper proposed a novel method for constructing quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes of medium to high code rates that can be applied in cloud data storage systems, requiring better error correction capabilities. The novelty of this method lies in the construction of sparse base matrices, using a girth greater than 4 that can then be expanded with a lift factor to produce high code rate QC-LDPC codes. Investigations revealed that the proposed large-sized QC-LDPC codes with high code rates displayed low encoding complexities and provided a low bit error rate (BER) of 10⁻¹⁰ at 3.5 dB E_b/N₀ than conventional LDPC codes, which showed a BER of 10⁻⁷ at 3 dB E_b/N₀. Subsequently, implementation of the proposed QC-LDPC code in a software-defined radio, using the NI USRP 2920 hardware platform, was conducted. As a result, a BER of 10⁻⁶ at 4.2 dB E_b/N₀ was achieved. Then, the performance of the proposed codes based on their encoding–decoding speeds and storage overhead was investigated when applied to a cloud data storage (GCP). Our results revealed that the proposed codes required much less time for encoding and decoding (of data files having a 10 MB size) and produced less storage overhead than the conventional LDPC and Reed–Solomon codes.     

高性能时不变LDPC卷积码构造算法研究

该文基于由QC-LDPC码获得时不变LDPC卷积码的环同构方法,设计了用有限域上元素直接获得时不变LDPC卷积码多项式矩阵的新算法。以MDS卷积码为例,给出了一个具体的构造过程。所提构造算法可确保所获得的时不变LDPC卷积码具有快速编码特性、最大可达编码记忆以及设计码率。基于滑动窗口的BP译码算法在AWGN信道上的仿真结果表明,该码具有较低的误码平台和较好的纠错性能。     

一种基于循环移位矩阵的LDPC码构造方法

具有准循环结构的低密度奇偶校验码(QC-LDPC Codes)是目前被广泛采用的一类LDPC码。本文提出了一种结合PEG算法构造基于循环移位矩阵的QC-LDPC码的方法。该方法首先将QC-LDPC码传统的基于比特的二分图简化为基于Block的二分图,然后在该图中采用PEG算法遵循的环路最大原则确定每一个循环移位矩阵的位置,最后根据QC-LDPC码的环路特性为每一个循环移位矩阵挑选循环移位偏移量。利用该算法,本文构造了长度从1008bit到8064bit,码率从1/2到7/8各种参数的LDPC码。仿真结果表明,本文构造的LDPC码性能优于目前采用有限几何、两个信息符号的RS码、组合数学等常用的代数方法构造的QC-LDPC码。     

A combining method of quasi-cyclic LDPC codes by the Chinese remainder theorem

In this paper we propose a method of constructing quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes of large length by combining QC-LDPC codes of small length as their component codes, via the Chinese remainder theorem. The girth of the QC-LDPC codes obtained by the proposed method is always larger than or equal to that of each component code. By applying the method to array codes, we present a family of high-rate regular QC-LDPC codes with no 4-cycles. Simulation results show that they have almost the same performance as random regular LDPC codes.     

多信源多中继编码协作系统准循环LDPC码的联合设计与性能分析

为解决多信源多中继低密度奇偶校验(LDPC)码编码协作系统编码复杂度高、编码时延长的问题,该文引入一种特殊结构的LDPC码—基于生成矩阵的准循环LDPC码(QC-LDPC)码。该类码结合了QC-LDPC码与基于生成矩阵LDPC (G-LDPC)码的特点,可直接实现完全并行编码,极大地降低了中继节点的编码时延及编码复杂度。在此基础上,推导出对应于信源节点和中继节点采用的QC-LDPC码的联合校验矩阵,并基于最大公约数(GCD)定理联合设计该矩阵以消除其所有围长为4, 6(girth-4, girth-6)的短环。理论分析和仿真结果表明,在同等条件下该系统的误码率(BER)性能优于相应的点对点系统。仿真结果还表明,与采用显式算法构造QC-LDPC码或一般构造QC-LDPC码的协作系统相比,采用联合设计QC-LDPC码的系统均可获得更高的编码增益。     

QuaSi-Systematic Block-Circulant LDPC codes

A class of Quasi-Systematic Block-Circulant Low-Density Parity-Check （QSBC-LDPC） codes is proposed. Block-circulant LDPC codes have been studied a lot recently, because the simple structures of their parity-check matrices are very helpful to reduce the implementation complexities. QSBC-LDPC codes are special block-circulant LDPC codes with quasi-systematic parity-check matrices. The memories for encoders of QSBC-LDPC codes are limited, and the encoding process can be carried out in a simple recursive way with low complexities. Researches show that the QSBC-LDPC codes can provide remarkable performances with low encoding complexities.     

Shortened Array Codes of Large Girth

One approach to designing structured low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes with large girth is to shorten codes with small girth in such a manner that the deleted columns of the parity-check matrix contain all the variables involved in short cycles. This approach is especially effective if the parity-check matrix of a code is a matrix composed of blocks of circulant permutation matrices, as is the case for the class of codes known as array codes. We show how to shorten array codes by deleting certain columns of their parity-check matrices so as to increase their girth. The shortening approach is based on the observation that for array codes, and in fact for a slightly more general class of LDPC codes, the cycles in the corresponding Tanner graph are governed by certain homogeneous linear equations with integer coefficients. Consequently, we can selectively eliminate cycles from an array code by only retaining those columns from the parity-check matrix of the original code that are indexed by integer sequences that do not contain solutions to the equations governing those cycles. We provide Ramsey-theoretic estimates for the maximum number of columns that can be retained from the original parity-check matrix with the property that the sequence of their indices avoid solutions to various types of cycle-governing equations. This translates to estimates of the rate penalty incurred in shortening a code to eliminate cycles. Simulation results show that for the codes considered, shortening them to increase the girth can lead to significant gains in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the case of communication over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel