基于FPGA的随机数性能检测设计

为了满足对随机数性能有一定要求的系统能够实时检测随机数性能的需求,提出了一种基于FPGA的随机数性能检测设计方案。根据NIST的测试标准,采用基于统计的方法,在FPGA内部实现了对随机序列的频率测试、游程测试、最大游程测试、离散傅里叶变换测试和二元矩阵秩测试。与现在常用的随机数性能测试软件相比,该设计方案,能灵活嵌入到需要使用随机数的系统中,实现对随机性能的实时检测。实际应用表明,该设计具有使用灵活、测试准确、实时输出结果的特点,达到了设计要求。     

一种无记忆的真随机数发生器

基于传统的振荡采样电路,设计了一种无记忆的真随机数发生器,从理论上保证了输出是相互独立的.采用弹性函数作为后处理,以较小的硬件代价改善了随机数的统计性能.用纯数字电路在FPGA平台上实现,并验证了该真随机数发生器的性能.测试结果表明该真随机数发生器具有较高的数据输出率和良好的统计特性,适合应用于密码系统中.     

一种高速低功耗真随机数发生器

提出了一种基于环形振荡器采样结构的高速低功耗真随机数发生器(TRNG).其随机性源自环形振荡器的抖动,4个长度互为质数的振荡器链构成了熵源.对振荡器的输出进行异或运算,提高了随机特性,并从数学上予以证明.输出序列经冯诺依曼矫正器进行纠偏,可完全消除比特位间的偏置性.设计了一种精巧的扩散函数,对输出序列做映射处理,进一步提高了其随机特性和分布特性.测试结果表明,TRNG输出比特流通过了Diehard和NIST SP 800-22的系列测试,比特率达20Mb/s.采用0.18μm CMOS工艺设计实现,面积为0.0135mm2,3.3V供电时功耗仅为0.75mW,适合在高速片上加密系统中应用.     

物理真随机数发生器的设计

为了得到平稳的随机信号,设计了一种应用于智能卡的物理真随机数发生器。采用振荡采样的方法将噪声源产生的抖动噪声转变为随机数。同时,在发生器输出级运用由异或链、线性反馈移位寄存器组成的后处理模块,消除外部干扰导致随机数发生器产生的偏差和自相关性。通过设计在线检测电路,实时检测随机序列的质量。理论研究和仿真测试证明,该方案能生成均匀、彼此独立的随机信号。     

一种基于FPGA的真随机数发生器设计与实现

设计并实现了一种基于FPGA的真随机数发生器,利用一对振荡环路之间的相位漂移和抖动以及亚稳态作为随机源,使用线性反馈移位寄存器的输出与原始序列运算作为后续处理。在Xilinx Virtex-5平台的测试实验中,探讨了振荡器数量以及采样频率等参数对随机序列的统计特性的影响。测试结果表明本设计产生的随机序列能够通过DIEHARD测试,性能满足要求。由于仅使用了普通逻辑单元,使得本设计能够迅速移植到ASIC设计,大大缩短了开发周期。     

Ao基于振荡采样的真随机数发生器设计与实现

基于时钟振荡采样原理,提出一种真随机数发生器结构。利用噪声源数学模型保证噪声源的可靠,利用并行输出及控制的方式确保随机数的输出速率,参考FIPS 140-2设计在线随机测试模块以避免遭受硬件篡改问题。通过测试表明,序列的产生速率可达33.5Mb/s,且具有较高的质量,可应用于密码芯片等相关领域产品中。     

基于光电倍增管单光子脉冲幅度分布的多比特光量子随机源

提出并验证了一种基于光电倍增管单光子脉冲高 度分布的多比特光量子随机源。将紫外LED发出 的光衰减成离散的单光子序列,光电倍增管探测到的单光子后,输出脉冲幅度随机分布的单 光子脉冲,通 过数字化单光子脉冲的峰值作为熵源来提取随机数,实现了一个单光子事件产生多个随机比 特位。为减小 所提取原始随机数存在的偏差,提出并实现了基于FPGA的SHA-256后 处理方法。光量子随机源工作在 500kc/s时,平均每个探测光子可提取7bit随机位,获得了3.5Mbit/s的随机位产生速率。运用随机性 测试程序ENT和STS对所获的随机位序列进行测试,测试结果表明,序列的随机性满足真随机 数的标准。     

