国外激光链路中继卫星系统的发展与启示

激光链路中继卫星系统是指以激光波束为媒介,为低轨信息获取类卫星提供高速数据传输服务的卫星系统。国外已开展了多次星间、星地激光通信实验,已由强度调制/直接探测通信体制过渡到相位调制/相干解调通信体制,通信速率可达5.6 Gbps。卫星激光通信正向更高通信速率、组网应用、终端小型化、轻量化方向发展。在系统分析欧洲、日本、美国等国家典型星间、星地激光通信实验和中继卫星发展计划的基础上,讨论了激光链路中继卫星系统的发展趋势,总结得到对发展我国激光链路中继卫星系统的若干启示。     

QPSK空间相干激光通信仿真与实验北大核心CSCD

相干激光通信因其具有高通信速率、复杂编码格式、极高灵敏度,已成为星间高速数据通信的重要技术之一。本文设计了一种QPSK空间相干激光通信系统链路,给出发射端二进制电信号到激光载波相位的调制映射表,和接收端激光载波相位到二进制电信号的解调映射表。对设计的空间相干激光通信系统链路进行数字化仿真,以星座图的EVM作为核心指标衡量系统性能,仿真分析接收端入射光功率、接收端光放大器噪声系数等因素对EVM的影响。根据仿真结果搭建相应通信链路,在输入光功率为-45 dBm、-48.5 dBm时,经测试得到相应星座图EVM分别为17.8%、24.4%,与仿真结果较符合。     

空间激光通信网络中的全光相位再生技术

围绕空间激光通信网络中高速数据多跳传输应用需求,针对相位调制激光链路经过空间长距离传输后信号质量劣化的问题,研究了基于相位敏感四波混频参量效应实现二进制相位调制高速激光信号的全光相位再生技术。利用Matlab软件数值分析了全光相位再生系统的影响因素,并基于OptiSystem仿真平台搭建了全光相位再生系统。结合高轨-地面站空间激光通信系统链路预算,对速率为10 Gbit/s的DPSK信号光经背靠背、相位噪声劣化以及劣化后全光相位再生处理三种传输场景进了对比分析。模拟仿真结果与数值分析结果均表明,与劣化后未经再生处理的系统相比,全光相位再生处理后的系统误码率平均优化4个数量级,信噪比提升约3 dB,表明该空间激光通信全光相位再生技术可实现相位调制信号的全光相位再生,能够有效提升空间相干激光通信系统的性能,可以应用于空间高速激光通信网络中继节点处的全光数据中继等方向。     

基于数字相干体制的激光测距数传一体化技术研究与实现

针对传统微波测控通信系统通信速率与测量精度难以同时进一步提升的问题,提出了一种光载波下基于调相体制的高精度测距、测距与通信一体化方法,利用QPSK数字相干激光通信速率高的特点,设计综合信息帧格式,结合双向单程测距与非相干测速,在单个光载波下通过激光通信中的再生时钟得到比特相位级高精度测距信号,实现激光高速通信与高精度测量的一体化,提高信道的集成度。研制了包含两套光学天线及终端的原理样机,验证了星间双向非相干激光链路统一测控与星地双向非相干激光链路统一测控模式,结果表明,在1 550 nm波长无线光信道条件下,测距随机差（1σ）≤1 cm（0.78 cm @6 kHz多普勒动态）,测速随机差（1σ）≤1 cm/s（0.221 cm/s @ 6 kHz多普勒动态）,误码率≤1×10-9狜10 Gb/s单通道传输速率的性能指标,可为激光统一测控系统及激光星间链路设备等提供技术支撑。     

多调制格式兼容的空间激光高速通信调制仿真与实验研究

为了顺应自由空间光通信多调制格式兼容的趋势,改善系统灵活性差、成本较高等问题,提出一种基于双IQ调制器的多调制格式兼容的激光通信发射方案。首先,基于Optisystem软件建立系统模型仿真分析,所得眼图和星座图验证了所提方案的正确性;然后,研制了多调制格式兼容发射硬件,并实验研究了调制格式的兼容性、可切换性和通信性能。实验结果表明:所设计硬件兼容发射OOK、BPSK、DPSK、QPSK、PM-DQPSK 5种调制格式;速率分档可调,最高可达40 Gbit/s;当发射端产生40 Gbit/s PM-DQPSK调制格式信号时,在离线接收条件下,误码率为10-7时的灵敏度达到-39.8 d Bm。通信调制仿真及实验结果验证了所设计方案的可行性,所得到结果也为空间激光通信系统设计提供了技术参考。     

共路外差干涉测量液晶空间光调制器相位特性

为了对液晶空间光调制器进行高精度的校准, 使其满足线性相位调制的应用需求, 采用共路外差干涉法测量了液晶空间光调制器的相位调制特性, 分析了实验系统的测量原理, 取得了液晶空间光调制器相位调制量随输入灰度值变化的实验数据, 并进行了线性校准。结果表明, 实验中所用的液晶空间光调制器的最大相位调制量为2.55π, 利用反插值法对20~240灰度范围内的相位调制曲线进行线性校正后的理论相位调制曲线非常接近理想线性曲线, 相位调制曲线与理想线性调制曲线的相关系数可达0.9996;该测量方法可克服传统测量方法对图像处理的依赖性, 具有较高的测量精度, 相位调制量直接通过锁相放大器就可获得。该研究为基于液晶空间光调制器的高精度波前校正和精密测量提供了参考。     

带有前置EDFA卫星相干激光通信终端的信噪比分析

卫星激光通信链路是一项实现卫星大规模星座组网的关键技术。相干激光链路灵敏度高、抗背景干扰、速率升级空间大,在星间激光链路中应用广泛。文章建立了带有前置掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)的卫星相干激光通信终端的信噪比分析模型,仿真分析了EDFA功率增益、EDFA噪声系数、本振光功率、信号光功率、光放后端光带宽、基带前端电带宽对终端输出信噪比的影响以及各种输出噪声功率占比的情况,得到了带有前置EDFA卫星相干激光通信终端的信噪比参数特性。     

基于相位调制器的宽带窄线宽的线性调频激光源的产生

提出了一种基于相位调制器(PM)和可调谐光滤波器产生线性调频激光信号的方法。该方法利用带有基频的微波线性调频信号作为相位调制器的驱动信号,窄线宽的激光种子源经相位调制器调制后产生一系列的宽带线性调频激光信号。通过可调谐光滤波器抑制其他边带保留所需阶次的线性调频激光信号。实验结果表明:当光滤波器保留正二阶调频激光信号时,获得了调频带宽为2 GHz、调频速率为6 THz/s的线性调频激光信号。在观测时间为1 ms时,测得的线性调频激光信号的瞬时线宽为3.2 kHz。该方法结构简单,易于实现,并且对调频连续波激光雷达、相干光谱分析等测量应用有重要意义。     

极化调制技术在EDGE系统中的应用

研究近年来应用在无线移动通信系统的极化调制技术,从介绍极化调制技术发展现状开始,分析了极化调制技术的基本工作原理,研究了极化调制的核心技术——功率放大器将幅度信号和相位信号合并为调制信号,通过信号合成分析及数学解析,提出了极化调制器关键技术的设计实现方法及其性能测试结果,结果表明极化调制技术能够实现EDGE系统通信终端高线性度和高功效的要求。     

相位型光寻址空间光调制器稳定性分析

基于光寻址空间光调制器的等效电路仿真及稳定性测试实验,对纯相位型光寻址空间光调制器的稳定性进行分析和优化。结果表明,光阀液晶层的电压脉冲波形会引起光寻址空间光调制器对读出光的相位调制波动,而驱动电压频率与写入光强度同时影响相位调制波动幅度及相位调制量。由实验测量得到的光寻址空间光调制器的相位改变量曲线可知:当驱动电压周期比响应时间小95%时,最大相位改变量对应的相位波动率减小为0.35%,但此时相位调制能力仅为0.8λ;通过优化光寻址空间光调制器驱动条件参数,可获得1λ的相位调制能力,同时最大相位改变量对应的相位波动率为1%。     

Millimeter-wave amplitude-phase modulator

A millimeter-wave amplitude-phase modulator, using Fox's (polarization) principle of phase changing has been developed. Using this modulator, it is possible to perform the following types of phase modulation: binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), differential QPSK (DQPSK), π/4-DQPSK with peak phase error 5° (rms error: 2°), and peak amplitude error 2% (rms error: 1%) in the frequency range of 36-37.5 GHz. The achievable switching time is less than 35 ns. A low level of insertion loss (1 dB) is achieved. The modulator is able to switch up to 25 dBm of RF power. This modulator can also be used for changing the amplitude of the output wave from 0 to -6 dB with an accompanying phase modulation less than 3°. The modulator is suitable for use in high-speed millimeter-wave communication systems     

Optical Communication Using Subcarrier PSK Intensity Modulation Through Atmospheric Turbulence Channels

This paper studies optical communications using subcarrier phase shift keying (PSK) intensity modulation through atmospheric turbulence channels. The bit error rate (BER) is derived for optical communication systems employing either on/off key (OOK) or subcarrier PSK intensity modulation. It is shown that at BER = 10^-6 and a scintillation level of sigma = 0.1, an optical communication system employing subcarrier BPSK is 3 dB better than a comparable system using fixed-threshold OOK. When sigma = 0.2, an optical communication system employing subcarrier BPSK achieves a BER = 10^-6 at SNR = 13.7 dB, while the BER of a comparable system employing OOK can never be less than 10^-4. Convolutional codes are discussed for optical communication through atmospheric turbulence channels. Interleaving is employed to overcome memory effect in atmospheric turbulence channels. An upper bound on BER is derived for optical communication systems employing convolutional codes and subcarrier BPSK modulation.     

LDPC-Coded Optical Coherent State Quantum Communications

The problem of communication using optical coherent quantum states, in the presence of background radiation, is considered. Two modulation formats are studied, on-off keying (OOK) and M-ary pulse-position modulation (PPM). The bit-error-rate performance improvement due to low-density parity-check coding is reported. For OOK, it is assumed that the coherent state signal has a random phase. For an average number of noise photons N = 0.1, the required number of signal photons per information bit is six in the case of coded quantum OOK. For the same level of noise (N = 0.1) and assuming that signal phase is known, coded 16-ary PPM requires only 1.21 of signal photons per information bit.     

Decision-directed burst-mode carrier synchronization techniques

A decision-directed, digitally implemented carrier synchronizer for channels with both frequency and phase uncertainty is presented. This combined algorithm and its derivatives are analyzed with respect to the achievable carrier acquisition time and the resulting bit error probability. For certain data rates (approximately 50 MSps or less), this algorithm can be implemented using CMOS gate array technology. As examples BPSK and QPSK modulation formats are studied herein and compared to their differentially coherent counterparts of DPSK and DQPSK     

Integrated Balanced BPSK and QPSK Modulators for the Ka-Band

Microwave integrated circuit (MIC) balanced biphase-shift-keying (BPSK) and quadri-phase-shift-keying (QPSK) modulators have been achieved in the 27-GHz band. The modulators are fabricated using a combination of microstrip lines and slot lines, viz., tow-sided MIC. The diodes used are beam-lean Schottky-barrier diodes. Balanced BPSK modulation is performed by path-switching and mode transformation from the slot line to microstrip lines. The insertion loss is 2.2 dB at a carrier frequency of 27 GHz. The phase error and the amplitude deviation are less than 1° and 0.5 dB, respectively. The QPSK modulator consists of two BPSK modulators, a power divider, and a branch-line hybrid coupler. The configuration of the modulator is the parallel-connected type. The insertion loss is 6.3 dB at a carrier frequency of 27 GHz. The phase error is less than 2°, and the rise time and fall time of the modulated earner are less than 300 ps. The isolation between the carrier input port and the QPSK modulated earner output port is greater than 25 dB. These modulators can be extended to the millimeter-wave band.     

Significant performance advantage of electroabsorption modulatorintegrated distributed feedback laser (EML) transmitter in transportingmulticarrier QAM signals

Data are presented that show that, for transporting quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) radiofrequency (RF) subcarriers in suboctave frequency range, electroabsorption modulator integrated distributed feedback lasers (EMLs) can he modulated with significantly higher (2.5 times) modulation index without any in-band signal distortion as compared to the directly or externally modulated (using LiNbO₃ MZ modulator) distributed feedback (DFB) laser transmitters in the 1.55-μm band. This occurs when the selection of frequency range and biasing the modulator section of an EML is such that the third-order intermodulation distortion is suppressed and the second-order distortion is outside the in-band frequency range. We have used an equivalent of 64- and 256-QAM 40 carriers in 550-800 MHz with the test carrier modulated with 5.063 M symbols per second. For a given bit error rate (BER), the receiver sensitivity was as much as 4 dB (optical) higher with an EML-based transmitter compared to all other transmitters. The results are presented for QAM signals but they are equally applicable for other formats of digital modulation of RF carriers, such as quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) in suboctave frequency range     

