FTIR监测浙江地区空气中C_2H_2和C_2H_6及其相关分析

使用多次反射池FTIR系统在2010年12月对浙江地区两种挥发性气体乙炔（C_2H_2）和乙烷（C_2H_6）进行了监测,通过对测量气体的吸收光谱进行光谱定量分析,获取了这两种组分的浓度信息,并分析了它们的相关性。研究结果表明,该测量系统能以非接触的方式对空气中多种气体进行在线监测,及时反应测量区域内浓度信息。     

长光程开放光路FTIR监测城市空气中C2H4浓度

傅里叶变换红外光谱技术(FTIR)具有高分辨,高光通量、多通道等优点,用于监测大气中痕量气体浓度时,能达到ppb量级.利用自行组建的开放光路测量系统对北京燕山石化地区大气中的乙烯进行了连续监测,并对测量光谱进行了浓度反演.实验表明,该测量系统性能稳定,能以非接触的方式对空气中多种气体进行连续在线监测,及时反映测量区域内污染信息,较好地适应工业区气体污染监测的需要.     

北京奥运期间石化工业区多组分污染气体的开放光程FTIR监测

利用自行研制的开放光程傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）测量系统于2008奥运期间对北京燕山地区大气中的HCHO,CH4,CH3OH,C2H6,C2H4,C2H2和CH3COCH3气体进行了连续监测,介绍了系统的组成及光谱数据处理方法,并对浓度测量结果进行了分析。研究结果显示,7月20日限行措施实施后,除C2H4外,其他气体日平均浓度均有明显下降,平均幅度约29%,奥运期间平均降幅达34%,受局部气象条件引起的本底浓度暂时性波动影响,监测指标物中,C2H4平均浓度分别增加6.09%和19.66%,但其日变化幅度明显下降,表明北京市奥运期间的控制减排措施有效。     

掺Sm2O3的SnO2纳米粉体对C2H2气敏特性的研究

用化学沉淀法制备了SnO2纳米材料,利用XRD和SEM对合成产物进行了表征.采用旁热式结构制成了以SnO2为基体材料,掺杂Sm2O3的气体传感器.通过元件对C2H2气敏特性的测试表明:Sm2O3的掺杂可以明显地提高SnO2气敏材料对C2H2气体的灵敏度,当工作温度为180℃,C2H2浓度为1000ppm时,元件的灵敏度为64,响应恢复时间分别为3和20s.讨论了不同相对湿度对元件气敏特性的影响.     

掺Sm2O3的SnO2纳米粉体对C2H2气敏特性的研究

用化学沉淀法制备了SnO2纳米材料,利用XRD和SEM对合成产物进行了表征.采用旁热式结构制成了以SnO2为基体材料,掺杂Sm2O3的气体传感器.通过元件对C2H2气敏特性的测试表明:Sm2O3的掺杂可以明显地提高SnO2气敏材料对C2H2气体的灵敏度,当工作温度为180℃,C2H2浓度为1000ppm时,元件的灵敏度为64,响应恢复时间分别为3和20s.讨论了不同相对湿度对元件气敏特性的影响.     

差分吸收光谱检测H2S气体的反演算法

传统差分吸收光谱法(DOAS)对于H2S气体浓度检测原理简单,检测精准,反应速度较快,但在低浓度、光程较短的环境中会产生较大的误差。本文在传统的差分吸收算法的基础上,采用遗传算法对低浓度H2S气体进行反演,但遗传算法容易发生过早收敛,从而陷入局部最优,因此设计了灾变优化后的遗传算法对H2S气体浓度进行反演。结果表明,该方法对低浓度H2S气体有较高的测量精确度,与传统的差分吸收光谱法结合可得到更宽的检测范围。     

北京机场奥运期间C2H4变化特性

大气中的挥发性有机物是空气中影响人体健康的重要污染物,它们在光化学烟雾、酸雨、全球变暖等环境问题中也起到重要作用.使用傅里叶变换红外光谱测量了奥运期间首都机场C2H4浓度变化,通过最小二乘法拟合得到C2H4在不同时间段内的浓度值.C2H4/C2H6值的变化趋势是晚上较高,白天较低,受汽车尾气影响.C2H4浓度变化则是受机动车和飞机尾气的共同影响.奥运会期间C2H4浓度变化受飞机影响很大,浓度变化和飞机架次相关性很好.     

大尺度区域CO_2和H_2O的激光在线检测技术

CO2和H2O是大气中两种重要的温室气体,对生态系统中CO2和H2O的浓度进行在线监测可用于分析环境及气候变化。选择CO2和H2O的近红外吸收谱线,利用可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术结合自动增益调节技术设计了开放式CO2和H2O在线检测仪。在中国科学院禹城综合试验站进行了1238m光程下,20Hz时间分辨率的连续观测实验,结果表明自动增益调节解决了开放光路检测时探测信号幅度大幅变化问题。监测点的CO2浓度具有白天低,夜间高的日变化周期性。与同场地涡度相关系统的LI-7500对比测量,数据一致性较好。该检测技术灵敏度高、响应速度快、免采样,实现了大尺度区域生态系统中CO2和H2O浓度的稳定、连续、在线检测。     

反射式FTIR监测温室气体浓度及其变化规律

工业革命以来,温室效应引起的全球气候变迁问题越来越受到人们的关注。人类活动相关的主要温室气体是CO2,CH4,N2O和CO,对其浓度进行连续测量,获取浓度随时间的变化规律对大气环境科学具有重要意义。使用多次反射池FTIR系统在浙江地区对这四种气体进行了监测,通过对测量的气体吸收光谱进行光谱定量分析,获取了待测组分的浓度信息,并对其变化规律进行了分析。同时对仪器的性能进行了检测,结果表明,多次反射池FTIR是进行环境气体监测的一种快速有效直接的监测手段。     

基于STC12C5A60S2的空气质量检测系统设计

针对目前严重的空气质量问题,文中介绍一种基于 STC12C5A60S2的空气质量检测系统,系统以STC12C5A60S2单片机为控制器,能够实现周围环境中粉尘颗粒物浓度测量,SO2、NO2、CO三大主要污染气体的浓度测量以及环境温度、湿度的测量,并在LCD上显示出来,最后将测量结果通过无线发送出去,从而实现多项空气质量指标的检测。文章主要介绍了整体系统结构、各传感器特性、各功能模块电路设计以及系统工作的程序流程。经过实验,系统可以实现对空气质量的全面、准确测量。     

碘乙烷分子共振增强多光子电离飞行时间的质谱研究

在４７３～４８３ｎｍ波长范围内对碘乙烷分子共振增强多光子电离（ＲＥＭＰＩ）飞行时间（ＴＯＦ）质谱（ＭＳ）作了研究。分析结果表明在该波段碘乙烷（Ｃ２Ｈ５Ｉ）分子吸收双光子激光能量跃迁激发至Ａ带的３Ｅ,２Ａ１及１Ａ２态,激发态分子碎裂成中性碎片,中性碎片再吸收光子电离,产生了Ｃ２Ｈ＋５和Ｉ＋离子。Ｃ２Ｈ＋５离子进一步吸收光子并碎裂形成了碘乙烷分子ＲＥＭＰＩ－ＭＳ中其他的碎片离子。     

Electron mobility models for 4H, 6H, and 3C SiC [MESFETs]

Models for the electron mobility in the three most important silicon carbide (SiC) polytypes, namely, 4H, 6H, and 3C SiC are developed. A large number of experimental mobility data and Monte Carlo (MC) results reported in the literature have been evaluated and serve as the basis for the model development. The proposed models describe the dependence of the electron mobility on doping concentration, temperature, and electric field. The low-field mobility in 4H SiC is much higher than in 6H and 3C in the doping range interesting for RF power transistors (10¹⁶ cm^-3 ...10¹⁸ cm ^-3), whereas the saturation velocities in the three polytypes investigated are nearly the same (slightly above 2×10⁷ cm/s at 300 K). The models developed can be easily incorporated into numerical device simulators     

C-H体系CVD金刚石薄膜取向生长的热力学分析

化学气相淀积金刚石薄膜过程中 ,CH3 和C2 H2 是金刚石生长的主要前驱基团。C2 H2 与CH3 浓度比 ( [C2 H2 ]/[CH3 ])的变化将影响金刚石薄膜的生长取向。用非平衡热力学耦合模型计算了C H体系CVD金刚石薄膜生长过程中C2 H2 浓度和CH3浓度随淀积条件的变化 ,并进一步获得了 [C2 H2 ]/[CH3 ]随衬底温度和CH4浓度的变化关系 ,从理论上探讨了金刚石薄膜 ( 1 1 1 )面和 ( 1 0 0 )面取向生长与淀积条件的关系。在衬底温度和CH4浓度由低到高的变化过程中 ,[C2 H2 ]/[CH3 ]逐渐升高 ,导致金刚石薄膜的形貌从 ( 1 1 1 )晶面转为 ( 1 0 0 )晶面。     

单脉冲激光诱导乙烯-氧爆燃反应的研究

本文研究以单脉冲TEACO_2激光诱导乙烯-氧爆燃反应,测定了激光频率、反应气体总压力、C_2H_2和O_2的比例以及金属Pt-Rh及电解银表面对引爆功率阈值的影响.并以红外光谱分析了反应产物.发现当激光选频为00~0～10~10的P(14)支线时,所需的引爆阈值最小.当存在金属表面时阈值明显降低.反应主要产物为C_2H_2、CO、CO_2、H_2O,它们的相对含量与反应气体的总压及氧的相对含量有关.     

