基于保护环的ATM多播树自愈机制

本文提出了一种采用预设计的方法生成可恢复ＡＴＭ多播树的自愈机制,该机制考虑了多播树的任何单链路和单节点失效两种情况,多播树的所有链路都包含在不同的保护环中,点相邻的保护环通过不经过公共点的接通路径相连,节点检测到失效时,只需激活相应的保护环和接通路径即可。仿真结果验证了该机制的有效性和可靠性。     

基于保护环的ATM多播树自愈机制

本文提出了一种采用预设计的方法生成可恢复ATM多播树的自愈机制,该机制考虑了多播树的任何单链路和单节点失效两种情况.多播树的所有链路都包含在不同的保护环中,点相邻的保护环通过不经过公共点的接通路径相连.节点检测到失效时,只需激活相应的保护环和接通路径即可.仿真结果验证了该机制的有效性和可靠性.     

基于关键节点和多播节点的多播路由算法

在视频会议等多播应用中，降低多播树网络费用非常重要。本文提出了基于关键节点和目的节点的多播路由KDDMC算法。由于在算法中优先考虑采用关键节点，实现更多链路的共享，从而降低网络费用。在随机网络上的仿真结果表明，KDDMC算法的多播树网络费用优于SPH算法。同时证明了KDDMC算法的复杂度为O(n^3)，且利用所提出的路由表算法易于分布式实现。     

加权的基于多播节点的多播路由算法

在许多多播应用中,降低多播树网络费用非常重要.本文提出了加权的基于多播节点的多播路由算法（WDDMC算法）.由于改变了DDMC（Destination-Driven routing for low-cost Multicast ）算法中的指示函数,适当降低了多播节点作为中间节点的优先级,提高非多播节点作为中间节点的优先级,从而使得多播树更接近最小Steiner树.在随机网络上的仿真结果表明,WDDMC算法的多播树网络费用优于DDMC算法.该算法的复杂度与DDMC算法完全相同.     

基于双向共享树的MPLS多播流聚合算法

可扩展性是影响多播在MPLS网络大规模使用的主要问题,为解决该问题提出了一种基于双向共享树的多播流聚合算法.它根据节点之间的关系计算多播流的可聚合度,然后将标记边缘路由器聚类生成共享树的叶子节点集,并由树管理服务器计算双向共享树的拓扑结构,最后将可聚合度大于指定阈值的多播流汇聚到树中.实验结果表明,该算法可以大幅缩小MPLS标记的占用,简化中间节点的处理过程,减少路由器的转发状态,大大提高了MPLS多播的可扩展性.     

无线Mesh网络可靠多播路由

无线Mesh网络多播路由是无线路由必须解决的关键技术。部分研究者对网络资源和服务质量（QoS）进行研究,提出了建立最短路径树、最小开销树、负载感知、信道分配多播等多播算法;有的算法考虑链路可靠性,建立备用路径。将结合网络资源和可靠性对多播路由算法进行研究,提出了建立可靠多播树（RT,Reliable Tree）的多播路由算法：可靠多播树是一个多树结构,由一棵首选多播树和一棵多径树构成,多径树提供可靠多路径,以提高网络吞吐量。     

KPP算法在城市地下管网中的应用

针对地下管网"一到多"的特点,利用多播路由的思想,在MapInfo中实现KPP算法,开发出城市地下管网地理信息系统GIS(Geographic Information System).仿真结果表明,KPP算法在构造生成树的过程中动态调整路径的选取,尽可能共享网络中的链路,并对所构造的生成树进行进一步调整优化,从而得到一棵满足最短路径和较小的生成树.     

KPP算法在城市地下管网中的应用

针对地下管网“一到多”的特点,利用多播路由的思想,在Maplnfo中实现KPP算法,开发出城市地下管网地理信息系统GIS（Geographic Information System）。仿真结果袁明,KPp算法在构造生成树的过程中动态调整路径的选取。尽可能共享网络中的链路,并对所构造的生成树进行进一步调整优化,从而得到一棵满足最短路径和较小的生成树。     

最小代价多播生成树的快速算法

本文针对MPH（Minimum Path Cost Heuristic）等多播最小生成树算法存在的问题，通过改进最短路径节点的搜寻过程，以较小的存储空间为代价，获得了计算效率很高的快速最小代价多播生成树算法FMPH（Fast Minimum Path Cost Heuristic），且获得多播生成树与MPH算法完全相同，随机网络模型的仿真结果表明：FMPH算法快速、稳定，是一种值得推广使用的高效算法。     

