基于OFDM调制的可见光通信系统的导频设计

研究了基于正交频分复用(OFDM)调制的可见光通信(VLC)系统的导频设计方法.针对室内可见光通信信道特性,研究了导频数目对于信道容量的影响,从理论上给出了导频间隔与信道容量下界的关系式.在此基础上,建立了基于OFDM调制的可见光通信实验系统,并以上述理论关系式作为导频数目的设计依据.实验结果表明,随着导频间隔的变化,实验系统得到的系统频谱效率与理论给出的信道容量下界的变化趋势吻合,即文章提出的导频间隔与信道容量下界的理论关系式为可见光通信的最优导频间隔设计提供了理论依据.     

OFDM叠加导频联合信道估计和检测方法

针对现有正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM)系统信道估计和迭代检测算法中频谱效率低和鲁棒性差等问题,提出了一种基于酉近似消息传递和叠加导频的信道估计与联合检测方法。首先,在软调制/解调中叠加导频对正交幅度调制的星座点进行预处理,检测时将叠加的导频作为频域符号的先验分布,利用置信传播算法进行调制和解调,实现检测模型的简化。然后,应用因子图-消息传递算法对OFDM传输系统和信道进行建模和全局优化,引入酉变换加强信道估计算法的鲁棒性。最后,建立OFDM仿真环境对现有方法进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明,相对于现有的独立导频类算法,所提算法能够以相同复杂度显著提升OFDM系统的频谱效率和鲁棒性。     

基于分段混合调制的导频辅助块传输技术研究

在导频与数据时分复接的块传输系统中,无保护间隔系统具有最佳的数据传输效率,但工作在多径信道下时,该系统接收信号中导频和数据边缘混叠,接收机需要额外的干扰消除操作以精确分离二者。实际干扰消除算法都会存在一定误差,这种误差会降低信道估计算法的精度,进一步影响整个数据块的解调及解码,最后导致系统误码性能下降。该文提出一种分段混合调制方式：数据块中,可能与导频发生混叠的前后两端数据符号采用低阶调制;而中部依然采用高阶调制。仿真结果表明,在典型大延时多径信道下,分段混合调制系统误码性能明显优于传统无保护间隔的时分导频辅助块传输系统。     

基于Vogler模型的短波OFDM性能仿真

OFDM(正交多载波调制)是一种在无线环境下具有较高频谱利用率的多载波调制技术,它具有较强的对抗多径干扰和消除符号间干扰的能力.基于Vogler模型出发,根据实测的短波信道参数数据进行了OFDM系统仿真,同时,用导频辅助的方法对信道进行估计,并进行信道补偿,克服了短波信道的多径衰落和多普勒频移等因素的影响,有效降低了系统的误码率,提高了整个系统的性能.     

基于导频辅助的无循环前缀SFBC-OFDM系统

设计了一种基于导频辅助的无循环前缀空频分组编码-OFDM系统(Non-CP SFBC-OFDM).区别于传统的循环前缀空时分组编码-OFDM系统(CP STBC-OFDM),新系统发射端将块状导频序列和由空频分组编码构成的OFDM符号交替排布发射,并且每个OFDM符号前不再附加循环前缀,而接收端针对这一新的数据发射结构设计出一种基于干扰抵消的信号检测和信道估计联合递归算法.理论推导和仿真结果表明:相对于应用最小平方(LS)、迭代最小平方(iterative LS)的信道估计算法的循环前缀STBC-OFDM系统,引入联合递归算法的新系统可以得到更高的信息数据传输效率和更低的系统误比特率.     

CE-OFDM调制中继选择AF系统的误码性能

恒包络（CE）正交频分复用（OFDM）能够开发OFDM的优点,并能消除OFDM峰均功率比高、对功率放大器非线性失真敏感的缺点。反馈时延等因素会恶化采用OFDM调制的中继选择放大转发（AF）协作系统的误码性能。最小均方误差（MMSE）维纳信道预测器能够减轻反馈时延对无线系统误码性能的恶化。为此,提出了一种能够克服OFDM缺点和反馈时延影响的、采用CE-OFDM调制和MMSE信道预测的中继选择AF协作系统方案,并推导其在瑞利块衰落信道上矩形正交幅度调制下的平均误比特率（ABER）下界表达式。数值计算和仿真结果表明：当调制系数较小时,上述系统的ABER下界具有较高的准确性,可用于CE-OFDM调制和MMSE信道预测的中继选择AF协作系统的设计。     

OFDM无线多媒体系统中导频载波设计方法

提出了一种用于OFDM无线多媒体系统的导频符号设计方法,先根据系统性能要求确定信道估计误差方差的阈值;然后根据估计的导频载波信道增益和导频载波分布计算出数据载波的信道增益,并获得总载波信道估计误差方差;再比较该方差值与设定的门限值.通过随信道变化自适应调整导频载波,在信道深衰落时增加导频载波数,信道衰落低时减小导频载波数,既可保证业务传输质量的要求,又能提高系统频谱利用率.     

OFDM系统梳状导频的PAPR问题及解决方案

分析了梳状导频对OFDM信号PAPR的影响.特别指出,取值不当的导频符号,例如等值导频,会加剧OFDM信号的PAPR.OFDM系统发送端通常采用降低PAPR的技术.带有等值梳状导频的OFDM信号会发生更大的失真,从而降低系统性能.经过分析,提出应用Newmann相位旋转方案优化等值导频.优化后的导频既不会降低信道估计的精度也不会恶化PAPR.优化方法能够与具体的信道估计方法相结合,并且不会增加信道估计的复杂度.     

一种OFDM导频的信道估计算法的研究

提出了一种基于编码的OFDM系统的导频符号迭代辅助信道估计。利用信道解码器中的APP符号来形成虚拟的导频。与原有的信道估计算法相比,此种算法不仅在一般的信道条件下具有良好的性能,而且更加适合快变信道条件下的OFDM系统。仿真结果表明:提出的OFDM信道估计算法不仅可以给出精度较高的信道信息,而且近似达到EM信道估计的性能。     

一种新的OFDM后缀信号-PP

本文提出了一种可用于正交频分复用(OFDM)系统的新型后缀信号-导频后缀(PP:Pilot Postfix),并以此设计了PP-OFDM系统.PP信号由OFDM符号中的导频线性处理生成,它在接收端可以和OFDM符号中的导频相干合并.在此基础上本文给出了PP-OFDM信道估计、以及考虑了信道估值误差的数据符号估计算法.理论分析表明,相对于另外两种OFDM系统中常用的前/后缀信号-循环前缀/补零后缀(CP/ZP),PP信号可以提高信道估计性能.仿真表明,CP/ZP/PP-OFDM分别采用各自的最优导频功率分配参数时,PP-OFDM的误码率最低,这得益于PP-OFDM更好的信道估计性能.PP-OFDM的最优导频功率分配参数应通过二维搜索得到,ZP/PP-OFDM仅有一维参数可优化.     

On the effect of receiver estimation error upon channel mutual information

Our goal in this paper is to study the effect of the receiver structure upon the achievable data rates. We consider transmission of linearly precoded data symbols over a frequency selective block fading multiple input multiple output (MIMO) wireless channel. To encompass a number of transmission schemes, we study this problem utilizing affine precoding, which is a unified model of linearly precoded data symbols with superimposed training. We focus on Bayesian receivers that estimate both the unknown fading coefficients and the data symbols. The receiver may adopt either of the following strategies to retrieve the data symbols: strategy (i) the receiver obtains joint Bayesian channel and symbol estimates, strategy, (ii) the receiver obtains a Bayesian channel estimate initially and the channel measurement is utilized to estimate the data symbols. For both strategies, we provide lower bounds on the mutual information between the data symbols and their corresponding estimates, and we relate these bounds to the symbol Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) matrices. In contrast to strategy (ii), for strategy (i) the lower bound does not depend on either the channel estimate or the covariance of the channel estimation error. For strategy (ii) we show that asymptotically (as the size of the transmission block grows) there is no loss of information after the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of Gaussian symbols. We also provide guidelines to design affine precoders that maximize the derived lower bounds under the total average transmit power constraint.     