小型化高速实时量子随机数发生器的设计与实现北大核心CSCD

量子随机数基于量子力学的内禀特性,通过量子物理过程产生理论上完全不可预测的真随机数,在信息安全、计算机、量子通信等诸多领域有着重要的应用。为满足量子随机数发生器实用化应用需求,本文提出了一种基于多光子态散粒噪声测量的量子随机数发生器设计与实现方案,实现了小型化、高速率、实时量子随机数发生器,量子随机数实时输出速率可达103.2 Mbps,满足《GM/T 0005-2012随机性检测规范》的随机性测试标准,具备连续稳定工作能力。     

一种基于混沌原理的真随机数发生器

选取一维分段线性混沌映射函数设计真随机数发生器的随机源,具体分析了函数中各参数对输出序列随机性和电路稳定性的影响.通过改进函数在混沌吸引盆外的映射关系,成功解决了真随机源电路在各种噪声干扰和器件失配影响下所可能存在的失效问题,显著提高了电路的稳定性.该混沌函数以电压作为迭代变量,电路采用了负反馈形式的运放、采样保持电路和逻辑判断电路等模块,并运用了电荷再分配技术.以该随机源构成的真随机数发生器不但具有理想的随机性,在1M bit/s的输出速率下,平均功耗不超过0.3mW,可广泛应用在SoC等嵌入式环境中.     

用于SRAM PUFs的伪随机数发生器的FPGA实现

信息安全问题日益突出,而随机数则是信息安全系统的基石.本文以哈希算法为核心设计了一种伪随机数发生器,其以静态随机存储器物理不可克隆函数（Static Random Access Memory Physical Unclonable Functions,SRAM PUFs）为熵源,能够产生大量的伪随机序列.通过对熵源有效性的在线监测以及对种子的动态重播操作,本文提出的用于SRAM PUFs的伪随机数发生器提高了伪随机序列的安全性,可应用于各种高安全等级加密系统中.该发生器在FPGA开发平台上得到实现,其发生速度达598.1Mbps.随机数检测套件NIST分析结果表明：该伪随机数发生器的输出通过了所有测试项目,具有良好的随机性.     

TESTCHIP: a chip for weighted random pattern generation,evaluation, and test control

In self-testable circuits, additional hardware is incorporated for generating test patterns and evaluating test responses. A built-off test strategy is presented which moves the additional hardware to a programmable extra chip. This is a low-cost test strategy in three ways: (1) the use of random patterns eliminates the expensive test-pattern computation; (2) a microcomputer and an ASIC (application-specific IC) replace the expensive automatic test equipment; and (3) the design for testability overhead is minimized. The presented ASIC generates random patterns, applies them to a circuit under test, and evaluates the test responses by signature analysis. It contains a hardware structure that can produce weighted random patterns corresponding to multiple programmable distributions. These patterns give a high fault coverage and allow short test lengths. A wide range of circuits can be tested as the only requirement is a scan path and no other test structures have to be built in     

随机交织器的设计与实现

本文首先分析了随机交织器在Ｔｕｒｂｏ码中的重要作用。然后讨论了交织器长度的选择原则,并且对ＡＷＧＮ信道和Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｎ衰落信道条件下交织深度对Ｔｕｒｂｏ码性能的影响进行了计算机模拟。在此基础上,给出了随机交织器的两种硬件电路实现方案,其中方案二便于ＡＳＩＣ实现。     

DSP system integration and prototyping with FPGAS

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) offer a cost-effective and flexible technology for DSP ASIC prototype development. In this article, the fast ASIC prototyping concept based on the use of multiple FPGAs is reviewed in different engineering applications. The design experiences of the proposed approach, applied to four different DSP ASIC design projects are presented. The design experiences concerning the selection of the design methodology, application architectures and prototyping technologies are analyzed with respect to efficient system integration and ASIC migration from the FPGA prototype onto first-time functional silicon. Novel prototyping techniques based on using configurable hardware modellers concerning the same objective are studied. Some future goals are outlined to develop an integrated, multipurpose DSP ASIC prototyping environment.     

采用数据流模式提高乱序执行密码芯片的安全性

乱序执行是密码芯片设计中一种低冗余、低功耗的抵抗功耗分析攻击的方法.芯片安全性随着操作执行时刻不确定度的增加而提高.基于数据流模式的乱序执行AES加密集成电路采用动态数据流结构、对并发操作串行地随机服务,通过增加顺序无关操作的数量和成批处理令牌提高不确定度.其中采用了新的令牌暂存-匹配-发射结构完成令牌的同步和对随机执行的控制.实验芯片的所有操作均实现了不确定执行,可以抵抗样本数小于15000的相关功耗分析攻击,芯片功耗低于所知的其它抗功耗分析攻击AES芯片.     