基于滑动区域的粒子群虚拟网节能映射算法

针对传统虚拟网节能映射中存在的节点映射分散、链路映射跳数多等问题,利用虚拟网请求的最小生成树拓扑将节点和链路同时映射,该文提出了基于滑动区域的粒子群虚拟网节能映射算法(EVNE_SRPS)。当一个虚拟网请求到达时,生成其最小生成树拓扑,根节点为路径和最短的节点;在底层网络随机选取多个区域作为粒子对象,并在区域中心映射虚拟网请求的最小生成树拓扑;计算粒子的适应度,求出群体和个体最优解,并在最优解的指导下确定滑动方向、更新区域位置,经过迭代后得到虚拟网的映射方案。实验结果表明,与现有算法相比,该算法降低了网络能耗,提高了运营商的收益成本比。     

One-to-many multicast restoration based on dynamic core-based selection algorithm in WDM mesh networks

This paper proposes a novel dynamic core-based selection (DCS) algorithm for the multicast restoration in WDM mesh networks. The core-based fault tolerance scheme provides a flexible way to control a number of core nodes with less control overheads for searching the routing path, wavelength assignment (RWA), and restoration paths when fault occurs in the one-to-many multicast domain. Compared with the source-based scheme, core-based schemes are easier to maintain, and specifically scalable in large-scale topologies. In the core-based fault tolerance scheme, k-tuple domination nodes are selected to form a minimum sized vertex subset such that each vertex in the graph is dominated by at least k vertices, where the k is defined as two in this paper. The proposed DCS algorithm is defined as each node in multicast tree session must be directly connected to at least one core node in multicast tree session and also has to be directly connected to at least one core node out of multicast tree session. The primary aim of this work is to provide the scalable and fast local survivability based on the information from core nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the Dual Tree and MRLR algorithms in terms of total hop counts needed for all recovery paths and blocking probability for different network topologies.     

A novel dynamic Multiple Ring-based Local Restoration for point-to-multipoint multicast traffic in WDM mesh networks

Optical networks with DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex) can provide multiple data channels to supply high speed, high capacity to perform bandwidth-intensive multicast transmission service. Light-tree is a popular technique applied to support point-to-multipoint multicast services. Any failure during a multicast session would cause severe service loss or disruptions, especially when the faults occur near the source node. A novel ring-based local fault recovery mechanism, Multiple Ring-based Local Restoration (MRLR), for point-to-multipoint multicast traffic based on the minimum spanning tree (MST) in WDM mesh networks is proposed in this article. The MRLR mechanism dismembers the multicast tree into several disjoint segment-blocks (sub-trees) and reserves preplanned spare capacity to set up multiple protection rings in each segment-block for providing rapid local recovery. The MRLR scheme outperforms other methodologies in terms of the blocking probability, recovery time, and average hop count of protection path per session for different network topologies.     

Restricted dynamic Steiner trees for scalable multicast in datagramnetworks

The paper addresses the issue of minimizing the number of nodes involved in routing over a multicast tree and in the maintenance of such a tree in a datagram network. It presents a scheme where the tree routing and maintenance burden is laid only upon the source node and the destination nodes associated with the multicast tree. The main concept behind this scheme is to view each multicast tree as a collection of unicast paths and to locate only the multicast source and destination nodes on the junctions of their multicast tree. The paper shows that despite this restriction, the cost of the created multicast trees is not necessarily higher than the cost of the trees created by other algorithms that do not impose the restriction and therefore require all nodes along the data path of a tree to participate in routing over the tree and in the maintenance of the tree     

An overview of p-cycle based optical multicast protection approaches in mesh WDM networks

This paper provides an overview of p-cycle based optical multicast protection approaches for link failure recovery, combined node and link failure recovery, and source failure recovery on top of combined node and link failure recovery. We discuss several recently proposed p-cycle based optical multicast protection approaches, including the link-protecting p-cycle based optical multicast protection approach, the tree-protecting p-cycle based optical multicast protection approach, node-and-link protecting p-cycle based optical multicast protection approach, and flow p-cycle based optical multicast protection approach. They outperform other existing optical multicast protection approaches in both capacity efficiency and recovery speed.     