Highly Spectrally Efficient DWDM Transmission at 7.0 b/s/Hz Using 8 65.1-Gb/s Coherent PDM-OFDM

In this paper, we discuss the realization of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) transmission at high spectral efficiency. For this experiment, coherent polarization-division multiplexing--orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (PDM-OFDM) is used as a modulation format. PDM-OFDM uses training symbols for channel estimation. This makes OFDM easily scalable to higher level modulation formats as channel estimation is realized with training symbols that are independent of the constellation size. Furthermore, because of its well-defined spectrum OFDM requires only a small guard band between WDM channels. The dependence of the number of OFDM subcarriers is investigated with respect to the interchannel linear crosstalk. At a constant data rate the number of OFDM subcarriers is estimated to achieve lower linear crosstalk in order to achieve higher spectral efficiency. We then experimentally demonstrate dense WDM (DWDM) transmission with 7.0-b/s/Hz net spectral efficiency using 8 $,times,$65.1-Gb/s coherent PDM-OFDM signals with 8-GHz WDM channel spacing utilizing 32-quadrature-amplitude-modulation subcarrier modulation. Successful transmission is achieved over 240 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) spans with hybrid erbium-doped fiber amplifiers/Raman amplification.      

Capacity maximizing MMSE-optimal pilots for wireless OFDM over frequency-selective block Rayleigh-fading channels

The location, number, and power of pilot symbols embedded in multicarrier block transmissions over rapidly fading channels, are important design parameters affecting not only channel estimation performance, but also channel capacity. Considering orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with decoupled information-bearing symbols from pilot symbols transmitted over wireless frequency-selective Rayleigh-fading channels, we show that equispaced and equipowered pilot symbols are optimal in terms of minimizing the mean-square channel estimation error. We also design the number of pilots, and the power distributed between information bearing and pilot symbols, using as criterion a lower bound on the average capacity. Numerical results corroborate our theoretical findings.     

A Dynamic Optimal Pilot Design Method for OFDM Systems

Wireless communication systems are increasingly adopting orthogonal frequency division multiplexing to enable high data rate transmission. Such systems employ pilot symbols to estimate wireless channels. While pilot symbols facilitate channel acquisition, they consume part of bandwidth, which in turn reduces spectral efficiency. In this paper, a new pilot design method with virtual subcarriers is proposed. The pilots can be dynamic designed with the previous bit error rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The BER sectioned is utilized as the performance metric for the optimization of the total number of pilots. And then the proposed scheme maximizes a simple function relevant to SNR strategy based on the allocation of pilot locations. So the dynamic pilot design will optimize the total number and locations jointly and offer the potential of enhancing data rate while maintaining the quality of service in time-varying wireless channels. Comparing with the conventional pilot design which is commonly used in many protocols, the proposed scheme is more robust to the channel state, which could make good trade-off between data transmission efficiency and channel estimate accuracy.     

Joint channel estimation and data detection for high rate orthogonal time frequency space systems

This paper proposes a new pilot pattern in the delay-Doppler (DD) domain for the orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) system. In contrast to the embedded-pilot schemes, guard intervals are not used so as increase the spectral efficiency. Also, compared to the superimposed design where data symbols and pilots are arranged on the entire DD grid, in the proposed rearrangement, the number of pilots used is only spread over a subgrid of the DD grid. Hence, the interference of pilots with data symbols is reduced. Afterwards, an algorithm for channel estimation (CE) and symbol detection in the DD domain benefiting from the sparsity of the DD channel is designed. The sparse CE step is formulated as a specific marginalization of the maximum a posteriori (MAP) criterion by providing a Bayesian approach via the mean-field approximation that involves the variational Bayesian expectation maximization (VB-EM) algorithm. Detection of data symbols is done using a low complexity MP algorithm. We also propose an interference cancellation (IC) scheme to mitigate contamination of data by pilots that is run after each CE step. To achieve a high CE accuracy, based on the mean mutual incoherence property (MIP), a pilot optimization problem for OTFS is formulated and develop a simulated annealing-based algorithm to solve it. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves a good compromise between spectral efficiency, complexity, and performance in terms of bit error rate (BER) and normalized mean square error (NMSE) when compared to literature benchmarks.     