无线局域网中的OFDM收发器ASIC及其设计

本文介绍了目前越来越普及的无线局域网中的正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Muhiplex)收发器专用集成电路ASIC芯片的设计和实现。在简要综述了应用于无线局域网收发器技术的ASIC结构和工作原理后，着重分析了其基于面向对象的设计方法，并且给出了实际OFDM收发器ASIC设计中需要关注的几个问题。采用C 语言实现的高层次ASIC设计EDA工具，可以对芯片的算法和结构进行快速仿真验证，简化了OFDM收发器等运算密集型ASIC的设计。     

ASIC的技术发展与接口

本文首先介绍了专用集成电路（ASIC）的各种定义,接着综述了ASIC和FPGA的技术发展,分析了ASIC和FPGA的异同。在分析ASIC设计流程的基础上,给出了ASIC的各种接口。     

无线内窥镜专用芯片的FPGA验证及相关测试

介绍了一种数字式无线内窥镜的系统方案及其胶出并实现了用于该数模混合专用芯片的FPGA验证系统及验证流程.为了进行芯片系统级低功耗设计,验证系统完成了体内硬件部分的能量测试.     

A techno-economic assessment of application-specific integrated circuits: Current status and future trends

ASIC design methodologies are assessed from the system designer's point of view by comparing the entire IC-related product cost, design schedule, functionality, and risks to that of designs containing standard devices. ASIC methodologies include programmable logic devices, gate arrays, standard cells, and full custom, all primarily in 2-µm CMOS, at production volumes of 1 to 100K units per year and at complexities of 5OO to 20 000 gates per device. It is shown that "gates per pin" is the key determinant of total IC-related cost. Products containing ASIC cost less than those containing SSI/MSI, since ASICs raise the number of gates per pin from 2 to a range of 40-200. More surprising, products using ASIC devices cost less than products containing combinations of standard LSI/VLSI and SSI/MSI, if their gates per pin is 2-3 times that of the products containing standard devices. Each design methodology has regions, or market segments, where it is competitive. But there are large regions of small cost differences between two ASIC methodologies. Currently, these regions use primarily the older methodologies, i.e., gate arrays at low production volumes and full custom at high volumes. They also provide future opportunities for standard cells. Currently, IC manufacturing cost accounts for about 15 percent of the logic-related total cost, field maintenance for 17 percent, device and system development for 11 percent, and systems related manufacturing cost for 57 percent. These percentages are expected to migrate to 17, 20, 13, and 50 percent, respectively, by 1990. Our ASIC techno-economic assessment is summarized in 27 nomograms, figures, and charts.     

FPGA vs. ASIC for low power applications

Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) are becoming more and more popular and are used in many applications. However, it is well known that the performance is limited comparing to full ASIC implementation, but for many applications the speed requirements fit the ones provided already by existing FPGA circuits. Power consumption seems to be one of the most important limiting factor and so far it is in favour of Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) [Varghese Georges, Jan M. Rabaey, Low-Energy FPGA, Architecture and Design, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001; Tadahiro Kuroda, Power-Aware Electronics: Challenges and Opportunities, Tutorial at FTFC 2003, Paris, May 2003]. In this paper, we will present results obtained by characterizing various circuits implemented using both FPGA and ASIC technologies in order to determine the power consumption ratio and evaluate the efficiency of the power optimization techniques such as clock gating [Amara AMARA, Philippe Royannez, VHDL for Low Power, (Chapter 11), Low Power Electronics Design, Edited by Christian Piguet, CRC Press 2005; Luca Benini, Giovanni De Micheli, Dynamic Power Management, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998].We have started a study in order to compare the power consumption of two Intellectual Property (IP), a counter circuit and an image transform circuit. Both circuits have been implemented using FPGA Family circuits from ALTERA and Hardware Copy of the circuits which are close to the ASIC implementation. A full ASIC implementation using UMC 0.13 μm have be also characterized in terms of power.FPGA power consumption estimation flow is based on ALTERA tools (QuartusII) that provide accurate overall power consumption for a set of input stimuli, on various targets: FPGA families and Hardware Copy. ASIC power consumption estimation flow is based on Synopsys Power tools.