基于网络编码的双路径组播树生成算法

 为了将网络编码技术引入到全光组播网络中,提出了能够在多项式时间完成的基于网络编码的双路径组播树生成算法.该算法主要包括两大步骤:首先,从给定的组播网络中根据节点间度平衡的原则为源节点和每个目的节点之间确定一条有向路径,从而建立一棵传统有向树并保证有向树中任意节点的出度尽可能小,减少节点之间的关联性;其次,在所建立的传统有向树的基础上,从每一个目的节点到源节点根据冲突回溯原则建立源节点和每个目的节点之间的第二条路径,并保证源节点到任意目的节点间的两条路径为分离路径.算法中包含的约束原则能够保证所建立的双路径组播树包含最少的编码节点,从而使得所建立的组播树支持光域网络编码高效率实现,实现基于网络编码的全光组播并提升全光组播的性能.     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的核心群合并共享树组播算法

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,该文提出了一种低树代价的组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)算法,包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法基于逻辑位置形成的虚拟静态、结构规则的网络拓扑选择核节点。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的传输带宽利用率和组播传输效率。最后,与低轨卫星IP网络中的其他几种典型算法进行了性能对比,仿真结果说明,CCST算法的树代价性能比其它算法有较大改善,而端到端传播时延略高。     

A scalable multicast routing protocol for building shortest path trees

Scalability is a great concern in the design of multicast routing protocols for the global Internet. Building shortest path trees (SPT) is currently one of the most widely used approaches to supporting multicast routing because of the simplicity and low per‐destination cost of such trees. However, the construction of an SPT typically involves high protocol overhead, which leads to the scalability problem as the number of concurrent multicast sessions increases. In this paper, we present a destination‐initiated shortest path tree (DSPT) routing protocol. The design objective is to effectively reduce the protocol overhead associated with SPT constructions for providing scalable multicast. To achieve this objective, we introduce destination‐initiated joining operations in constructing SPTs. With DSPT, each router receiving a request to join a specific multicast group makes a local decision on selecting its parent node through which it connects to the existing tree. A source‐rooted SPT is built as a result of such collaborative operations at nodes. DSPT requires only limited routing information at routers. Analytical results demonstrate that DSPT scales well with respect to computation, storage and communication overhead when the number of concurrent multicast requests is large. Simulation experiments are also conducted to verify the correctness of the theoretically deduced analytical results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Minimum coding nodes multicast tree for two-channel all-optical network coding scheme

A heuristic algorithm of establishing a minimum coding nodes multicast tree on which a two-channel all-optical network coding scheme can be performed is presented.To minimize the coding nodes,the heuri...     

ρp-Cycle based tree protection of optical multicast traffic for combined link and node failure recovery in WDM mesh networks

The extension of the p-cycle concept to tree protection enables p-cycles to protect the multicast traffic for combined link and node failure recovery. In this paper, we present an efficiency-score based heuristic algorithm of p-cycle based tree protection (ESHT). Simulation results show that the capacity efficiency of ESHT is close to that of optimal path pair (OPP) algorithm, while the blocking performance of ESHT is in between OPP-shared disjoint paths (OPP-SDP) algorithm and OPP shared disjoint segments (OPP-SDS) algorithm. However, p-cycle based protection approaches offer much faster restoration speed, because p-cycles are pre-cross-connected.     

Performance Evaluation of Optical Multicast Protection Approaches for Combined Node and Link Failure Recovery

Up to now, most research on optical multicast protection has been focused on link failure recovery, due to its predominance. Nevertheless, the impact of node failures is more severe, although they are less frequent. In a network, it might be less cost effective to implement dedicated protection approaches for separate link failure recovery and node failure recovery. A combined node and link failure recovery approach is more cost-effective and very crucial to network survivability. Hence, in this paper, we provide a detailed performance evaluation of several types of optical multicast protection approaches for 100% combined node and link failure recovery. The optical multicast protection approaches considered in this paper include the node-and-link protecting ${p}$-cycle based approach, the tree-protecting ${p}$ -cycle based approach and the optimal path pair based approach. Among them, the node-and-link protecting ${p}$-cycle based approach is newly proposed in this paper, which is a novel multicast application of previously reported ordinary ${p}$-cycle approach. Simulation results show that the integer linear programming based spare capacity optimization of node-and-link protecting ${p}$-cycle algorithm achieves the best capacity efficiency, for static traffic. For dynamic traffic, the efficiency-score based heuristic algorithm of node-and-link protecting ${p}$-cycle outperforms the other heuristic algorithms.