Performance comparison of antenna diversity and slow frequencyhopping for the TDMA portable radio channel

The authors compare the performance of a TDMA (time-division multiple-access) system plan using two-branch antenna diversity to other TDMA system plans using channel and time slot interleaving and slow frequency hopping/burst error correction (SFH/BC). Results indicate that the system designer can trade off spectral efficiency by using a double-error-correction code with channel interleaving and SFH to make the SFH/BC system perform as well as a system using two-branch antenna diversity. For a system with interleaving and SFH, the number of hopping frequencies required depends on the code used and on the design of the demodulator (i.e. hard versus soft decisions). As long as the code is chosen such that the system can handle the complete failure of one of the hopping frequencies, it can achieve about the same outage probability or speech block dropping rate as a system using antenna diversity. However, this equality is exacted at the price of spectral efficiency. In this instance, the decrease in required signal-to-interference ratio (S/I) is not enough to offset the decrease in the number of available channel sets caused by the wider bandwidth required to transmit the lower rate code. Other coding plans must be evaluated for relative spectral efficiency     

Robust Iterative Noncoherent Reception of Coded FSK over Block Fading Channels

An iterative noncoherent receiver is developed for bit-interleaved coded orthogonal multiple frequency-shift keying (FSK) over block fading channels. The receiver uses the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm to jointly estimate the received amplitude and noise spectral density of each block. The received symbols and their corresponding channel estimates are passed through a soft-output demapper, deinterleaved, and decoded. Soft-outputs from the decoder are passed back to the channel estimator and demapper to refine estimates of the channel and bit likelihoods, respectively. Several techniques for reducing the estimator's complexity are discussed, and the performance is assessed through simulation.     

Blind-Channel Estimation and Interference Suppression for Single-Carrier and Multicarrier Block Transmission Systems

Block transmission has recently been considered as an alternative to the conventional continuous transmission technique. In particular, block transmission techniques with zero padding (ZP) and cyclic prefix (CP) are becoming attractive procedures for their ability to eliminate both intersymbol interference (ISI) and interblock interference (IBI). In this paper, we present a unified approach to blind-channel estimation and interference suppression for block transmission using ZP or CP in both single-carrier (SC) and multicarrier (MC) systems. Our approach uses a generalized multichannel minimum variance principle to design an equalizing filterbank. The channel estimate is then obtained from an asymptotically tight lower bound of the filterbank output power. Through an asymptotic analysis of the subspace of the received signal, we determine an upper bound for the number of interfering tones that can be handled by the proposed schemes. As a performance measure, we derive an unconditional CramÉr–Rao bound (CRB) that, similar to the proposed blind channel estimators, does not assume knowledge of the transmitted information symbols. Numerical examples show that the proposed schemes approach the CRB as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) increases. Additionally, they exhibit low sensitivity to unknown narrowband interference and favorably compare with subspace blind-channel estimators.      

Information rates of photon-limited overlapping pulse position modulation channels

A direct-detection photon-limited optical communication channel that uses pulse position modulation (PPM) under a pulsewidth constraint is considered. Overlapping PPM (OPPM) allows multiple positions per pulsewidth, as well as fractional modulation indices (number of pulsewidths per frame) requiring more refined timing than that needed for conventional disjoint PPM (DJPPM). It is shown that even at moderate values of the expected photon count per pulse(Q)--such as needed for high data rates--OPPM outperforms on-off keying (OOK) in both capacity and cutoff rate, even though OOK is uniformly superior to DJPPM. Moreover, efficient use of OPPM is possible with equiprobable input symbols, whereas OOK requires inconvenient asymmetrical inputs to achieve capacity and high cutoff rate efficiencies (nats/ photon). At lower data rates, where capacity efficiency is the prime criterion, a significant advantage (- 20 percent) over DJPPM can be achieved up to efficiencies of about 0.7 nats/ photon. The M-ary photon-limited OPPM channel can be viewed as an ambiguity and erasure channel, in the sense that some channel outputs are ambiguous in only some input symbols and only if no photons are counted is there ambiguity in all input symbols. For largeMambiguities cause bursts of erasures of data symbols. Massey's interlaced encoding, as well as conventional encoding followed by interleaving, are adaptable to this bursty channel, and effect an increase in its cutoff rate comparable to the increase obtainable with DJPPM by the same techniques.