草酸氧钛酸分解法制备纳米金红石型TiO_2粉体

用硫酸钛与草酸按比例配合 ,析出草酸氧钛酸晶体 ,将其洗涤后在 75 0～ 82 0℃焙烧 ,因草酸氧钛酸分解时 ,其分子中较大部分成分以气体 :CO2 、CO、水蒸气形式挥发到空气中 ,从而固态产物成为纳米级的金红石型二氧化钛粉体。用透射电子显微镜 (TEM)测定 ,其粒径范围为 10～ 35 nm;用 X射线衍射 (XRD)测定 ,其晶型为金红石型。     

Boron implantation and epitaxial regrowth studies of 6H SiC

Implantation of B has been performed into an epitaxially grown layer of 6H SiC, at two different B concentrations, 2×10¹⁶ cm⁻³ and 2×10¹⁸ cm⁻³. Subsequently, an epitaxial layer was regrown on the B implanted layer. The samples were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). In the highly B-doped layers plate-like defects were found, associated with large strain fields, and an increased B concentration. These defects were stable at the originally implanted region during regrowth and at anneal temperatures up to 1700°C. In the samples implanted with the lower B concentration, no crystal defects could be detected by TEM. No threading dislocations or other defects were observed in the regrown epitaxial layer, which shows the possibility to grow a layer with high crystalline quality on B implanted 6H SiC. By SIMS, it was found that B piles up at the interface to the regrown layer, which could be explained by enhanced diffusion from an increased concentration of point defects created by implantation damage in the region. B is also spread out into the original crystal and in the regrown layer at a concentration of below 2×10¹⁶ cm⁻³, with a diffusion constant estimated to 1.3×10⁻¹² cm²s⁻¹. This diffusion is most probably not driven by implantation damage, but by intrinsic defects in the grown crystal. Our investigation shows that the combination of implantation and subsequent regrowth techniques could be used in SiC for building advanced device structures, with the crystal quality in the regrown layer not being deteriorated by crystal defects in the implanted region. A device process using B implantation and subsequent regrowth could on the other hand be limited by the diffusion of B.     

General Architecture for MPEG-2/H.263/H.264/AVC to H.264/AVC Intra Frame Transcoding

The latest international video-coding standard H.264/AVC significantly achieves better coding performance compared to prior video coding standards such as MPEG-2 and H.263, which have been widely used in today’s digital video applications. To provide the interoperability between different coding standards, this paper proposes an efficient architecture for MPEG-2/H.263/H.264/AVC to H.264/AVC intra frame transcoding, using the original information such as discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients and coded mode type. Low-frequency components of DCT coefficients and a novel rate distortion cost function are used to select a set of candidate modes for rate distortion optimization (RDO) decision. For H.263 and H.264/AVC, a mode refinement scheme is utilized to eliminate unlikely modes before RDO mode decision, based on coded mode information. The experimental results, conducted on JM12.2 with fast C8MB mode decision, reveal that average 58%, 59% and 60% of computation (re-encoding) time can be saved for MPEG-2, H.263, H.264/AVC to H.264/AVC intra frame transcodings respectively, while preserving good coding performance when compared with complex cascaded pixel domain transcoding (CCPDT); or average 88% (a speed up factor of 8) when compared with CCPDT without considering fast C8MB. The proposed algorithm for H.264/AVC homogeneous transcoding is also compared to the simple cascaded pixel domain transcoding (with original mode reuse). The results of this comparison indicate that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the mode reuse algorithm in coding performance, with only slightly higher computation.     

同时测量氢氧CARS光谱确定火焰温度和氢氧浓度的研究

利用YAG激光器和一台染料激光器同时测量了氢／空气预混平面火焰中氢氧CARS光谱。从氢的S（5）和S（6）支统转动线的强度比获得火焰温度，并与由氮的CARS光谱得到的温度进行了实验校验。氢和氧的浓度分别由氢的S（6）支和氧的Q支光谱求得，并利用红／空气预混平面火焰的局部热力学平衡计算对所得浓度进行了校验。温度的校验误差为4％，而氢氧浓度的校验误差分别为14％和12％。