BPSK and QPSK non‐linear satellite communication system performance in the presence of cochannel interference

Taking the uplink and downlink cochannel interference and noise into account, the analytical expressions are derived for determining the bit error probability in detecting a binary phase‐shift‐keying (BPSK) and a quaternary phase‐shift‐keying (QPSK) Gray coded signal, transmitted over a satellite system exhibiting amplitude modulation‐to‐amplitude modulation (AM/AM) conversion effects and amplitude modulation‐to‐phase modulation (AM/PM) conversion effects. On the basis on the derived theoretic formulae, using real‐life system parameters, numerical results are obtained and presented. We point out the explicit comparisons of satellite communication system performance obtained when a satellite transponder amplifier is modelled by a hard‐limiter and those obtained when both AM/AM and AM/PM non‐linearities of the satellite transponder amplifier are taken into consideration. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Effects of Transponder Imperfections on the Error Probability Performance of a Satellite Communication System

The bit error rate (BER) performance analysis of a data communication system is generally based on the assumption that signal waveforms are ideal and hardware-induced distortion is absent. In a satellite communication system, such distortion arises in the satellite repeater, as well as in the transmitter and receiver portions. NASA, which is in the process of developing its Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS), is very much interested in understanding the impact of numerous hardware constraints, that have been identified, on BER performance. The present paper, which treats one segment of this broad problem area, examines the cumulative impact of nine forms of distortion induced by the repeater on BPSK and QPSK signals. These include frequency offset, filter amplitude and phase ripple, phase noise, spurious phase modulation (PM), AM/AM and AM/PM conversion, incidental AM, and spurious outputs. For the present analysis, the transmitter and receiver are assumed to operate in essentially ideal fashions and thermal noise is introduced at the receiver front end only. Computed results indicate that BPSK and QPSK performances are impacted in substantially different manners, with QPSK generally more sensitive to a given form of distortion. One noteworthy example is the combined impact of the phase noise and spurious PM parameters which affect BPSK only slightly, but lead to very rapid QPSK performance degradation as the parameter values increase. This and the other distortion effects are illustrated via computed parametric performance curves. Results also demonstrate the need to account for interactions among distortion parameters.     

Performance of MMSE Receiver Based CDMA System with Higher Order Modulation Formats in a Fading Channel

This paper studies the effect of using higher order modulation formats on the performance of minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) receiver based direct-sequence (DS) code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems at different loading levels in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and slow fading channels. The performance of BPSK, QPSK, and 16QAM modulation formats are compared and analytical and simulation results are presented in terms of the bit error rates (BER) for these different modulation formats. A comparison of the rejection of the near-far effects for each modulation scheme is also presented. The main contribution of this paper is in showing that user capacity may be increased by using higher order modulation schemes to cause the MMSE receiver to operate away from the interference limiting region. In particular it is shown that under high loading levels, 16QAM outperforms QPSK and BPSK for identical bandwidth and information rate, while at moderate loading levels, QPSK represents the best option. A combination of pilot symbol assisted modulation (PSAM) and linear prediction are used to estimate the fading process. A general structure of the MMSE receiver capable of demodulating a wide range of digital modulation formats in this type of environment is presented.     

An analysis and a dynamic testing method of microwave QPSK modulation

Using the clockwise or anticlockwise stepping pulse code signal, the characteristics of general quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation are analysed. This paper gives the spectrums in several operational conditions and the admittance formulas of related two modulation circuits. Several typical examples of QPSK modulation are calculated. The modulation effect and the phase error can be decided and the QPSK modulator under the dynamic test may be adjusted by using above results. The experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical calculations. An X-band QPSK modulator is also presented. The maximum phase error is less than 4°, the phase accuracy near ±0.1°, the insertion loss less than 4 dB and the data (transfer) rate up to 68 Mb/s.